dynamo that he spends within people. he does it intentionally and sometimes he does not know he is doing it but it happens. it is influencing every aspect of american life, culture, economics, politics, and in ways you have detected. the way journalists interact with this ongoing up next, a book tv exclusive. flagstaff, arizona to learn more about its unique history. we have traveled the u.s. cities bringing the book seem to our viewers. >> welcome to flagstaff, arizona. for the next hour we will

explore the literary life of this city. 70 miles south of the grand canyon like staff has a population of 100 40,000. it is home to northern arizona university, and its elevation of 7000 feet gives the city a unique climate for arizona. as we traveled the city we will speak with local authors. >> flagstaff lies along the 35th parallel latitude. that parallel from albuquerque to los angeles was chosen for the route of the second transcontinental railroad. that begin building left in 1880. it reached flagstaff in 1882. it is the reason why flagstaff is here. >> we begin our feature on flagstaff north of the city at the grand canyon national park.

>> we are the eastern end of the grand canyon. when you look to the east you're looking into the painted desert. you can see a little bit of that. this is a quarter of the way into the grand canyon. 70 miles east of here. right here is where the canyon first starts to widen. it is a much now or gorge trade when it reaches desert view it opens out. it is 10 miles wide. another 200 miles to run to the west before it ends up at lake mead. mountains the rocky

to california and arizona. you can see the tower which is watchtower. it is a tribute to the hopi tribe. it is 70 feet tall. you can get a slightly better view from the top. it is there to be a monument to the hopi tribe. famous tribes in america. they live in arizona 50 miles east of here. inir ancestors used to live the grand canyon a thousand years ago as part of a widespread culture that we today ancestral pal blend -- ancestral peublo. this is for they believe humans emerged into this world and

believe the souls of their dead return to the grand canyon to reach the afterlife. they have deeper ties to the canyon than really any other group of people. it isn't that often that we have science and a chant mythology agree on something. science has verified their perspective this was a place of creation. science would agree we are seeing the forces of creation here. . saying deep time here. 2 million years of rock. they are almost 2 billion years old. we are seeing all kinds of geological forces, tectonic action.

you see a lot of rock formation. a lot ofted up by forces you are seeing a lot of erosion. there's all sorts of features inside the canyon created by erosion. you are also seeing biological revolution -- evolution. deservese layers here the cambrian explosion where life became complicated. idea, this is the ultimate place, has gripped a lot of people. a lot of people come here expecting a grand visual spectacle of some sort that they end up feeling more than that. , ofr sense of creation primordial forces is stirred by visiting here.

it comes down differently with different people. if you are very religious you might see god here. different christian see god in different ways. nonreligious people may just see the forces of nature. that can touch them as well because we spend most of our lives in cities and jobs. we have the social identities that seem to be everything. people come here, there is this much grandeur and reality beyond their lives that their lives came out of. people end upous having somewhat religious experience here sometimes. now we are standing out on the hermit road west of grand canyon village. memorial just off to my side here which is a memorial to the first river explorer here

in 1869. he was a passionate geologist. he was a teacher. he didn't get much support from the federal government. import whichonal hopefully meant they would bring back new territory, new transportation routes. convinced they't were worth that much. he put it together on his own and had nine other crew members to start out with. if you got disgruntled along the way and left. there was a controversy because there is a plaque, three names that were left off. at the end of the trip they

decided they had enough. they walked off to the mormon villages in utah and were never seen again. the people who organize the memorial, they thought they were disloyal. they were hero worshipers. they thought these three guys that disappeared were cowards and deserve to be there. they are missing. that is why there has always been a source of controversy. the head of the u.s. geological survey. it was far more sympathetic in that era. their cultures were interesting. worth studying and worth preserving before a lot of them were starting to disappear.

is inggest contribution his washington career, he sounded a warning about our future national growth and patterns. destinys had a sense of about settling the frontier. the settlement patterns that worked in the east, the homestead act gave out acreage. to anybody you could claim them. a lot of that was successful. saw the rockies, there wasn't enough water.

he tried to sound the warning to the country that the type of settlement practices that had been successful were simply not going to work in the far west. way it was ever going to succeed. all that great. he sounded out warning. secret tothe settlement of the west and the lot of the countries that did not want to hear that at all. they were not going to settle the western united states. the prize to be paid, there were hundreds of thousands of farmers that came to the high plains who tried to farm. they were miserable failures. ,hen you have years of drought it was a disaster. profita environment of

beyond his time. not sure we are hearing that message when it comes to water resources. we are really living beyond their means. the colorado river is at the bottom of the grand canyon. it seems like a powerful river. doesn't have that big of volume of water. it is now supporting 25 or 30 million people in a lot of agricultural areas. the demands on the river, the issues, the water under normal conditions doesn't happen to meet all the demand on it. we have been in a drought for about 20 years now. the river has been going downward. which is ahead of the grand

canyon, down to 50%. it has been down to 40%. will have a water crisis where the water supply to towns like tucson is about to be cut off. they don't have any alternative source. southernre, california, the imperial valley depends on colorado river. the country still not learned that lesson. now you might imagine we are standing in some native american village. we are still in the grand canyon

village where most of the tourists congregate. this is called hopi house. it is every creation of a hopi home. it was a home for hopi's. there was a family who lived upstairs. they perform dances. there is a little pavilion next to me. they talk to tourists. it was a home for a hopi family who lived here for 20 years. this makes quite a contrast with the building next to us, the fancy hotel which was built at the same time, and opened in 1905. they make a big contrast that define some of the values of the american west and what people were looking for in the american west.

the first she designed. at that time, it was a most impossible for women to get architectural training, get into architectural school. she was a high school teacher in the early 30's. decided this lady has a lot of imagination. maybe she is a genius. some sort of native american style in our southwestern buildings. so the park service when it started out, they are a small agency. they didn't have a lot of support. there were national parks for decades before there was a park service. there were a lot of threats to the parks and places that should have been

parks. there were mining companies that did not want them to be national parks. the parks service set out to be a political constituency. they would support better protection for parks. the park service was very slow and low budget. work to getppy to tourists out. here in the to get 1920's was the tourism business. harrison had never visited the grand canyon. for three times he proposed bills to make it a national park . harrison became president and

tried to make it a national park. congress toact of create a national park. claimed.was privately so, benjamin harris, he did this met -- make this a national forest which is bogus because inside the canyon there's not many forests. .hat was one step teddy roosevelt along. he was dedicated to the grand canyon. teddy roosevelt went to the north rim to go mountain lying hunting. there used to be a lot of mountain lions there. there were hundreds of them. to kill the ranger mountain lions.

nobody was thinking ecologically then. what happens if you kill all the predators? there was this massive population explosion. hunting.sevelt loved he tried to make this a national park. could not persuade arizonans to make it a national park. he made a national monument which a president can do. that gave it certain protections. than he wanted. it didn't remove the private mining claims or ranching claims. he was dead for a few months before grand canyon came men in 1919. heelys regretted he didn't succeed in making it a national park. it finally became a cop -- part because the railroad was here

first and tourists were bringing in money. arizona businessman or noticing. why exactly were we opposing making this a national park? up,ually as tourism started it's long opinions around to economic value. a lot of powerbrokers didn't seem to see that. got 6 million visitors here at the canyon. the 5 million level up and down. .ately it has been up that has put a lot of stress on the park. a lot of them are foreigners.

and a lot of people overseas just love our national parks. they come here with the goal of being maybe in yellowstone and death valley. vegas along the way but it is mainly about national parks. they go home loving the park saying how great america is. politically or culturally they may not approve of mcdonald's or whatever. how go home telling people great the parks are. this was a democratic idea. otherwise it is the idea that the land belongs to all of us and it will be so in the future. a long series of gated communities with security guns -- security guards and guns. we can all be proud of it even though today the country is pretty divided.

that is one thing liberals and conservatives should be taking pride in. we have done a great job with our national parks. if there is one thing to leave this landidea, belongs to you and me. point.ur first we should not be looking at it through books. we should be getting out and visiting it ourselves. great place to explore. certainly everybody should have it in their lives. it is never too late. >> as we continue to explore the flagstaff literary scene, the history of the city. >> we are at one of the most historically significant locations in the city of flagstaff. monument withaff

the naming of flagstaff. in 1876, there was a group of people traveling through here on their way to california. they would stop anywhere they could find water. it was scarce along the way. standing, you can see the pond further down here form by the spring. campsite fortural pioneers heading west. their baggage they had a flag. the stripped them off of ponderosa flag tree. so, the town that came quite a

few years later adopted the name flagstaff. that is what this monument commemorates. my grandfather and his brothers in the 1800s. one evening a guy came in the story alleges come back from here. he told a great tale about this wonderful country. land all was pasture over the place. lots of opportunity to get rich. they thought that sounded pretty good. they hopped on the train and came west. their desire was to be ranchers. cattlemen. scouting looking for a place to acquire a cattle range. flagstaff onnto the railroad in april of 1886.

just after a big fire burned down virtually all of the town. and get off the railroad surveilled the smoldering ash and think i don't think we came to the right place. they did not decide to stay. own brandted their for their new heard. so they settled here, established the cattle ranch which grew to be a very large ranch. one of the biggest in the ranch. entrepreneurs.or the opportunity was there. they established a mercantile store. they diversified into different businesses. i'm in the third generation.

of the cattle ranch, some of their operations still survived. the reason i was interested in doing this is flagstaff is relatively a new town. it is barely more than 100 years old. lots of population growth in the last 40 years are people who have come from other places. they don't really know what came before them here and they don't really realize the richness of the architecture and the history. that.ed to codify so people can really understand not only where we are and where we have come from. we are in the historic courthouse.

they have the new county. flagstaff was county -- chosen as the county seat. which was two miles up the road and hauled down here. added tohouse was because the community was growing rapidly. 30 years after it was first built. a whole new section was put on in 1925. then along came the 1950's.

they wanted a more modern look to them. entrancered the front and the stairs leading into the courthouse with glass and aluminum. they've ruined the whole effect of the courthouse. so the county allocated money and decided they wanted to it is backstoration to what we see today. i want to talk about the founding of flagstaff. flagstaff lies along the 35th parallel of latitude. that was chosen for the route of the second transcontinental

railroad. that began building west from 1880. 1882.ched flagstaff in it is the reason why flagstaff is here. once the railroad depot was established and transportation was possible, all along the railroad line that was the atlantic. that is the reason for the founding of the town in 1882. soon after that the chicago industrialist realize the potential in this huge pine forest on all the areas.

that went on for a very long principale city interest. by far the major employer. i think by 1912 or so they were producing millions of feet of pine lumber to be shipped all over the country. that was the founding industry along with the railroad. the other thing the railroad provided an opportunity for was the shipment of livestock to texas or kansas or in out in california. was in that livestock business early on. industry's might say were the railroad, the lumbering industry and livestock industry.

railroad,see the busier than ever, sending upwards of one hundred 20 freight trains through flagstaff every day. the ranching industry still exists and produces beef cattle. not so the timber industry. you will be hard-pressed to find evidence of that once huge and thriving industry. pine forest, they cut the best and biggest trees down early on. as they continue to cut the trees they finally ran out of good trees to cut. the 1970's, the industry was out.

there were three large lumber mills producing huge amount of lumber. you might look here for we are up against historical photographs. one showing campsite on the way to the grand canyon. tourism is nothing new. it started out as soon as people could get there. fundamental to flagstaff's economy. i mentioned the big employers. far and away the biggest is with all the beautiful national parks and national monuments that we have. crater,nyon, sunset walnut canyon. very important. in the winter time, they come to enjoy the snow. really big part of the economy. , a much course

different story. flagstaff grew slowly during the first century of its existence. by 1950 the community consisted souls. 2018.e are in not counting the students at the university we are approaching 70,000. things are changing fast. the major employers

>> then the sun would come out was wonderful. in the past few years, things do seem to be changing. of quite amidst drought right now. winters have not been anything like they were when i was young. adapting and trying to manage our way through it. still a gem as i hope your viewers will

yourciate as they see program. speak with laurie -- as 113 definitions. fore's no definition terrorism. the one we use in the book is a political act that uses violence tries to disrupt the status quo. terrorism is always political. it's always violent and usually are undertaking terrorism want something to change. beenly terrorism has viewed historically as the domain of men. men are perpetrators of terrorism. act.that macho type women have been seen as victims of terrorism. women had interacted when they've engaged in terrorism,

been seen as someone abhorrent, lesser women as monsters, maybe as sex craze in doing it for the love of a man as somethingsarily that is a normal act that a in.n would engage these assumptions come from society. in westernlized society to see women as life givers not as life takers. see women asto mothers and somebody who wants to protect life not necessarily to take lifewants away. there's a concept called we talk aboutat in the book. that concept talks about what gender assumptions are and what it is to be a man. be macho,n is to to strong and be violent and react violently. this is why we don't like terrorism. we want to work against it.

man commits terrorism, we're not soft. when women commit terrorism shocked. women and men engage in terrorism they're engaging in similar types of activities. slightly more common for women to be in support roles. you'll see women laundering the smuggling the wipe weapon -- weapon. conflict lot of times women will be helping to move the weapons and bombs. we don't socialized to think of women being violent, they were less likely to be stopped by the police. a young man wall through, they knew him to be catholic. he could be stopped but a young less likely to be stopped. same thing with in the bass country. similarly.retty

sometimes we'll see women in the support role. you're seeing women in support with isis right now. there are some instances when also pickselves will up weapons, they'll engage in arm battle. they will also be leaders of groups. ltte there was a women's brigade and for a while she was the leader of that brigade. it was thought for a while that the leaders military and fortical leader were women quite a while. to also seeommon women in leadership organizations or leadership more likely they're in support roles. women commit terrorism for a reasons.f different similar to previous scholars talking about people

andging in terrorism general it's three rs. rape because they've been raped. need redemption or because a a relationship, because of man. there's different reasons people participate. has thoughtriting that women participating because ideals.ist i don't know that we have a lot of evidence about that yet. know that in some groups, the 1970's there was left-leaning ideology that women themselves said they were choosing and instead of reaching feminist goals by participating in terrorist activities. it will be groups like weather underground for example. subsequently, stories came out

if women themselves were and the public discourse that was going out to groupslic was that these were feminist and they were inclusive. groups,en got into the they weren't necessarily treated equal. some of the writing and some of isisirls who gone to actually bring out these ideals of feminism and talk about how sort of this -- with agency.ting nobody is forcing them they're their own to engage in terrorist activity. we make gender assumptions about terrorism than there are real consequences for for ourerrorism and counterextremism policy. think that women engage in terrorist acts, media butly in the also in government and their

counterterrorism policy, what we do, we're leaving out 50%, more than 50% of the population when looking at counterterrorism activity. we really ignore women as perpetrators of terrorism to our detriment. comesr way in which that in play which is different, it comes into when we're leaving out of the counterterrorism solution as policymakers. often what we see when we're inking at government is that some governments even in government where women have reached parity, which means about 50% of the politicians or legislators. those types of government, women are less likely to occupy the type of positions in cabinet or kind of position on committee allow them to engage in counterterrorism activities. they are less likely to be police. in we're less likely to see them as

of homeland security. we're less likely to see them as secretary of defense. you end up having very skewed making.ives on policy aboutk about in the book the baud rate. rate when osama bin ladens killed. we looked at media coverage of that raid. in particular, media coverage of the picture that was taken in the situation room of the major when thet the time raid was taking place. when the raid was taking place, was president and hillary clinton was secretary of state. in the picture that mainly got shown in the media, hillary mouthn is covering her like this.

the media attributed to that she was gasping because she was so emotionally distraught by laughs happening. later came out, she was shengtime and early may, had allergies springtime in d.c., she was sneezing. photographer caught her mid-sneeze. the ended up happening in media, there were phrases like -- you could see all of the emotion of the moment in hillary's eyes. she's gasping because of she's distraught by what she's seeing on the screen. these are the things treating her as being overly emotional and unail to handle the moment. subsequently, clinton was one who pushed for the raid and one the more hard line people pushing for the raid. that gender description

that.ing of clinton in there's another woman in the frame, her name is audrey thomason. was a counterterrorism official. as andia referred to her intern as an interloper as somebody who shouldn't be there. they called her a girl. this is the situation room. you don't have interns and there ino shouldn't be the situation room when we're attack one of the major terrorist figures. another interesting thing that happened in there is related masculinity.dea of they got word that the raid was a go. that the navy s.e.a.l.es found him and they were sure he was in the compound. president obama was golfing at time. it was a saturday or sunday. he came in from golfing. had wind breaker on and golf

shirt. some of the other officials who have been monitoring this situation room, some of the other people were more there'sed up. sittings in the picture off to the side in a smaller chair than other people in the room. because of the angle. this.dia really picked on it happened in social media. mainstream media him not looking presidential, him not dressed for the moment and not serious enough. those generals in the room who did look more we expect someone to look in the situation room to masculine language. were examining that, we looked not just clinton and talkedeople that were

about but also osama bin laden wives who were at the compound at the time of the raid. osama bin laden in both u.s. considered as official press releases and referred to hiding behind a woman. cowardly.at made him what we bridge up in the book, would it been better know hid behind a man? was's the difference if he hiding behind a woman or man. expectations how you should act. some of theeresting same language that was used to describe hillary clinton and thomason was used to describe the women who were in the compound. throughthis argument here if you look at terrorism through the lens of gender, you divide between the terrorists and the

policymaker. them in thelk about same way. there are several lessons to work.from this the first one of the major one it's important to take a gender looking at when issues of terrorism because if we don't, then what we're doing looking at terrorism through our traditional ways of looking at the world. means that we're looking at it through a masculine lens. when we do that we miss a lot of what's happening with terrorism. i think if we are interested truly in counterterrorism, if we're interested in it's importantm that.olve women in making level and home front level. >> our look at flagstaff continues. to learn about the history of planet pluto.

prominentfrom a very and wealthy boston family. life onto search for other planets a the end of the 19th century. an associate out here with small telescope to try to find in arizona that he could find for that purpose and chose flagstaff. in 19th century the discovery the discovery of neptune. emulate that feat. during the last decade of his of a it became much anobsession for him. it launched this search that would redeem him and put him in astronomers of

the chosen one. a franchise in textiles. edll and lawrence were nam after perceval's father and mother family. money to burn. he set offperceval, to the far east. as alternate career was writer and traveler in the far east. that,getting bored with he decided to trade the far east for the far out and took up astronomer searching for canals

mars. perceval lowell was passionate in his studies. there were markings on mars that telescopes provided that seem to be canals. he thought they were canals an intelligent civilization on mars to stave droughtdepth by essentially. were extremely well received by the general public. of canals and intelligent life which was the equivalent, a tune that got stuck in people head and to play out in science fiction. he was ridiculed by professional -- bit ofa by the of

a fantasist. amateur astronomer. he was not part of the mainstream. mainstreamo observatory. he wasn't trained in astronomer. math me mathematician. years later, a 24-year-old amateur astronomer was hired here and discovered the planet >> there's big con fas contrastn lowellial status of perceval. graduated from high school, kansas.n a farm in

when he got interested in astronomy, he send some of his drawings to lowell observatory. professional astronomer said we the line.er on this job they were planning was laborious, teed --tedious.nd th what they have were sketchy math mathematical calculations lowell done. clyde had to spend nights in an very uncomfortable dome where the temperatures were cold. into a mountain lion on the way here and there. days,tay up during the basically looking through what was a microscope. at plates that were synchronized with each other so that first one and the other would be

exposed to his vision. it's like holding out your thumb closing one eye and the without.t can't do anything that was moving would show up as a jump. he did this endlessly. been extremely tedious work. he had to actually take breaks tory now and again in order maktomaintain his concentration. said it was the most tedious work he'd ever done. >> when you talk about tedious, exposures fore hour taking photographs. like ake a glass plate big piece of film. ismake sure the telescope tracking accurately, if it drifts off, you will get a blur image. he had secondary eye piece.

little cross hair in the middle and get a star in the middle. hour you're staring at that. if the dot starts to migrate it., you adjust if that seemed boring, it was to afterompared developing these plates, systematically going through these plates. dot.ng at every single imagine there was 300,000 dots. between the time he started discoveredand he pluto within a year. he spent another 14 years, he spent 7000 hours looking through this ridiculous eye piece at a field of dots. >> it really turned out that it -- it did turn out and they

appreciated that everywhere except lowell observatory a it was too small to really have been the planet had calculated. it saved lowell observatory. was after the depression, one of the things we didn't talk death,fter lowell's despite his great wealth, his huge lawsuit in a against the observatory to break the trust and she ended up of the fund d share funds a perceval intended to go. the observatory was famously broke during the 1920's. it probably would have been on hadn't shownluto

up. >> if you discover a planet, you're the one who gets to name it. in this case it was the goingatory itself who was to name it. as soon as they announced on the discovery of this new planet, they had weeks. it for several on march 13th, yes, looks like a planet we'll announce it. they did, the gettingory started mail, telegrams around the world. wanted to know -- the scientists wanted to know the the orbito figure out of the planet. anto was first suggested by 11-year-old girl from england. day after discovery there was news in the english newspaper about this discovery. with hering breakfast grandparents. grand pa is reading, and they

in america. planet i think they should call it pluto. the underworld. it would honor perceval lowell. pluto isony of all, not planet x. it find something .ooking there it's serendipity to make a discovery, you might actually

something. it's not what you thought was there. interesting -- it storyo the flavor of the because it was based on sound estimates and everything. were based on inaccurate planet sizes. looking for a phantom. they happen to find something while doing it. >> the thing is also that whole theroversy lingers today in controversy about whether pluto should be considered a planet or not. goes back to the heritage of pluto as this object one of thebe like neptune.nets beyond it's still a very strongly

question.ated there are people that come down on both sides. personal view, it's a little like the debate about was found inhat the 19th century. it's both a dinosaur and a bird. the first bird but it was time. dinosaur at the pluto is planetary in some andects because it's round it has lot of interesting geology going on. we've had spacecraft passed by it. interestingly, it's also the prototype of a whole new objects that were unknown prior to the discovered.uto was objectse all these icy these solar system.

pluto just happens to be the largest of those. magnitudes about theral times brighter than next brightest one. just got lucky to find the far away and largest and brightest of new objects that have become important to astronomers. trying to understand how the solar system formed. fascinating subject and whether you want to call pluto planet or not, it's become one most fascinating and objectsly investigated .n solar system astronomy >> our visit to flagstaff, arizona is a book tv exclusive to we showed it to you today introduce you to c-span's city's tour. for seven years now we've

u.s. cities bringing the book scene to hav viewers. can watch more on tour..org/city ♪ >> c-span "washington journal." live everyday with news and policy issues that impact you. coming up saturday morning, conservation voters president will be on to talk election.november president of public affairs discusses the research group's latest poll on brett kavanaugh nomination.t dean king will join us what it's like being trump supporter in hollywood. watch "washington journal" live 7:00 eastern saturday morning. the discussion. >> c-span's 2018 campaign coverage continues now with a senate debate between republican ted cruz and

congressman beto o'rourke. iny're meeting in smu dallas. this comes as courtesy of mcb5. starting shortly. ♪ >> this is no ordinary election. this is volatile. >> i think our best days are ahead. i want texas to lead this country. >> to the together, we will keep red. bright >> tonight, senator ted cruz and beto o'rourke face off. year and a half delivering real results.