glad to be an act to get. i found the decision-making process, while different, was enormously challenging and satisfying. i loved being a judge because the opportunity to resolve disputes large and small, they somebody, large significance, that is very satisfying. >> watch tonight at 9:00 eastern on book tv on c-span2. c-span, where history unfolds daily. 1979, c-span was created as a public service by america's cable-television companies and is brought to you today by or cable or satellite provider. 2018. we want to welcome back a long time c-span friday. a quick note, we are breaking our phone lines down

differently. if you are currently insured through the affordable care act, inshore through medicaid and medicare and uninsured. let me begin with the affordable care act -- what has or hasn't been repealed? hast: the only piece that been repealed was the individual mandate. the requirement that must be all have insurance or pay a fine along with taxes. that doesn't happen next year until 2019 so this year the mandate is in effect. i think people are confused about that. the healthelse in law is still there. host: if people vote to , what did they see and what were they able to obtain? guest: they were able to obtain state except every

for where there was uncertainty. say that they don't have any idea what is going to happen. and so they will bow out. to sign upho went were able to find coverage. they did find in many cases that premiums had gone up. however, if you are under 400% gotoverty, those people good deals for complicated reasons we will get into about trump canceling federal payments for different subsidies for lower-income people. and people who got help paying premiums, many of them were able to find good deals. people who pay their own premiums, not so much. mcconnell said this was a nonstarter that they would not take up a repeal and replace of the aca this year. do you believe him?

guest: he said that and then he said the opposite. i think what most people are thinking is that if they can come up with something that could get a majority of votes, , if they coulds come up with something to get the votes that i'm sure mitch mcconnell would be happy to put that on the floor. i think what he was talking about last week with with a 51-49 senate, it does feel unlikely. almost 10 years that the affordable care act has been in place. what has worked and what hasn't worked? guest: people are looking at it much bigger than just the individual market. therefore double character and visual market is only somewhere 10-12,000,000 people. of peoplet majority have insurance through employers. and there were some small changes around the edges, primarily more protections and

benefits. then in some cases, employers had to provide preventive care with no co-pay. there is a requirement for insurers to pay the majority of the premium amount. a lot of changes to medicare. experiments to pay more for value for better outcomes. and those things are still a work in progress. the individual market part of it has been a mixed bag. premiums are higher than were expected. people have to pay more out of pocket. that means high deductibles. that is something that everyone agreed to be addressed but that isn't the direction congress seems to be going. host: wire premiums getting so much more expensive?

provide 10 have to essential benefits. many of which the individual market did not provide before. prescription drug coverage. mental health, substance abuse care. they had to offer the benefits , peoplethe other side had to pay much more out of pocket before benefits kicked in. that was how they would keep the premiums affordable. and theush on a balloon other side goes up. before the affordable care act, premiums were relatively low. if you were healthy. but if you needed a benefit, you were basically out of luck. so we moved the individual market in a different place. we created winners and losers. some people are doing much better and others are doing much worse.

host: at what point does that trajectory become unsustainable? guest: that is the question. the insurance industry has a problem with it. they're worried that healthy people won't buy insurance although economists and analysts thought that the individual mandate wasn't strong to begin with. there were a lot of exceptions and people who could get out of it. and they are sure what impact that will have. the other issue is that the president will talk about this, the labor department issued regulations to make it easier for people to get lesser health insurance. and there is now a concern that this will hold even more healthy people out of the market. insurance is going to become prohibitive. although the irony here is that the federal government is helping people pay premiums. that goes up as premiums go up. host: alex abner is the new

choice and there is a confirmation hearing this week. he is a pharmaceutical executive. what does he bring to the job and will he faced trouble getting things done? guest: he has spent a significant amount of time in the building. he knows how it runs. knows all the agencies and what the departments do in this sprawling cabinet department. a lot of democrats complain about his ties to the drug industry at a time when that is a big political issue. that i don't anticipate that he will have problems. democrats thought this was a good pick. host: the senate finance committee meeting will be live on tuesday and we will have coverage of the confirmation hearing for the president's choice. again, that is tuesday at 10:00 a.m. and our phone lines are open and we are dividing them between people who are medicaid

and medicaid recipients at (202) 748-8001. uninsured, (202) 748-8002. others. .202) 748-8003 what is the big story were working on for the year ahead? what questions are looming? one thing that has been , one thing that never happened was small businesses. small businesses got left out. there were so much attention on the individual market. large employers have traditionally offered health care insurance with an individual mandate. the ones who are having the biggest of italy under the existing health care system before the aca for small businesses. cost went up. they had trouble finding coverage, affording coverage.

there were supposed to be small business exchanges but in many states, that never even launched. there hasn't been a lot of help for small businesses and it is a really big problem. the president says that this will help us all businesses but it is unclear. there is a problem with manyesses that employ millions more americans who buy their own insurance on exchanges. host: let me ring the conversation back to speaker ryan last month when he was asked about the entitlement issue. here's what he had to say from december last year. >> when you talk about entitlement reform, it is clear that one of the things you are talking about is a obamacare. >> yes. and welfare reform. system that isre

trapping people in poverty and making it so people don't work. >> are you trying to do any reforms to social security or medicare? >> he hasn't shown as much interest in that so we are working with the president on entitlements that he is supportive of. you cannot use budget reconciliation for those rules. it is a health-care entitlements that are the big driver. so we spend more time on health-care entitlement because that is really where the problem lies, fiscally speaking. host: let me pick up on that point. as we approach $21 trillion in debt and health care is driving much of that, seems to me that this is an area that should be addressed but based on what we are hearing, will not be this year. guest: the president insisted he would not touch medicare. toucho said he wouldn't medicaid which cap not to be true last year when republicans try to turn this program into a block which would cut it,

significantly. big surprises last year was how popular medicaid was. we have always known that for senior citizens it was popularity. but it was not aware that it had the public support that it appears to have. host: you can go and check out the reporting of the guest but let's get to the phone calls. glenn joins us first. and receiving health care through the affordable care act? caller: i would like to point out that i'm not the only one. everyone who has insurance is receiving insurance under the fort care act. much of my benefits is a lack of a cap.

so that would be in place is not for the aca. this is distortion. what is driving the health care is simply the fact that we're under taxing billionaires. who don't want to contribute back to society. plus billionaires who made a lot of money in insurance and pharmaceutical markets by overcharging. so whether it is a single-payer system right away or it is medicare for people over 50 to start who can buy in at an affordable price, the distortions in this economy theuse of health care and psychological distortions of people not being able to wake up secure in their lives, it is unheard of compared to all of the other countries in the industrial world. host: we will get a response. guest: that was an important

point. pretty much everyone has insurance under the affordable care act. the caller is right that there are changes to people's insurance you have employer insurance. no lifetime limits. allow little children to stay our new plan until they were 26. and requiring insurers to pay premium dollars in claims. that, the biggest problem is prices. and the affordable care act took small nibbles around the edges of that but didn't try to address that, head-on. republicans and democrats fundamentally disagree with how to address problems. high prices, republicans want a market-based system which will lead to more competition.

but democrats are more interested in things like what other countries do, capping how much you can charge. those are fundamental differences. and i think it is part of why we haven't been able to address this. there is an enormous problem with the cost of health care, compared to the amount that people can afford to spend on it. host: because of her insight, it she is one of the go to people when we talk about this topic. we welcome her back. she is the chief washington correspondent for pfizer news and she is the title -- she is author of a book and the co-author of another book. she previously worked for npr and for the national journal. the next caller is in washington. kathy, good morning. caller: good morning. i'm just curious.

medicare, it is our money going into medicare so how does that push the debt? money, what we have been putting towards our future. get a percent of the benefits i'm not sure how that is driving the debt? i'm much or how people can say that giving health care for all is wrong? that is what you want. we want your money to be going towards health care. i'm not sure how that is pushing towards the debt? with the affordable care act, i am all for it. it doesn't issues. we have to educate the people who have the plan. the pages ofging

preventive care, only. or not emergency room's. you might does not aware of those issues. i would like you to go into those, that would be great. guest: it is an important misconception. saying that it is our money and we're just getting back the money that we have put in. and sociale security, people get back much more than they put in. health care is tremendously expensive. i don't have the numbers on the tip of my tongue but if you get sick at all, most people who get to medicare age eventually get sick and user coverage and by aare pays much more, march, then people have contributed, even over a lifetime of it being withheld. that is one of the reasons why it is being added to the debt.

medicaid comes out of the general fund. so health-care entitlements in particular are expensive. and that is why people want to after health-care costs. not medicare driving so much as the underlying costs. host: the deadline to sign up for the affordable care act was last december. the exchange enrollment ended with a .8 million enrolled in coverage." guest: there was a lot of pushback on that tweet. administration cut the advertising budget and they close down healthcare.gov for a number of days during the enrollment time and the aroma

time was only half as long. premiums went up and still, almost as many people signed up who signed up last year. open enrollment is still open in a number of states that do their own exchanges. notably, california. the original open enrollment time was three months but this time it was 1.5 months. host: for those of you listening, we are talking about health care 101. and what changes may mean in 2018. bruce is a recipient of medicaid? caller: no, medicare. i wanted to thank obama for taking it hundred billion dollars from medicare to finance his failed health care plan.

it seems to me that we got a 2% raise and social security and then they raised a medicare prices by 30%. i just got a notice in the mail. so thank you, very much. guest: the caller is correct in that there was money from medicare savings that went to finance the other pieces of the of portable care act but ironically, when money comes out of medicare, it comes out of provider payments and premiums go down. , these if you pay less out premiums are percentage of how much medicare pays. so if you lower the prices that they pay the premiums, it will be less. premiums are now starting to go up again and that is a function of health care prices going up more. even when medicare is paying less. medicare tends to be leaner other that is necessarily the case.

the big reductions in medicare, a lot of those were from insurance companies who have plans they offer through medicare and from some of the experiments that i have been talking about to try and figure how to better pay for health care without actually just paying people to do more. which what has essentially and what we've been doing for the last 50 years. lisa is a medicare a -- is a medicaid recipient. where: i about situation you are on medicaid and you get make $50 more you than you are supposed to with medicaid into can't afford it. what in the world do you do? live at the edge of qualifying for medicaid and qualifying for the affordable care act.

in arkansas, one of the things they did was they brought the people and to private plans. so when this would happen they would switch over but it would be seamless. they would basically go from one to the other and back again depending on what they were qualified for. it is a difficult situation. a difficult situation at the other end for people who are getting health care subsidies, premium subsidies who suddenly make a little but more and aren't eligible for subsidies. and people there are actually talking about taking pay cuts to keep their subsidized health insurance. but the medicare problem is is still a problem that isn't really being looked at. host: j is uninsured. good morning. caller: good morning.

have always loved c-span. just to hear this and everything that this president has done is infuriating. not that i would have ever voted for him. how --i don't see not that i'm for welfare in any shape or form because i have worked on my life since i was 14 but i'm caught in the conundrum in that i don't know what to do anymore. i can't afford to buy health make too muchare money at the present time to qualify for -- and i am too young -- for medicaid or medicare. does a person in my situation do?

this is really difficult and i did a story about this a couple of months ago. it is mostly people who are because premiums can rise because all people can be charged three times as much as young people. if you earn too much to get medicaid and you are over age 40 but particularly over age 50 and still not old enough for medicare, health care is prohibitive. what hasn'ting and been working? this is one of the things that hasn't been working. this is what drive some of the calls for the medicare buy-in. to let people who are 50 or older purchase medicare insurance even though they are not quite eligible. that is one idea. and get olderve and sicker people out of the main health insurance to make the premiums cheaper but it would bring healthier people into medicare. so it would make medicare a better risk pool.

but that is something that congress has not been able to do and it isn't something that republicans are looking at. host: when do premiums ever go down under the affordable care act? guest: premiums ever to go down. but they rose fairly slowly. health-care spending in general recentn rising slowly in years. but we have seen spikes in the individual market as newer and healthy people signed up and insurers at the beginning had no idea how much should charge. they have never served the market. sickhave no idea how many people would join. how much they would cost. how much deferred care these you would need. some over shot and charge too much and that we did see 0% premiums, on average.

but some of them undershot. arizona was a good example of this. and a lot of places they had to double premiums but it wasn't because there was some kind of strange plague it was just because they charged way too little the year before. individual not most insurers have had enough time now to figure out what to charge but it has turned into a pretty high amount. host: this is a question saying, will dental insurance ever be reasonable in this country? guest: that is good question. it adds to the cause of what we have been talking about, an expensive and prohibitive cost. there is a lot of discussion about oral health and its impact

on the rest of your health. and it has been underappreciated. there was a huge spike in mental health which finally resulted in legislation being passed although not necessarily it being implemented. i think oral health might be the next step but i have no idea when that will happen. host: you can follow her on it's -- andgoat but let's go to gina. caller: hello. alabama. i have spoken with you before about the primaries and lori moore. host: absolutely. i was glad to see that jones won. i am a republican but i did vote for doug jones because i do have some sense. the one part that i've never

agreed with is that most of the poor kids in alabama are on medicaid. and when they reach 18, they lose their medicaid. on athey go to college pell grant which is why i am so glad they did away with the individual mandates. i have one more point. my stepdaughter came here from california. she is 38 years old. she doesn't work and hasn't worked in years. full medical. and to me that is unfair. and she gets medicines covered and everything. and before my mother was in a fsiing home, she was on because she was a waitress all my life and she didn't pay enough into social security making $.50 or two dollars an hour. veteran 100% a disabled

and not only do i receive via a compensation, i received my social security disability, which evens out to $5,000 month. drew a little over 700 sick ande got down and was a permanent resident of a nursing home. my sister and i were in burger king one time and the manager about a memo and said all of his employees couldn't get over 20 hours a week because of the affordable care act. so that is why a lot of people are working to part-time jobs. i know people who work 20 hours at mcdonald's and then go to hardees.

is there full-time they are required to have the affordable care act. host: think you for the call. disco there was a lot of discussion about employers cutting back hours to not provide health care. it is actually 30 hours per week. it was a little bit overblown. employers were saying that when in fact, the a were already not having to do it or they were just using it as an excuse all the were anecdotal cases of people losing hours because of an employer mandate requirement. to the medicaid issues, alabama is a state that did not expand medicaid. so when kids lose chip and age out, they do end up uninsured. expandedr states with medicaid, they would remain

eligible. it is a difficult issue about people who want insurance and don't want insurance. should you have some kind of insurance? obviously this caller has talked about some of the safety net programs we have. social security -- it isn't a safety net. that is what you qualify for if havere disabled but you worked. if you don't qualify you get s s i, a different subsidy program. that is for low-income people who are disabled. so there are a lot of programs and they don't all indirect that will together, which is another issue that perhaps congress would like to take up at some point but it doesn't seem to be on the agenda. this is a tweet from steve saying that it recently restored

benefits for people over the age of 21. guest: i didn't know they had taken them away. i knew there was issues with immigrant coverage but i didn't realize there were age issues as well. host: let's go to jack. caller: i would like to say, first of all, your guest, julie, withbviously is agreeing all of the line that obama created. when each took $800 billion for medicaid and he said insurance would go down and you could see her same doctor. so i'm glad you are talking about this because this was a created in- obama

eight years nothing but lies. for the ghazi and iran and health care. everything he did. and it will all come out through everything you have on, no matter what it is. it will all come out. guest, the reason that the younger people don't have to pay anymore is because when you were young, my age and currently, they used to give insurance. reasonable because they were young. and like the other woman who is talking about all these issues, i went through this with my mom. there are so many programs that obviously had been added through the swamp in washington to pay for. and all the health care insurance people take advantage

of this, just like college costs. well, the president did say premiums would go down and they did not. and he did mention that you could keep your doctor. the way insurers didn't have to continue all of these requirements is that they could restrict doctors who could participate which upset a lot of people. i never said this was all great and everything is running fine. even president obama said it could use help. there were agreements that there were parts of the law that weren't working well. host: would you agree that once it is started it is difficult to end? guest: it is. i was surprised that the support for medicaid. i think that is something that has frustrated republicans who want less of the government

involvement in health care but what we're seeing is more of a government involvement. the other side, people complain and even the caller mentioned this. the affordable care act has been created to keep the private insurance industry a major part of the health care system and sometimes that winds up in private health care. pay executives huge salaries and bonuses. so there are people who dislike that part of it. and there are people who dislike the government part of it. host: george is joining us from maine. you are uninsured? caller: yes. i havet was, my wife and our heads above water trying to survive. we pay taxes for criminals in jails who have health care.

-- hown turn around and can you do that? for health care? was on theoint mandate, when we got our taxes, you pay a fine. your shared responsibility payment. and when youit fill out your amended return, triedou get is that they to shift the responsibility of your fine over to social socialy where -- security, that might be wrong. but they take the fine and shift it. -- excuse me, they tell you you have a refund coming. when you know you don't.

paper,e you sign that they take the refund and hold it to pay your health care costs. your individual mandate. and takecan come back it to court and take your house and garnish wages and all of that stuff. guest: actually, they can't do any of that. he only thing they can do if you don't pay the fine is take it from your refund. but there was a huge debate in congress about people putting in -- being put in jail and having their wages garnished and the law explicitly says they cannot do that. the only thing they can do is deduct it from your refund. and i should point out that there are many people who don't have to pay the fine. , and then't afford it cheapest plan available to you is more than your income, they

make it so you don't have to pay the fine. the insurance company is unhappy with how many ways are for people to not have to pay. object was not so people who couldn't afford it would be punished. younger people do pay less. they pay far less in premiums. thethis year, a cousin of court and the way it worked, there were a lot of plans that if you had a subsidy you could get a bronze plan for nothing. most plans were under $75 a month for younger people because they are healthier. so it is easier to get relatively cheap plans. a good way to get insurance in case something bad happens. host: our topic is health care and our guest is julie rovner.

-- "lessas this tweet talk alexander murray and how it will affect the aca." it was scuttled and this came back again and where does it stand? guest: we do have to go back and talk about this. there are subsidies to help people pay premiums and for the lowest income people who buy their own insurance, at 230% of property -- of poverty, people who are not that much money cap 80 deductibles so they, in addition to getting help with the premiums, get help with the cost chairing for deductibles and co-pays. there was a fight over whether that money had been prorated by congress. there was a lawsuit. trump was able to stop the

payments and he did that before the open enrollment started. back in october. and what ended up happening was that they found a different way to get the money. they raced premiums, they raise it on silver plants. premium subsidies are links to that. so they're getting the money back from a different pocket of the government. what the alexander-murray bill has limitedone what subsidies for two years. in september and if it had than it would've have been fine for 2018 but the fact that it hasn't passed and we talk about 2018 "it is closed and at that point, if they put subsidies back insurance would have to refund it. it would be a huge mess. so there is some thought about doing it to push the subsidies back starting next year.

there are a lot of people who are questioning whether that is a good idea. because the way the state regulators worked around the absence of the subsidies was to provide free plans for the young people. in some states they only put the increase on the silver plan. so if you have a cold plan or plot and you don't have to see the increase, either. it has shaped out in a way that wasn't expected. host: this tweet -- a huge part of it is diet and exercise and we don't talk about that in the mainstream media. can you talk about that?

guest: we do talk about that. there are ways people can get solved healthier. programs that the employers offer. the idea of eating better and exercising more and stopping smoking and drinking in moderation, these get covered to a considerably large degree in mainstream media. the: welcome to conversation, joining us from massachusetts. good morning. caller: thank you for taking my call. a doubt 500 company, a tremendous company. i pay over $6,000 out-of-pocket for the insurance and our deductible is over $6,500. one of the highest counts. is an employer subsidized program. peoplear a lot of

howing about obamacare and expensive it is but it is still very expensive. i know in massachusetts and in new york that a lot of private practices are now being purchased or consumed by large conglomerates. and the doctors no longer have their own pratt is. they actually work for one of the corporations. and i'm curious. how is that impacting the cost of medi-cal care? consolidation is a big issue in health care. the caller is correct. we saw this in the 1990's as well. it didn't work very well. it came back apart but we are now seeing the console edition again. and there is always a concern that if you don't have a lot of competition then they could raise prices at will which some of them do. it is something that necessarily helps the cost side of the equation.

the has been an arms race between the medical industrial complex and the insurance industry. there is a concern about insurer consolidation. we've seen companies tried to buy each other. paid toention has been consolidation among health care providers. ,hen you are the only hospital you can dictate your price. because all five insurers need a contract with you. so it is a big issue on both sides. host: our guests work is available at kaiser health news if you want to check out what the health care bill means. up next, new york. a medicaid recipient. go ahead, ralph. caller: my question is people and families with long-term disability individuals.

in last years reporting of the bills that passed and went before congress, i didn't see anything covered about how those would have affected the existing waiver programs. that applies for people with disabilities? i wonder if you could save them about that. there are arelated, lot of national companies and managed care companies have touted their success with driving down costs for medicaid managed care. that is true for some types of services but they haven't demonstrated clinical success or clinical outcomes on the medicaid managed care. guest: medicaid serves a lot of the disabled in america. it provides, in pretty much every state, benefits that are not provided under most private insurances. it was not clear how the row begins planned to handle that if

it was affected with the disability programs. the caller is talking about waivers and that is states who apply to the federal government to offer waivers that might not already be offered or are offered in a different way. a lot of interesting ideas are coming up out of the states in terms of serving the disabled. but the elderly and the disabled are the most extensive parts of the medicaid program. because some concern these are vulnerable populations, both who need the services that are provided. if states want to continue to provide them, this'll be part of the ongoing debate about how the federaltes and government pay for medicaid and what should happen in the future. and again, it comes back to how much health care costs. illinois next. catherine, good morning.

caller: good morning. question is not for me. i have medicare and i love it. they better not tap into my medicare. but my question is for my son. i have a son who lives and works in another country. when the requirement for you to have health insurance in the u.s. came out, i applied and i did all the paperwork and i applied in the state of illinois but he could never get it. one of the big reasons i wanted it for him is because when he comes to the states, i always like him to have coverage in case he gets sick or falls or whatever. and i could never get it. he would come, i go with a company that provides this cheap insurance that will cover him in the event. andied to use it one time

it was worthless. these plans that have true coverage. it is really important. my question for you is, should i have been able to get coverage for him? butorks in another country he is a u.s. a citizen. his address here is what we live. what do you say about that? i gave up on getting him coverage. host: where does he work? caller: the czech republic. he has insurance. in other parts of the world, they cover you, there's no question. it is just that i've tried, repeatedly, to get great coverage here in illinois and they deny him because he didn't

live here all year. host: let me take that one step further. if you come to the u.s., which he be covered? guest: if you are a foreigner, you would be covered by your country. if you're a u.s. citizen who lives overseas, you are not , the mandate does apply to you. there was a lot of concern about whether they would have to pay a fine because they are not there so the caller is right. it can be difficult to get health insurance if you don't live in the district of columbia. it is tricky. there are short-term plans. the president would like to expand plans. many of them don't provide for a much in the way of benefits. are definitely questionable and they can deny if you have a

pre-existing condition or if you get sick, they could not renew you. so there are definitely issues around this. can carryoreigners their own insurance. it is an issue. host: james made the point when the caller said that the government should not tap into my medicare but the government is medicare. let's go to julie and massachusetts. a medicare recipient. go ahead. caller: think of a taking my call. ,y question for julie is about can anything be done about what i perceive as the hideous administrative overhead that you engagement every time you engage with the medical system? a few months ago there was an article in the wall street

journal where one of their reporters interviewed a physician in the heartland. close his practice down and reopened it as a concierge where he charged $85 a month to belong. wasif you needed care, it $185 and they got to write in. and the wall street journal said , how can you run your business with these low prices? and he said, when i was running a traditional practice, 60% of my revenue stream went to administrative overhead. and i thought that sounds up aerated so i called fellow with reliant medical group who processes claims and he had worked there for 30 years. so i called him and said that i just read this. what would you say? and he said 60%? that sounds about right.

is a big problem. there is an anonymous amount of administrative overhead and health care and health insurance. in running a doctor's practice. it is one of the things leading to the consolidation for doctors practices that could get paid a salary when they have to do paperwork and hire people to be in the back offices in billing and claims and fighting with insurance companies and with patience. -- well,aper intensive i guess these days, more we havey intensive -- people who can't talk to each other and if you have multiple doctors, there are multiple patient portals and multiple passwords and they don't talk to each other and it is something that is crying out for streamlining that in the united states, we don't have a single health care system like they do in some countries which would certainly make it easier. we have many private providers.

and we have many different insurance companies and they all need to document things. host: we will conclude on that note. formerly served as secretary for the george w. bush administration. three etchspan. watch on c-span3 or online at the c-span radio app app. communicators" we are on location at bell labs. bell labs is one of the premier research facilities in the world, providing work in

astronomy, lasers, and information theory. the bell labs president discusses what is new in information technology and research. >> we present a a lot of data but not necessarily knowledge. era, we will connect everything to your environment, cities,ldings, bridges, so we actually see what is going on and we automate that. jetsons,e will be the automatically clean, your energy will be automatically damaged. your car may be automatically driven. a massivet requires change in how you build networks, and the cloud has to move into the networks. i think the cloud will come of age and the network will become valued. the devices are everywhere, on you, in you, that is when we will see the increase in productivity. watch "the communicators" monday night at 8:00 eastern on c-span two.

>> north korea and south korea plan to meet for the first time in years ahead of the winter olympics. we recently spoke with a historian about the background of that relationship and the involvement of the united states. annualattending the meeting of the american historical association in washington. this is just under 20 minutes. david is a historian at the university of wisconsin, madison, who specializes in u.s./korea relations. what is the most important thing that anyone watching the news and worrying about the state of things should know about korea and u.s./korea relations. ? >>