director of the app association. thank you. please, back. c-span, where history unfolds daily. created as aan was public service by america's television companies and is brought to today by your cable or satellite provider. next, joe hockey, the austrian ambassador to the u.s. of america's place throughout u.s. history. u.s.so talks about -australia's relations. this is one hour. >> it is my pleasure to welcome ambassador joe hockey to chicago and to the chicago council on global affairs. to take your mind off of the

record-breaking heatwave occurring across the east coast of estrella, you have taken the east coast of australia, we have taken the opportunity to turn the temperature down. hopefully, you brought your pair of ugg boots. i'm sure it is not lost on anyone in this room that the united states and australia have been very strong allies. we have been intrinsically linked since the very beginning. one of the consequences of american winning the war of independence against the british was america refused to accept any more convex. so the prisons in pennsylvania and elsewhere were cut off to the british from around 1783. it is no surprise then that a few short years later in january of 1798, governor phillip sailed around how had toward where it

is sydney harbour. it became the foundation of a new nation. it is fair to say that america's fourth of july celebration and the us trillion day -- and the australian day has more in common than beer and barbecues. australiaearly 1900s, has not missed a war. australian troops have fought inng the american military which america has participated. in addition to the cooperation of defense, the economic relationships between the two countries remains very robust. with the recent withdrawal of the united states of it tpp and -- followt from between the leaders, there is uncertainty about the

participation of america. the chinese foreign minister visited australia. where to from here? stretching itsna influence to the south china sea and the united states with an administration withdrawing into itself and away from certain world affairs. its then for australia and special relationship with the united states? with this backdrop, we look for to hearing ambassador hockey's perspective. begin, i would like to further introduce the ambassador to you. yeah served as australia's ambassador since 2016. before that, he was a member of the australian parliament. appointede was treasurer of the, worth of australia.

he served as a regular delicate to the imf, world bank, and there is a pack meetings. worked as aockey banking lawyer. please join me in welcoming ambassador joe hockey. [applause] amb. hockey: thank you very much. chicagoll of the council on global affairs, thank you so much for inviting me today to say a few words, and to answer a few of your questions. the appearance is timely. it is a great city. it is had a long-standing relationship with australia and australians. wherever i have gone in the last 24 hours, i have been running into australians.

been a familiar with this type of weather. but hopefully, we can have a good influence, and we are having a good input in tampering some of the extreme weather the chicago is famous for. it was mark twain that set it is hopeless for the occasional visitor to try to keep up with chicago. given this is only the second time in 20 years i have been here, i feel very occasional. she outgrows its prophecies faster than he can make them. twain was of course quite theent describing the city city of big shoulders -- discovering the city as a city of big shoulders moving quickly. it has always been a city focused on trade, commerce, and innovation. the home of railway in america, arguably the, will weigh around

the world. and with so many developments that have changed the course of history, including the first self-sustaining nuclear chain to be thewhich has atomic age that happened in chicago. and being the home of route 66 was a place where the car radio was invented as well. thank god for those long trips. in australia, you can drive for a day or two and not see another car. so your best friend maybe the car radio. thing you have a world series winning baseball team. again, something i discovered is near and due to the hearts of many, many americans. about them talking -- today, ilinois am talking about -- the people of illinois nor about standing

together in times of adversity. makeshift, during good times. our relationship goes back a very long way. we are both immigrant nations. wedavid mentioned earlier, were in one sense the beneficiaries of the american war of independence because the brits instead of coming here, sending their downtrodden here, tended to send them to australia. days with the oldest continuing culture of the history of humanity, the aboriginal and indigenous culture in australia, which has continuing custodians of the land for years. i digress to tell a story.

keen --ch work white the french to french were quite keen set up a new colony as well. sent a well-known naval commander to us trillion. , he had to leaving throw a stowaway off the ship twice. it he was completely obsessed with australia and wanted to know the concept of kangaroos and calkoalas. he said if you come on again i will have you flogged. he arrived a few days after arthur phillips to set up a colony of sydney. he had a glass of chari with

governor arthur phillips. the two ships were never seen again. the young frenchman he threw off the ship was napoleon. quitey would have changed dramatically if he had been on that ship. it is the history that has been forged in shared pain that in many ways defines how long you are to each other. and really, that is where we started. australia made a massive commitment and what was known as the great war -- world war i. it was on the other side of the 'srld and in america population, we sacrifice the equivalent of 3 million soldiers for a country of just 5 million people at the time, with massive

casualties, particularly on the western front in france. the commander of the fourth british army directed and a strong and -- directed an australian jewish general said that you have to take that off of the -- otherwise we will crack. he says we do not have enough soldiers. he said we will give you some of the new americans. but they are untrained. he said let's do that. the australians in the american started training together and formed this bond, this affection for each other based on shared values. and then general pershing, an american general said, sorry, we are not fighting other foreign generals. we are not fighting under australians or anyone else. . the american soldiers said we are not abandoning our brothers. they said we are not walking

away. gave us gave in and three companies of american soldiers. the general delayed the attack until the fourth of july, 1918. he took a town and 93 minutes using tactics that were the first of its kind. it turned into arguably the first world war. when america contributed to mobilize 4 million soldiers for that war, and it was a turning fell back onid engagement with the rest of the world. said engine rev 1918, said this is the 14 point plan upon which we will engage. this is how we want to define a 20th century. they were keeping components in a 14 point plan that were

relative today as they were back then. threeticular, article of alle said the removal economic barriers and establishment and equality of trade conditions among all the nations consenting to peace. free trade -- good for america, good for the world. went on to talk about freedom of navigation of the sea. that is as relevant today, particularly in the south china sea than it. was back then, and it continues to be. and you know what, the united states signed up for that platform. the people of the united states signed up for that platform. believe ines, we enterprise, freedom, we believe in democracy, we believe in transparency. we believe in the empowerment of individuals that they can take control of their own lives.

and america has effectively forged out over the last 100 that is global empire the first time is not relied on the invasion of other countries in order to win over their hearts and minds. who hasn't had to go on congregations in order to spread their values. a unique position in the history of humanity has been given to the united states because the united states embodies values. and what happened? people joined up. they wanted to join the great american dream. american scalded exceptionalism -- americans called it exceptionalism. four corners of the earth. it is more than that. countries all over the world

walking away from communism, socialism, totalitarianism. wanting to embrace the values a basis of united states with sacrifices soldiers to help deliver a better world. it is a powerful message. and what we did, we joined you. ofm that day, the fourth july, 1918. we are the only country on earth that is fought side-by-side with the united states in every major conflict. the only one. we don't do it because you're the big brother. we do it because they both have the same values. democracy,terprise, loyalty to family, support, liberty.

is based on values. shared values. and so, the last few weeks, there has been talk about there might've been some robust discussions between a president and prime minister. that happens from time to time. about being honest with one another. what do you think? you respect each other. that is still the case. it was on that phone call and it is still the case today. whoever the united states elects, it is the prerogative of the american people. and we will work with them. and we will work constructively and honestly and loyally where the values continue to be shared. that is what you do. that is what you do. and we are ever mindful that there are 150,000 dead american

soldiers buried in the sand between australia and japan. america is mindful of that. that is why america won't look away. all of those souls who fought and died for the values that made america great. they are never leaving those shores. that is why american will never leave, and should never leave the asia-pacific region. dynamicourse, the shifts. is expected to solve every problem around the world. i believe that the burden can sometimes be troubling for the american people. when you lose your job in chicago or detroit, and jobs end or eastern china europe, somehow you are not feeling as magnanimous as you might have toward international interest.

i get that. australia has had that anyone china has had that. 19 million manufacturing jobs. robotics, companies moving the manufacturing cheaper destinations with lower wages -- it happens. it happens. the question is how do you lift the tides to the north the lower boats to rise? australia has not had a recession for 26 years. it is not an accident. it comes about because we had to cope with the changes in the world. what are the challenges that we both face is how we can continue to promote the values, and defend the values that are so important to both of us. in a military sense, australia

have military personnel currently stationed in 31 u.s. states. 31 u.s. states. not many people know that. australia has probably the deepest engagement with the intelligence community. may be par with britain or maybe more. course, until recently, we had one of the largest presences in iraq and syria. the syrians have contributed more troops, but until last year, we had the second-highest number of military personnel undertaking activity in syria and iraq, making sure we work together with the united states si on the i economic frontl,.

we at a free trade agreement with the united states sense 2005. no one is talking about ripping it up here because you have a two-one trade surplus with australia. so you are a significant beneficiary of the trade with australia and we do not mind that. because some of our benefits are you the largest investment in australia than of any country in , inworld, including particular businesses like chevron. these are helping to export massive amounts of resources out of our country to the growing markets in asia. decade,nd of the australia will be the biggest exporter of liquid gas in the world. we had the biggest reserves of gold and uranium in the world. get the biggest exporter of iron or in the world. you're the biggest exporter of coal in the world -- we are the

biggest exporter of coal in the world. asiathe middle class in going from 500 million people today, larger than the whole of north america, about the same size as your, that middle class is going from $500 million today and 500 main people today to 3 million in the middle class by 2030, less than 15 years. six times larger. and that is a massive opportunity for manufacturers in the united states, the service providers in the united states, as it is for others and australia. because resources, even though they are a big part of our economy, they are actually only about 9% of our economy. agriculture is about 3% of our economy. wool, pork w,heat.

we are a big services-based economy. care.ion, tourism, health the united states has a pretty similar profile. the and thato tap middle class of asia is a big win for all of us. we argue vigorously for the transpacific partnership. america'st standards. being a part of the fastest-growing region in the history of humanity. the asia-pacific region is the fastest-growing, wealthy, and the people of the asia-pacific region, they want what we have. they want better quality health care, they want better quality education, they want clean air, clean food, they want to travel, explore the world.

they want nice cars, nice houses. the consumer good set of driven the american economy. -- it is desired by this massive middle class in asia that will drive the global economy in the next 100 years. that is why you cannot abandon asia. and for the stability of the region, but the benchmarks and integrity of the entire asian region, asian needs you -- asia needs you. that is the message i am taken to washington, here in chicago, los angeles, des moines, iowa. wherever it might be. there is a partnership. a partnership forged in blood and the 100 years ago. a partnership that will continue to require both of us to make massive sacrifices, but a partnership that is necessary for the prosperity of the

american people and the australian people as well. thanks very much. [applause] >> ambassador, thank you so much for your remarks. we will get right into it, the phone call. [laughter] can you elaborate on the nature of the phone call and what was said? i think people would love to know more, as well as how your government is responding. i'm willing to be a diplomat. [laughter] >> that is good. the pregnant minister did not brief you on it afterwards? amb. hockey: it goes to an agreement made under the previous administration before the election. agreed to states

accept some economic refugees from two islands to the north of australia. that australia has had some responsibility for and australia agreed to accept some refugees under different circumstances from the united states, and under the guidance of the united states. now, these things happen all the time. thaterstand the president was elected and we understand he was elected under a certain policy and we respect that, but it was an agreement between two nations. and before the election. and the president agreed to respect that agreement particularly given that we are close allies. that is where it is that. >> what was the response and australia to the nature of that call? there wasted states,

concern that it was seen as disrespectful for the prime minister. well, you know, these conversations to happen between prime ministers and presidents. i get that. in honestn involved and diplomatic discussions with people in my previous role as chair in the g 20. know --whenwhen you you are speaking to your brother or your sister, right? you have a vigorous discussion. and people just listen to that conversation, you may not get on too well. but it is a fleeting moment in a larger dialogue. but wet was a reaction, emphasize, and it happened under president bush as well.

and it has happened at various points along the way. the american media is covered globally, and to a degree that is exceptional. the american presidential election got more coverage in australia than australian elections that covered in australia. everyone has an opinion on president trump. and it might be a good opinion, and might even negative opinion. but we have to do, and other countries have to do, is remind people that the partnership with the united states is deeper than any single individual, whoever that may be. that anry important anti-bush or anti-trump on anti-obama mood in various parts of the country cannot turn into an anti-american view. no single person totally reflects the attitudes and the

vision of the population. doing, andt we are our prime minister was not going to join the conga line getting a view of executive order. he did not do that. he resisted that despite provocation in australia. we are not going to become commentators on american politics. we're not going to add to it. ofyou know that had a number conversations with members of the administration as well as members of congress after the phone call. what you sent is the mood of the intralia-u.s. relations washington? amb. hockey: it is very strong and i was quite surprised to see the 20-30 phone calls from congress then in the senate --

from congressman in the senate. it was spontaneous, genuine, and heartfelt. senator mccain, his opening words to me, 500 australians died in vietnam. you know, i said, yeah, i knew some of them. certainly, my own family was close to being one of them. know, of course it is a history there. >> the nature of the u.s.-australian alliance which you allude to in your remarks surprised many of us of how close we are as a nation. you mentioned 31 states where australian troops are stationed in the united states. does that surprise members of congress sometimes when you talk to them? amb. hockey: no. the members of congress have a

very deep understanding, particularly the intelligence communities and the defense one who is in any the military knows the background. whatever the united states military personnel go, there's probably an ozzy -- there is ussie there for the like it or not. ofrun the stereotypes jackmane dundee or hugh or greg norman, or cate blanchett. they're stereotypes, don't get me wrong, but that is bitterness --tual our mutual betterness. >> what are people concerned

about? my diplomatic buzzer is going off. [laughter] when america says "america with 20with someone years and politics, i understand that. but with the rest of the world thinks is we come in second and they are losers and america is the winner. america is the biggest military power in the world and the biggest economy in the world. its culture is more pervasive and powerful than any other culture in the world. even arguably the english culture. it is pretty remarkable. comesn you say america first and everyone comes after that, i get that for domestic reasons, and i get that were the

order worker who lost his job and his house may be in detroit, to get it, but as long as you are mindful that american companies trade outside of the united states, they sell the reason it is the richest nation on earth is because it exports so much in culture, goods, product, a range of other things. alternativesk to to the united states, that would the u.s.ntact on you delete something on the table for the other. leave something on the table for the other party. builtan exceptionalism is

with humility. they are humble people. i get that too. that is part of your exceptionalism. you can be the biggest, most powerful, richest, and be h umble. i would urge that humility to be part of the dialogue. trade, the towards recording -- you were quoted saying that the u.s. withdrawing from tpp would be "hugely reputation ints asia. that comment was made before the president withdrew. now it has happened. amb. hockey: it was an honest statement and i stand by it. these are the benchmarks we want. we want to protect intellectual

property. we want to have a legal system that is fair and transparent. we' dispute resolution process that is fair and. -- fair and affordable. the tpp helps in many of those areas. you have a fast-growing economic reach that hasn't got consistent benchmarks. who is going to set this benchmarks? ae u.s. said, we will take leadership role. they got everyone signed up. we will remove trade barriers. tariffs are taxes on your own

people. you to reduce taxes. about 20 years ago, in order to make an advanced manufactured good, it has complementry from 4 or 5onentry from different countries. those countries would form part of that end manufacturing good. today is about 20 countries. frankly, the faster we can remove trade barriers, the fastest we can get rid of tariffs, the better.

some countries aren't complaining and don't comply, but you have to bring them along. the tpp did that. it was based on american values, american experience. now americans say, we don't stand by those values. someone will stand by the vacuum. >> who do you think that is likely to be? amb. hockey: we will wait and see. >> do you see the u.s. as a leader in free trade? the trade agreement has not come into the firing line. do people at home worry about that being the next tweet at the moment?

amb. hockey: part of the flipside is, we are the second-biggest producer of the joint strike fighter. >> apparently it is very expensive. amb. hockey: and we are cheering on the president reducing the cost. we are there. we are a message buyer of caterpillar equipment. our mining industry has been using caterpillar trucks. it cuts all ways. i don't think you can un scramble the egg.

i don't think it is possible to do that. certainly you can poison it. >> following the u.s. withdrawal from tpp, what is the future for that agreement? amb. hockey: we are certainly proceeding after discussions with the other countries to have go aheadest tpp, without the united states. we encourage others to join. there are a number of countries that could join that happened -- that haven't. obviously china has not joined. china has put more effort into , -- essentially a free agent trade agreement. -- asian trade agreement. we want the tpp to proceed.

and other countries that have not joined that are strategically important for all of us, like south korea and indonesia, who were thinking about joining the tpp, may still joined the tpp. we will wait and see. >> him a letter last year you wrote to the obama administration, when renegotiation of tpp was coming up, you said in the letter form oriation of any any form of an agreement is not an option and would jeopardize approval from other tpp countries." giving the president's withdrawal, does this prove -- this preclude u.s. participation? given that mrs. clinton decided in her campaign that tpp needed further renegotiation. amb. hockey: you can either try

and negotiate or have a domestic compensation package, or domestic adjustments that help to ease what you think would be the pressure points. understand this -- if you know cruciate the -- you renegotiate the tpp, the clear message to the other countries is, you have to give us more. than is hard to sell in malaysia,, japan, or that you are giving the united states more at your expense. the people are going to say, no, we are not going to do that. it is a hard task selling free-trade agreements in australia. believe it or not, every other country has these challenges. it is not unique to the united states. there are people that are anti-free-trade or people opposed to the tpp in all of the tpp patients. we have to address those politics just as you do. when you negotiate a deal, i

think your own people would assume you have the best deal. deal, don't have the best renegotiating with one or two countries is sometimes possible. renegotiating with 11 other countries when there is someone else that might want to play in this ballpark is just unlikely. highly unlikely. that there is domestic opposition potentially in australia for free-trade, but seemingly the governments of parties have overcome that -- how did those in the u.s. that believe in free trade defined the merits to the populists that might not be seeing it? amb. hockey: means the end of the day cheaper and ports, cheaper components, but u.s.

exports go into the fastest growing region around the world without a ball and chain on their leg. that is unfair taxes on their exports. currently, vietnam has no restrictions on the intellectual property of pharmaceuticals. america dominates the world pharmaceutical market. and is the innovator, promoter. frankly when you have a fast-growing economy like vietnam, you want to have protections. that was what the tpp was delivering for american pharmaceutical companies, for example. there was a dispute resolution. some countries you would not want to try to defend your electrical property -- your intellectual property in a local court.

this set up a mechanism where it could be set up in a free and fair court. that is a good thing for the united states, which is a big an inner -- big innovator. there are many protections there. australia free-trade agreements with korea, japan, and china. frankly, the united states, in beef, was going to go into china and compete directly with us. we would have lost out of that. now that you are not backing the tpp, our big farmers are cheering. they know that at the end of the day, the fewer trade barriers, ag culture,beef or the better it is for everyone. then you compete on quality.

australia has have -- has not had a recession for 6 years. it is not an accident. we have had to fight for survival. we were totally tied to an old regime with a fixed currency, where we had tariffs across the board, a tax system and decentralized wage fixing -- and centralized wage fixing. governments realized that was unsustainable for australia and have removed those barriers. that has made australians more prosperous. the highest minimum wage in the world. one of the highest household incomes in the world. one of the highest net wealth families in the world. complacency in australia is our big enemy. there are few people that should argue against that complacency. there are some that think this is the norm.

you don'tis, if benchmark yourself against the best in the world, you are going to fall behind. the united states is always see themselves as having the capacity to be the best. it has to be prepared to lead if that is the case. >> we will open up to questions. let me ask one more. the shared values that you articulated, freedom, democracy, family -- what is the biggest threat in our shared asia-pacific region? amb. hockey: i see it as a threat around the world. being out of politics has given me a moment of clarity. [laughter]

you are seeing antiestablishment moves around the world. it is not unique in the united states. you are seeing some forms in horrendous terrorist rebellious movements, usually in countries where there is no free and fair vote. in other countries easy it as a rebellion led by not telling terry and -- by a totalitarian autocrat. for smome it is against anything that the government proposes, brexit, the peace plan, or renegotiation of their own party. that is because people feel disenfranchised with decision-making parent whether in the -- to be in washington, chicago, los angeles, or london. companies have taken decision-making out of their

businesses in individual countries and states, and have centralized it. social media becomes a loudspeaker for individuals. deserve ahang on, i say. sometimes they say it in unedifying ways. it has become a megaphone for individuals to say, hang on, how about me? consumer goods have empowered individuals. consumers have empowered individuals. social media has empowered individuals. still government and big is this has centralized power and disenfranchised those individuals. back andhy people kick say, we ought to have more power.

it is a big step in politics to give power and handed to individuals and communities. itgive up power and hand over to individuals and communities. no one has worked that out. >> now we will go to the audience. we are on livestream. >> can you hear me? given your background in world finance -- exceptional, imf, world bank, etc. given the option worldwide you brexit, theabout, greek debt crisis, trended toward conservatism, the in saint saturday night live thing

washington.g on in would do you see as the future global finance? many people say the imf is an outmoded world war ii institution. the asia bank has been reputed to be a newcomer. where do you see world finance going? amb. hockey: the investment introduction bank was formed by china. the u.s. and japan have not joined. 30 or 40 other countries have. australia has because we live in the agent region. there is a 700 trillion -- 7 trillion dollars shortfall in structure funding. we for the biggest exporter of coal, oil, energy.

if we can build a railroad line to get cattle to port in market, fantastic. if we can build a pipeline that goes through the middle of it india and gives energy to those -- we giveirty coal them electricity, fantastic. in china we have seen the greatest alleviation of polity -- alleviation of poverty in the last 30 years. we as humanitarians should be celebrating that. in response, there are pressure points. in china, there are 40,000 new businesses set up. they are advanced businesses. they are not restaurants or coffee shops.

india skipped an entire generation on communications and landline telephones. that have gone straight to mobile. there is green movement. -- great movement. that will continue. the challenge in the world economy is this -- governments have only so many levers. you have regulation, one lever. lever.n, another government spending is the third lever. then you have monetary policy has a fourth lever. you can't keep regulating. sooner or later you are going to run out of cash. you can't tax your way to prosperity because you will take

money out of the market. central banks loosened policy. a flood of money went out around the world. that has created asset inflation. if you earn something, you are doing well. it is harder to buy things. even though interest rates are low, they will have to go back up. central bankers won't listen to everyone else. as government runs out of money, governments have said we better regulate more. that becomes a constraint. the challenge is that interest rates will have to go up around the world. it is unsustainable to have so much free cash provided by banks. you get this ridiculous level of asset inflation. get richer, the poor

get poorer. it will have to be managed carefully. averments run out of money. they have run out of monetary policy. they can't tax or regulate. what would i be doing? that would look to improve productivity. investing in infrastructure is one of those things. that are quality infrastructure helps you achieve better outcomes in daily life and business. and government has to get smaller. has to be less constraining on individuals. people calling for bigger government, what are you thinking? it is smaller government that will lift the tide. individuals and business create wealth. government doesn't create jobs.

enterprise creates jobs. >> thanks. we will post someone from the aaib in the next few weeks. you're welcome to join. [laughter] you can join the livestream. amb. hockey: i was the first signature in the world on the aaib. >> computer making the plans right now. amb. hockey: excellent. >> before your remarks. given the president's move to relook at nafta, of withdrawal from the tpp, do you think the bilateral free-trade agreement -- he will approach the australian government to renegotiate? what would be the australian government's to you on that? -- view on that?

amb. hockey: no, i don't think he will. everyone is entitled to look at an agreement and say, can we make it better? he has a mandate to do that. we all get that. just not as simple as ringing up your colleague and saying, can we sit down and look at things? every business engages in commerce. $4 billion crosses the plane -- crosses the border in canada every day. into their risk return models the risks of the game. imagine the middle of the super bowl, they change the rules. i find it hard enough to follow especially when no one can explain what the extra time was about. an engine 3/4 of the way through

say you are not allowed to throw the ball backwards. when you change the rules of trade or taxation, unless you are making it easier, changing the rules has a cost. we have toward the world focusing on hedging risk. you guys know there is certain risk you can't hedge. the risk that you can't hedge is political and regulatory risk. you start building it into the price of everything. you build it in good. cost $10, ifight there is a civil war brewing, it might cost you $12.

if you have great innovators and they are working in a basement, they are costing you $100,000 per year to employ in a country where there is certainly a civil think, wecoup, you have to get them out of there. people react to fear. people react to adversity. and they do it dramatically. you have to be considered in how you engage in the change of trade. i think the president is in that space. i think he understands that. he has only been here three weeks. give him a go. next question please. the makeshift in global affairs is based on the

support of trade and defense. without disconnecting this amte s -- mate ship? educational, cultural exchange and there has to be something that connects our countries in trade. amb. hockey: it is every single area of engagement. we have medical researchers working in boston at key institutions. we delete children's neurosurgery in washington, to me and say, g'day mate. i said, where are you from? he said, i am the head of neurosurgery. he operated on a friend of mine's eight-year-old son. at medical level, it is very deep. and aceutical companies range of businesses.

in education, plenty of students here at university of chicago. there are thousands of students studying here in the united states on campuses, but also studying in australia a best number. even on capitol hill there is a vast number of people that role through congressional offices every year. andress women come up to me say thank you. producerss, we have and directors. we have business entrepreneurs from rupert murdoch to the head of dow chemical, to the head of morgan stanley. there is a cross engagement. when of the things that quite aruck me -- there were

million american soldiers based in brisbane in world war ii. wasnot reported in time that there were brawls between the australian and american men. the american men had better uniforms were better and were chasing the australian women. the net result was 40,000 australian women moved to the united states. shivery whene people say, my mum was australian. it was a deep tie. i suspect it is still happening today, which is fantastic. >> we work with 2 different think tanks in australia and with the consulate here. that is all we have time for.

thanks a million. ladies and gentlemen, please join me in thinking our speakers today. -- thanking our speakers today. [applause] sunday night on "afterwards," interviewed by michael steele, former chair of the rnc. >> workers unity come into play? -- where does unity come into play? how does this book provides prescriptions for turning the important corner to recognize how important unity is? >> this book is a refresher of civics. we have toin my way, look at how we are a little messed up. america is a great country but we are confused by who we are and what we want.

this unity peace, we have to break this down. the last election, half the country literally feels one way, and the other half feels another. >> sunday night at 9:00 eastern on afterwards. >> shortly we take a look back at the 20 16th presidential campaign with former trump campaign manager corey lewandowski. house members honor the life and legacy of former corpsman bob michael, who died at the age of 93. washington press club foundation hold its annual congressional dinner with npr host diane ream, greta van susteren, and senator tim scott attending. >> earlier this evening the gridiron club elberton you want gender in washington dc -- held