couple of weeks in the wintertime in arizona which is a good lease to be. -- a good place to be. thanks for having me here. >> we will have to campaign events with former vice presidents, senator joe biden will be at a rally and on c-span2, mike pence will be in his home state where the republican -- for the republican party's fall dinner. with 25 days left before the midterm elections, c-span is your primary source for campaign 2018. >> our cities to her visits like stuff, arizona to learn more about its unique history and literary life. for seven years we have traveled to u.s. cities any the literary

scene and historic sites to our viewers. you can watch more of our visits citiestour.rg/ >> we are in a new exhibit which opened in april, 2018 and it is a replacement for an older exhibit that had been here for about four years. this exhibit covers 10 tribes of the colorado plateau, and we have the zuni, a public community in new mexico, at, -- the hopiiute, ute, from northern arizona, we have supply,pai, the have a the yep high apache who are two distinct people but live on one reservation just about 45 minutes south of here.

the navajo which comprise the largest tribe and the largest reservation in the entire u.s. and we delve into various aspects of those tribal cultures and history. what was fun about this exhibit was working with members of all 10 tribal communities to tell the stories that they wanted told in their voice with their perspectives. so, they were involved in the selection of the objects, selection of the photographs, they outlined and told the inries they wanted told, most cases, they wrote the so,bit text themselves, and it was truly a collaborative effort with representatives of all 10 tribes in the colorado plateau. since the exhibit has been open, the response from that community, the tribal communities of northern arizona

has been absolutely tremendous. the perspective we use in the exhibit is one that has been developing in the american museum world for some time over the last 20, 30 years, and it hits home to a lot of people who like myself worked in these museums that there was a colonial attitude toward describing people in the third person rather than asking them to tell their own stories in the first person. in essence, it is a d colonialization -- dec olonialization effort to present their own histories and tell their own stories and to share them with the visitors here to this museum. >> [speaking native language]

>> the hopi section of the native peoples of the colorado plateau exhibition features about five or six sections of the exhibit space dedicated to the hopi tribe a community of northern arizona. we live in the north central it, of the state, very air very dry, we get an average rainfall of 10 inches of rainfall year and this last year we got four inches, that is how dry. the place we live today is the place we have been living since we believe we arrived to our homeland. isis, the story is told it the place we were destined to live and how we made our way from -- for many years was to grow our own food through a method called try farming and in

the exhibition, we talk about some of these principles and values tied to that way of life, it is a very hard, difficult to live -- way to live in the arid environment. we have a gourd of water and a planting stick made of greasewood and an air of blue corn and this is the story that is told to us that we believe this is how we started. the only technology we had and it was a spiritual guardian of this earth that gave us this knowledge and with that, we became farmers. the covenant that we made with the spiritual guardian was to as farmers, we would get to know the environment or a well and thus become stewards of the earth, help to become stewards, that is what he was. our lives at hopi are tied and connected to growing food, growing corn securely in a very air at environment. is reliant arid, it

on natural rainfall. natural rain, monsoon season that is happening in the middle of the summer, the winter snow, all that contribute to the moisture all year and then come and help us and produce wonderful food source. dry farmers living in an arid environment, our culture is tied around desert living and water and cooperative values. you could not survive in that environment without living cooperatively and helping one another. through that, we see our art and life ways are tied to think that, out of the environment, we have a rabbit skin blanket, rabbit was the primary source of protein and meet for our community for many years. jack rabbits run very fast and we had the men that chase after stick, iuse the rabbit do not know if we have one, there is one, there is a rabbit

stick here, it was like a boomerang, throw them as they were running and hit the rabbit in the neck, breaking that and we would skin the blanket, eating them meet and making blankets out of the for. this trait is dying out but it is because of places like this where the arts are being revitalized. the baskets here on top are made theylocal yucca and grass, are all natural dyes coming from the earth, women are the basket makers in our community and the potters so all the clay you see from the pot is harvested locally and then made into clay, all the pains are late -- made -- paints are made locally. the women were very industrious. we weaved the baskets and made the pottery and we were the producers of all the food. , the men had a big role, they not only farm to the corn and brought all that in

, that still happens today, they woke the rabbits can blankets and do their textile weaving as well. here's a kilt, this includes a men's kilt used in our ceremonial dancing and singing. , is richnity is rich in heritage, it is rich in arts and culture and it is all based in this arid desert living that requires us to be helpful to one another, to share and support what we know, but it is also just about being a very simple and happy life. every one of our songs, every one of our prayers is about living and having a beautiful, happy day, and then growing old to die in your sleep as an old defined veryhat successful hopi life is to live to an old age and contribute to

your family in that way. down here, we have a wedding robe, this is the wedding outfit for a hopi bride, all the textiles are woven by the men of the community specifically for that bride at the beginning of the ceremony. the ceremony takes years to complete starting with an engagement, than the actual wedding ceremony, and a payback. when a woman is given these clothes, she only wears them for about three or four times in her life and then she is buried in them and what that ceremony represents is a safe passage to the next world for her and her children and husband. she reciprocates that gift with a basket she makes it -- at the made for her husband and when he passes, that will be buried with him and that assures him safe passage so in hopi we only have one wedding ceremony, there is one marriage, one wedding, and a divorce, you

do not go through a divorce ceremony, you no longer live together in this life that you are still recognized and acknowledged as being a married couple through our language and some of the responsibilities. when they pass on from this life, they are still acknowledged they will live a happy life wherever they go on from here. it is a wonderful way to look at the world despite some of the realities that take place. we have a few toys given to their children, rattles, lightning sticks, a game with a ball and stick, and the lightning stick represents lightning that we see in the air and want to cultivate and bring to our community. the radel is made out of a gourd and it has pictures of sunflowers and sunflowers only, when there is an abundance of rain. if you look at the pictographs and artistry on most of the hopi artwork, you see nothing but abundance, you see butterflies

and flowers and corn and rain clouds,s and squash, feathers, all the things that surround our beautiful life what we have an abundance in life and that is what our prayers are for in the community. to be able ton support the story making through this exhibit. and what that meant was i was a lead committee cater and all i was was a facilitator and i found 10 or 15 other people who wanted to help shape the story and brought them together and worked with the director and the lead curator at the museum and we sat down and talked about all the wonderful, huge, beautiful ideas we have in our community and the hardest thing is to bring those down into three or four or five major points because there is so much to say, but the space is small and you are talking about a whole culture. what we do is we divide up each

of the sections and talked about marriage, lifeways, farming, our first story of how we arrived here, and we end with the beautiful life we all hope to achieve and many conversations it takes us to get to that point of narrowing those down. we came to the museum and went to the collections center and more probably 500 pieces, than can fit in the existent -- exhibition. people have never seen the full collection so a lot of the oohing and ahhing and seeing what is there. where selecting objects that tell a story and those are edited down and i did the writing for the exhibition and that gets edited down. and designers put it together in a beautiful way. that takes months, that took years of part-time now and then

work and then going back and sharing these final drafts with the committee back home to see what they feel. opening, theythe were still telling us changes we can make so it never really ends, but it is a beautiful installation and we hope the visitors to the museum will see and learn a little bit about who we are. most important, to realize that we are still here, we are still a vibrant community, the hopi people are still very much alive and doing well, have a beautiful culture, and have challenges and issues that we are dealing with ourselves, too, but moving forward in living a beautiful life in this 21st century. we are so happy to be part of this exhibition. we are happy to be a part of this long relationship with the museum of northern arizona. we have been a part of the museum since it was started close to 100 years ago and there is still a great relationship that we are cultivating on both sides.

eastern collection center was constructed in 2009, we worked with the tribes when it came to the planning for this anlding because we had instance where is any delegation felt they could not go into old storage because some of the things that were in there. we decided in this building we never wanted to try to feel uncomfortable, so we incorporated them into the beginning design of this. one of the features of the collection center is we are oriented to the east rather than being oriented to the south, which is where parking is. we also wanted to find out from them where the there were other features they wanted. they wanted the collection center to have a connection to major geographic features such as the san francisco peaks which besides therth, and entrance to the east, one of the elders said, even though you do

not have any restricted cultural , its within the ecc would be nice if things now the change of the seasons. they knew the calendar so we have a aperture that is in the east wall, when the sun comes up over mount elden at the fall and spring equinox it casts a band of light that hits the center of the collection door. we feel it is important to offer behind-the-scenes collection tours and we connect lane to the public how the collections get used and to let them know that it is not an indiana jones dark, dusty storage area where we poured things, we work on preserving things not only for current generations, but also all the future generations that come along. we have to balance putting things out on display with what

is in the best preservation interest of the items. the easternside collection center on the upper level where all of our ethnographic collections are --red area let's start here are stored. let's start here in the hopi pottery section. this is a sample of some of the andographic hopi pottery, this gets a lot of attention from collectors, from the general public. they are beautiful works of art. they are amazing. you can see some of the design elements. but usually, when i get -- give tours of this collection to the public, these are the peoples -- these are the ones that get the most attention. we do tours to members of the hopi comanche. last summer i had a group of hopi quilters who were here to look at our quilts but i gave them a tour of our other

collections as well. it is -- i was showing some of these pieces over here, some of these water jugs, you can see some of these down here. what we have called in the past utilitarian pottery, pieces that are very important to hopi culture, and other public culture, but have not really had a collectors market. a lot ofre pieces that hopi people do not see in their communities anymore. because obviously, when they broke them a -- they broke, hopi like everyone else replaced ceramics with metal, plastic, acause they are purely utilitarian storage container. these would have been or are water jugs that would have been used to move, to bring water up from the springs up to >> i was showing these to a

group of hopi visitors, the quilters and showing this picture of a woman carrying water from a spring up to the mesa above. i noticed she had been studying the photo for a few minutes. she took me aside and said this photo is completely staged. i said how can you tell? she said because i am from this village, and the spring is not in this canyon, it is in a canyon over here. for me that was a really incredible moment of personal connection between somebody from a source community and the objects in our collection. those kind of experiences bring these objects to life, at least for me, because that is the kind of information that you don't get from a book, that you don't get from the object itself. you only get by an interaction between somebody from the community and that object. so we are going to take a look

at about -- at a little bit of zuni jewelry and talk about ilver smithing a little bit. we have got zuni jewelry on this side and then hopi jewelry on this side. up until about the 1930's and 1940's, zuni silversmithing and hopi silversmithing looked very much like navajo silversmithing. it was very difficult for somebody with an untrained eye to tell them apart. hat is simply because zuni silversmiths and hopi silversmiths learned from navajo silversmiths. zuni evolved over time into this entre indicate needle

point, consent rick ovals and circles of turquoise. hat has become a very iconic style for zuni is silversmithing. hopi silversmithing on the it kind of known -- the overlay technique is something that emerged after the 1930's and 1940's. the museum of northern arizona played a bit of a role in the evolution of this technique and style. marry russell colton, one of our founders here, she felt that hopi silversmiths really should be evolving and developing their own technique and their own style. and using hopi culturally

specific images and symbols in their work. up until this point of course hopi silversmiths were using a lot of the same tools and stamps, and a lot of the same techniques as navajo silversmiths. we have a piece right here -- grab it by the mount. this is an older piece, and it looks very much like some of the navajo silversmithing that you would have seen at the time in the 1930's. so we felt that the museum had a role to play and that the museum could encourage these artists to start developing their own technique. part of this process was developing and commissioning a series of watercolors by virgil hubert, who was an assistant curator at the museum at the

time. these are the original water colors that he painted. these were ideas that museum had that hopi silversmiths could try to do that would incorporate hopi-specific symbols into their artwork. in retrospect, there is a bit of a paternalistic relationship there. in looking back on it, it really does kind of strike some people as a non-native museum trying to -- if not dictate -- at least steer hopi silversmiths in a certain direction. of course museums and collectors have always had an influence on indigenous art traditions. but this was more explicit. but it is what it is, and historically that is how it evolved, that the museum played this role in trying to steer hopi silversmiths in a certain

way. so what the museum did was make reproductions of these water colors and then sent them out to the hopi mesas. some of them they rejected outright because they weren't appropriate. some of them they worked with and evolved. there is actually a picture here. this started in the late 1930's, and of course there was a big event going on in the world at the time, world war ii. a lot of these artists went off to war in world war ii. but then when they came back, they picked up from where they left off. this is a photo in 1949 at hopi high school, these artists going over some of these designs and trying to decide what would work for jewelry. a lot of these designs came from pottery, or they came from hopi textiles.

they were trying to decide what would be appropriate and what would work on silver. that is what we are looking at here, is some of the results of those works. again, a lot of the tags that you see, these are pieces on exhibit across the street. things like the ser pent figure, the waves, the tterfly over here, these are hopi bols specific to and pueblo culture. >> this is a rabbit fur blanket. this dates back to 1937. the reason that i know that is

because we have good records here at the museum for a lot of our objects, but also because of this tag we have on the object here. it is from our hopi craftsmen show in 1937. that is the oldest fest valentine we have been did go here -- we have been doing here almost since the inception of the museum. we started doing them in 1931, and it was established in 1928. we now call them hopi festival of arts and culture. the implication there is that we are now celebrating art. it is not just crafts anymore. it is really a form of art. they tags are great. we love having these tags on these pieces because there is a lot of information here. you have the date. you have the name of the person who created it, which is very rare. a lot of times we have donations of objects from

people, and a lot of times 50, 60 idn't -- 20, 40, years ago didn't keep track of the name of the artist they purchased the piece from. the name on there and the price this was sold at in 1937 was $15. of course that is 1937 dollars, so a little different from today. the reason i am wearing gloves here, and i wear gloves when i handle any objects in our collection, and really for the ceramics and the jewelry, to protect the objects from the oils in my hand. that can damage ceramics and jewelry. but when we get into textiles and other objects, it is really to protect me. between the 1950's and 1970, it was common practice at this museum, many museums, and just

in the general public to treat organic objects, especially wool, fur and feather onlies with a pest side. here is an old advertisement for the pest side right here. it is called cyber. i don't know if you can read the active ingredient here, but arsenic.sinite, so this was sold over the counter to the general public to treat furs and clothing. remember, it is better to use too much than too little. this product was banned along with a lot of other hazardous products in the 1970's when the museum stopped using that. but there was a period of time when it was a regular practice,

the sibur truck would pull up to the loading dock, the museum staff would carry new objects out to the truck, the truck would blast it with sibur, and the staff would carry it back inside, probably not wearing gloves at the time. so we are very careful about textiles in our collections. about 40 or 50 of our textiles we have records that they were treated. but we pretty much assume that any textile or other organic object we have in our collections, if we had it in that time period between the 1950's and 1970's, we were careful about how it was stored. this one down here. this is our most recent rabbit fur blanket. this is from 2016. this was made by eric. he is a master weber. he does all kinds of different weavings, but just in the last

few years has started focusing on some of the older artistic traditions that people had not been doing for many years. there was nobody in his community to teach rabbit fur blanket weaving. this is why i think museum collections are very important and can play a very important role in contemporary native art. eric has essentially been able to recreate? of these techniques by examining not just rabbit fur blankets in our museum, but in museums all over the country. so he has been able to sort of reverse engineer that process by looking at museum objects and collections. this piece he brought to our zuni festival two years ago. one of our patrons generously purchased it and donated it to the museum. the one that i showed you

before sold for $15 in 1937. this one sold for $1,500 in 2016. the rabbit fur blankets, the turkey felt felt blankets. hese are examples we have in arc logical reports going back to 900 a.d. and before. usually fragments like this, but you can tell it was a fragment of a blanket. at one point rabbit fur blankets kind of fell out of favor, and people of the pueplo started making turkey feather blankets. that began when they started domesticating turkeys. you see changes in

architectural changes. to me that is also a great example of how there really is not a split between pre-history and history. that is really only relative to european contact. it is really a continuum of native history on the colorado plateau. we can trace a line directly from a piece that a contemporary zuni artist did in 2016, and that line goes all the way pack to well before european contact on the olorado plateau. >> we are here at the national monument. we are about an hour north of the town of flagstaff in northern arizona. -- is an incest ralpuble

is is and ancestral pueblo site. this site was act pide between e early 1100's and mid 1200's. it had maybe 100 rooms, housing between 150 and 200 people as its peak. hopi, zuni and areas still live in the area. this site was also we think a large trading area because of some of the artifacts that were found here during the excavation as well as the different features of this pueblo site. one of the unique features is the community room, which is down below a little bit. but typically in an archeology site, you see what we call a ceremonial room.

that could be below ground and have a roof flat with the surface. but the community room here has no evidence of a roof structure, and it is more above first round. it is also a little larger than some of the other kibas that you would see. this probably was more of a gathering place, a community room, a playing where people could have ceremonies as well as dances and trading with each other. the artifacts in this site are relatively unique to some of other sites in the area. there are a lot of textiles found with cotton and yucca fibers. there were a number of remains of mccaw parrots. that is unique because parrots don't live here. they must have been traded up from south america at the tell. we saw copper bells, and shells

from the gulf of california. some of the you'llry and bracelets that were made by the from the shell that has the center ground out or chipped away, and it forms a perfect bracelet. the people living here, they probably didn't have an easy time, but they definitely knew what they were doing. they had farming capabilities. they were an agricultural society. down below here you probably would have seen fields of corn, beans, squash, maybe cotton of different variety. all of those different foods were probably originally traded up from the south. they were cultivating these, growing them at different times of the year. they probably had different kinds of crops. but one of the questions that we get often here is where is

the water? it looks like a very dry landscape. but they did have a flowing spring. just to the left of the pueplo at the base of the m everyone sa, there was a spring that produced a few hundred gals of water a day. so they had more water than we do today. maybe the brings was average with snow melt and rain. but they still had dry farming. they would have had to hand water some of the plants until this time of the year in the summer time when what we call the monsoon season hits and we have a change in the weather panners and you have more moisture and afternoon thunderstorms. one of the features of this pueblo site as well is the rock that is kind of like the foundation of the pueblo itself.

the sand stone in this area arose in a very particular way. you have not only the sheets of rock that break in nice even layers and brick formations. but you have these really big bolders that stick out from the ground. so they used that foundation of eroded rock as the base of the pueblo. you can see there are some rocket sticking up from very middle of the structure. but all of these kind of like brick rocks, emotion of that was bronet naturally just by erosion. they were able to fine the rocks in the area and use that to build their pueblo. the preservation of the pueblo sites has changed over time. his one behind me is maybe 50%

reconstructed. we want to keep things as authentic as i can. so in the 1950's, after another house was built for the rangers, they were able to take those walls and the structures in the apartment down so that it was more authentic to the original structure of the pueblo. one of the questions we get here is where did the people go? this site was occupied between the early 1100's and the 1250's. it does match the trend that is seen throughout the southwest of larger communities split

into smaller groups that moved on to different areas. one of the reasons we think that was is due to an extended drought that occurred. if you have an agricultural society that is trying to sustain a few hundred people, and for 30 or 40 years you have a drought, it is going to be difficult for that amount of people to be sustained by the .ame amount of land we typically see smaller settlements being built in surrounding areas after the 1250's. now people that were living in this area are ancestors of people that still live here. they didn't disappear. they just moved on to different areas, and their accident ents are still -- and their descendents are still here. some people may think of this site as abandoned and completely empty, but it is still a very important and living site for a lot of the

descendents of the people that live in the area. hopi people may come here to do ceremonies and pay homage to their ancestors, because they believe their ancestors are still hear. this is an important site for many people in the southwest. because of that we do try to, as best as we can, interpret the heritage and the stories of the people that lived here 800 years ago and preserve this for all the people that are going to come here and see it in the future. >> why some say the moon. why choose this as our goal? and they may well ask why climb the highest mountain? why 35 years ago fly the atlantic. why does rice play texas? we choose to go to the moon. we chooses to to the moon. [applause]

we choose to go to the move and do the other things. not because they are easy. but because they are hard. because that will serve to organize and measure the best of our energy and skills. >> we wanted to do something bold to beat the russians. let send humans to the moon and returning them safely before the end of the 1960's. as the country was starting to think about going to the moon, one of the questions we had was

how do you know where you are going? if you travel to a foreign country, you take a map with you to figure out where you are going. if you travel to a foreign world, you had better have a map so you don't hit the side of a mountain or run into a crate or something like that. it was a critical part of preparing to go to the moon. >> we are inside the 24-inch clark observatory. it was established in 1894. this is well before arizona was even a start. when he came out here, he had grown up back east. he came from a very wealthy family. he got interested in astronomy but realized if he was going to build an observe torii back , it was -- observatory more difficult to see stare decisises and planets.

what he decided to do was go to the american southwest. he sent an assistant out here, and he tested sites around the territory and chose flagstaff. flagstaff had very dark skies. it was at a high elevation, 7,000 feet. the higher the elevation, the less air you have to look through. air is like in a swimming pool. when you open your eyes in the swimming pool, everything is fuzzy because the water is bending the light. the affair does the same thing. the more air you are looking through, the more distorted the stars are going to like. higher elevation, dark skies here. you drive around flag stiff, and you look up on mars hill where the observatory is located, and you see the dome standing 40 feet tall like a big birthday came cake on top of the hill. he decided to set the observatory up here in 1894.

in 1894 he had this telescope built, a 32-inch refracting telescope. it uses lenses instead of mirrors to pick up the light. it was used in mexico about a year and brought back here in 1897 and has been here ever since. this is a classic instrument. it is a part of american history, cultural history of the first evidence of expanding nature of the using with collection instruments on this telescope. pluto, although it wasn't discovered with that telescope, it was important in the research and study after the discovery. there has been a lot of great research with this. over the last several deck cadse, it is not used for research, but we use it for education and outreach. the last major research done with this was mapping the moon.

it is something that captures our imagination, especially as we are approaching the 50th anniversary of the first manned missions to the moon. apollo 8 flew to the moon in december of 1968. then neil armstrong and buzz aldrin took the first steps on the moon in july of 1969. all of those astronauts, plus every one who walked and traveled to the moon all terrained here in flagstaff. they learned geology, they tested instruments. they also learned about reading maps. that was something that was important and done here at the observatory with the telescope. the mapping is the critical thing this scope was involved with in going to the moon. in 1962, the second group of astronauts were named. you had the mercury astronauts

showing we could get up into space. alan sheppard was the first american in space. he proceed for 15 minutes. in 1962 this second group game on. when they came along, gene schumaker in flagstaff brought the staff here specifically to prepare for the moon missions. he talked to nasa and some other scientists and said if we are going to plan to send people to the moon, we should do more than just plant the flag and come back. we should do science. what better way to learn about the origins of our planet and who we are than by studying another body in the solar system very similar to ours, kind of our partner, as terp. so in january of 1963, the next nine astronauts, the second group that included neil armstrong, jim lovell, frank and others. they came out here on a very cold day. flew into flagstaff airport. they flew on two plains in case

one crashed, not all of the astronauts would have perished. these guys were rock stars. they were met by the mayor and fans wanting autographs. they went to the meteor indicator. if you are going to do geology around that area of the moon, why not study and prepare for hatity best preserved impact cratier. they went to meteor crater. then they went to lowell observatory to see the mapping and see how these features were depicted on maps, because they have to read the maps and relate what they are seeing on the maps to the features. after dinner up here, the group broke up into three. each group with some folks. some of them stayed here with this telescope.

some went to northern arizona university and their telescope. and others went to the flagstaff station of the naval observatory. there were three different groups using the three different coal scopes. the astronauts each looked through the telescopes to the moon and see where they could be going. in one day they could see an impact crater, how they are depicked on maps and what they actually looked like. the first trip was very successful. nasa realized the value of training the astronauts to do geology, and all of the future groups of astronauts though went to the moon president came ere to flagstaff to train. we are now out in the field. we are several miles from downtown flagstaff the, not very far from sunset crater, a

volcanic feature that erupted tens of thousands of years ago. this entire field we are on are cinders from that explosion. when the astronauts were training here, they went to sun vet crater, meteor crater and other locations. but nasa realized they wanted another place to train, mething more accurate to the lunar surface. in 1968, they created this crater field we are in the middle of this. they dug holes with a backhoe at different depths, filled them with explosives to create different size curators. here were 400-plus craters out here. a cataclysmic explosion of syndromers blew up in the air and is heled down. they took aerial photo and

realized it was very effective. it doesn't match the exact geology, but the orientation of the craters and that sort of thing. so from 1968 through the end of 1972 when the astronauts came here for training for the other missions, they came out here to practice carrying their tool carriers, and describe the rocks, and survey the landscape. on later missions when they developed the recoveries. they brought those out here and practiced driving them. today this area is protected. it has a fence around it. this is national forest service land. there is a second field that they created that is a mile away in the open. a lot of the craters have been worn down. this one is still in nice shape 50 years after it was concreted. we can see this nice crater.

you can see a bit of a rim going around it from when it originally exploded. this was created on the northwest corner and then a lot of other craters around here. it is a knee thing that anybody can come out here and see. our observatory was founded by an amateur. he wasn't a professional astronomer. he was a guy interested in doing astronomy. he put his money where his mouth was. the person who discovered pluto. he grew up on a narm in kansas. what was there to do at night? he looked at the sky. he built his own telescopes. at 24 years old he discovered a planet. other trained astronomers couldn't find this, but he did. while astronomers are making

desperate discovers and astounding it, but it is not jest in the realm of professional vonners in. if you are interested, you can do a lot with it. you can just look up and be excited about it. >> we are at desert view, which is the eastern end of the grand canyon. it is called desert view because when you look to the east, you are looking out into the painted desert. you can maybe see a little bit of that beyond the to your there. this is about a quarter of the way into the grand canyon. it starts about 70 miles east of here. from here it has another 200 miles to run to the west. right here is where the canyon starts to widen and deepen and turns into the classic views you see in most photographs, calendars or famous injuries.

initially it is a much narrower gorge. it is about 10 miles wide here, about a mile deep. it has about 200 miles to the west to run before it eventually ends up at lake immediate. the colorado river runs all the mountains to ocky california and heads south. you can see the tower over there, which is called the desert view watch to your. it is sort of a tribute to the hopi tribe. it is not really there to see the canyon better. it is 70 feet tall, so you get a slightly better view from the top, but it is really there to be a monument to the hopi tribe. the hopis is one of the most famous tribes in america. they used to live here in the grand canyon. their ancestors used to live and farm in the grand canyon

about a thousand years ago. back then they used to be called anasazi. the hopis have a long and deep connection with the grand canyon from living here. this is where they believe that humans emerged into the world, and they believe the souls of their dead return to the grand canyon to reach the after life. so the hopis have deeper ties to the canyon than really any other group of people. it isn't all that often that science and ancient mythology agree on something, but science s verified that this was a place of creation. this is probably the best place on earth to see the forces of creation, the forces of nature from which life and humans emerged. first of all you are seeing deep time here. you are seeing almost two billion years of rocks here. the bottom rocks of the canyon

are almost 2 billion years always, 1.8 billion years old. you are seeing all sorts of geologyal forces. you are seeing tectonic action. that is why it was lifted up as high as it is. you see a lot of rock for makeses lifted up. you are seeing a lot of faulting action and a lot of erosion. the canyon is the classic statement of the power of erosion to create canyons. then you are also seeing biological evolution here. the rock layers here preserve a lot of biological evolution. one of the layers here preserves what is called the cambrian explosion where life first became complicated, went from very simple shapes to complicated shapes. that whole idea that this is a

did not an ultimate place is something. people come here expecting a grand visual spectacle of some sort, but they end up feeling something more than that. their sense of creation, primordial forces is stirred here. it comes out differently with different people. if you are very religious, you might see god here. different quinns see god here. some see noah's flood carving the canyon, and others can see the forces of nature. that can touch them as well. we spend emotion of our lives in cities, jobs and families. we have these social identities that seem to be everything. there is nothing outside of our social identities. people come here and see there this much grander reality than they are lives. people end up having a somewhat

religious experience here sometimes. so now we are standing out on what is called the hermit road, west of grand canyon village. we are at pal point. there is pal memorial off to my side here, which is a memorial to john wesley powell. he was the first river explorer here back in 1869. he was a passionate geologist. he just wanted to come out and scomplow the canyon's geology. he put together a do-it-yourself trip. he didn't get much support from the american government. most trips were federally sponsored because they had national import. hopefully they would bring back new territory or new transportation routes. the snation wasn't convinced canyon wasn't worth that muff.

so powell put together an expedition. he had nine crew members to start out with. three of them got disgruntled along the way and left. there is a plaque up on the memorial there and there were three names left off who did almost all of the trip, but they decided they had enough and walked off to some of the mormon villages and were never seen again. they thought they were disloyal to powell. they thought 1-2-3 guys who disappeared were deserters or cowards and didn't deserve to be on the plaque. but they are missing and that has been a source of controversy. so powell did succeed. he went back to washington and became a pretty important national leader. he became head of the u.s. geologyal is your is veilleux geologyal r --

he thought their cultures were interesting and worth studying and the languages were worth preserving. a lot of them were already starting to disappear. but powell's biggest contribution in his washington state career was he sounded a warning about our future national growth and our patterns and assumptions about national growth. so americans always had a sense of destiny about selling the frontier, that it was a god-given do main for us to settle and become prosperous. the settlement patterns that worked in the east, the homestead act gave out 160-erik to who -- 160-acre farms

anybody who could claim them. that was successful. powell saw that just wasn't going to work for the west. there wasn't enough water west of the 100th meridian. that was the line he defined where farming could not succeed, at least not on the scale it had in the east or midwest. he tried to sound the warning to the country that the type of settlement practices successful in the midwest were simply not going to work in the southwest. there was no way that a farm of 160 acres in arizona was ever going to succeed. there wasn't many water sources and the soil wasn't all that great. he made it clear that water was the secret to settlement of the west. a lot of the country did not want to hear that at all. powell was basically saying you are never going to set a lot of the western united states. the price to be paid was there were hundreds of thousands of

farmers that came to the high plains in the 1880's and 1890's and tried to farm and just were miserable failures. then when you had years of drought in the 1890's, it was a disaster. powell was an environmental prophet before his time. i am not sure we are hearing that message when it comes to water resources. in the southwest we are living beyond our means. the colorado river is at the bottom of the grand canyon and that carved the canyon. it is not that big of a river compared to a lot of eastern rivers, and it doesn't have that big a volume of water. it is now supporting 25 million or 30 million, and a lot of agricultural areas don't have a major water source other than the river. the demand and legal obligations it is supposed to meet are already beyond what it

has to supply. so the water even under normal conditions doesn't have enough water to meet all the demand on it. and lately we are in a drought mode. we have been in a drought for about 20 years now, so the river is going down. lake powell is down to about 50%, and lake immediate is down to about 40%. we are not very narveson away from where we are going to have a water crisis where the water supply to towns like phoenix and tucson are going to be cut off and they don't have any great source. las vegas is involved as well. agriculture in southern california, in the imperial valley depends entirely on colorado river waters. we are not that far away from having a water crisis. powell realized that water was going to define western settlement, and the rest of the

country has not really learned that lesson. >> so now we are -- you might imagine we are standing in some native american village somewhere, balls you can see a pueblo behind us. we are actually in the heart of grand canyon village where most of the tourists congregate. this building is called hopi house. it is a recreation of a hopi home. it is exactly what the name says it is. it was a home for hopis, and there were hopis who lived here for years. a family lived upstairs, and they performed dances. they made pottery inside, and they talked to tourists. it really was a home for a hopi family who lived there for 20 years. this was the very first building that marry designed from scratch. this building makes quite a

contrast to the building next for it, which is the fancy hotel. they were belt at the same time and opened in 1905. they make a big contract that sort of define some of values of american west and what people were looking for in the american west. she built this to honor them. this is the first building she designed. she didn't have much of an architecture training and no architecture license. around that time in the 1890's, it was almost impossible for women to arc tech tral training or to get into school. the santa fe railroad crossed paths with her and decided this lady has imagination and maybe she is a genius. we need somebody like that to design some of our buildings. we want some of our native american style in our southwestern buildings. the park service when it started out they were a very

small agency. they didn't have a whole lot of support. it took them a long time just to get a park service founded. there were national parks decades before there was a park service. they were a very small agency. there were still a lot of threats to parks and places that should have been parks, but there were mining companies and other interests that didn't want them to be national parks. the parks were set out early on to create a political constituency to support the creation of new parks and support better protection for parks and better buildings, museums, and ranger programs and things like that inside, pa. the parks were very small, very low budget. they spent a lot of their first decade encouraging tourism. they were happy to get the railroads out there. the only way for most to get here in the teens and 20's was on railroads. the park service was very much in the tourism business.

there was a senator from indiana, benjamin harrison. i don't think he ever visited the grand canyon in his life, but for some reason we don't understand he was very devoted to making the grand canyon a national people. three times he proposed bills to make it a national park. he became president, and he again tried to make it a national park, and he couldn't get congress to go along with. that there was a lot of arizonans.from they didn't want to see private land turned into public land. he did make it a national forest though which is sort of bogus. there is not many forests inside the canyon. that was one step. then teddy roosevelt came along, and he was dedicated to the grandcanyon too.

after he was president he went to the north rim to go mountain lion hunting. there used to be a lot of mountain lions there. there were hundreds of them killed over the years. the forest service actually hired a ranger to kill the mountain lions, and nobody was thinking eek logically then and what happens if you kill all the predators. the pray, the deer are going to explode. there was a massive population of deer. roosevelt luft hunting, and he tried his best to naquin this a national park, and he couldn't persuade them to make it a national park. then he made it a national monument. that gave it certain protections, but still a lower level of protection than he wanted. it didn't remove all of the private mining, ranching or timber claims on the rim of the canyon.

he was dead for a few months before the grand canyon finally became a national park in 1919. he regretted he didn't see making it into a national park. it finally became a national park because the railroad was here first, and they were bringing in tourists, and they loved it. arizona businessmen were notice hey this is worth more than the mines in the canyon which are not producing anything anyway and worth more than ranching. gradually as tourism started up , it swung opinions around to realizing this had economic value. people saw the natural value of it as well. a lot of power brokers in arizona didn't seem to see that. took a long time to see that. last year we got like six million visitors here at the canyon. around 2000 it was flirting with the five million level, up and down.

lately it has been up. a lot of national parks have been up in visitation, and that has put a lot of stress on the park. a lot of them don't have the pacity to be absorb that greatsfully. there are a lot of people from overseas who love our national parks. they come here with their goal of seeing yosemite, grand canyon, maybe death valley and go to hollywood or maybe las vegas along the way. they go home loving the parks and saying how great america is. even someone who has a gripe about america politically or socially, but they still go home telling people how great the parks out. this was a very democratic idea. it is the idea that the land belongs to all of us, and it will be so in future.

otherwise, the rim of the canyon could be guarded by people with guns to keep everybody away. it is a pretty profoundly democratic idea that we can be proud of. today the country is divided, but this is something that liberals and conservatives should take pride in. we have done a good job with national parks. if there is one message i would like viewers to leave with, it is the woody guthrie song, this land belongs to you and me. this place belongs to us. it is our birth right at this point, and we shouldn't be looking at it through book. we should be getting out and visiting it ourselves and having our own experiences. it is a great place to explore, and certainly everybody should try to plan a trip here at some point in their lives. t is never too late.

>> it is significance for a number of reasons. it is important because it reflects the activities of a corporation built from one man's endeavors. fred harvey came to america from england. experienced awful food while traveling. in short determined that he could do a better job. and then through a hand shake agreement began to provide food to peek and he santa fe railway as it moved westward. as the lines expanded, so did the fred harvey impeer. >> we are here at the archives at northern arizona university. special collections and archives collects the human and natural history, primary source material of the colorado plateau region. that is northern arizona, western newman, utah, western

colorado. anything along the colorado river their kind of glory days really were their southwestern facilities. the restaurants and hotels strung out along the santa fe railway. we have about five boxes of menus that really span the entirety of the fred harvey company. we have stuff from ohio and the southwest, and the midwest, and even hawaii. from as early as 1899 ritola up to the end of the harvey period. when harvey is sold in 1968. but these menus show a wide variety of food types and services available to the traveling public. i have just a breakfast men, a arizona. st menu from

we have menus from the el tava rr with the great cover artwork. one of my favorite is the drinks menu. this is from the hollywood fred harvey facility. even though it was hollywood, california, it has this great southwestern motiff with the a gave, and adobe. the food variety is amazing to see from the different period of time. food service traditionally had been pretty awful. a lot of times left overseas scraped back into the pot and served up to the next willing victim. fred harvey introduced palatable food that could be served in fairly efficient times. they pioneered away of people givingored still on the train

and telegraphed that foot forward to the restaurant so that when they arrived, their food was waiting for them. the second thing is the role it played in creating jobs for women in the west. traditionally there weren't a whole lot of professional jobs for women. they could be teachers. they could be nurses, that kind of thing. that was pretty small pickings. with the advent of the fred harvey company, they hired large numbers of women to staff their restaurants and cafes all across the rocky mountain west. they became the largest employers of women. and for a time they were the largest employer in the united states. so this was a company who really had a big impact on erica in the 1890's, 1900, 1910, 1920, along that period

of time. one of the interesting things in our collection is this rather old and battered scrap book from a harvey girl. it was given to ellen nail, president of the fred harvey company at the grand canyon. one of the things we don't know is who the harvey girl was. that is the interesting thing about this scrap book. we could probably maybe work on figuring how who she is based on the material inside of the scrap book. but the scrap book documents a rather long career of at least 25 years with the fred harvey company. but the scrap book itself is kind of a very positive and glowing look at what employment must have been like, at least for this woman with this company. the company also i think through its growth manninged to

position itself to become the arbiter of what was american culture in the west. i don't know that they did that intentionally, but because they were handling large numbers of tourists, based in trains, traveling across the country, they were getting to put people up overnight. they were getting to feed people local cuisine. they were introducing people to native cultures in the southwest. so in many ways, whether it was intentional or not, they began to define the southwest to the traveling public. at some point the company very intentionally decided that they were not merely a food service provider to the railroad. that is how they started. but from there they branched out into hotels and other facilities and other

tourist-related activities. as late as the 1960's, we see them even moving beyond what we see at the canyon, to taking on roadside attractions like grand canyon caverns, or the trading post at cameron. they operated those for a time ago well. enmeshed e deeply nrn local economies too. what we have here are some of the more unique elements of the fred carver collection. beyond the menus, the correspond and the fun things, we have these drawings. these are arc tech tral renderings and artistic renderings of drawings from the fred harvey company. right in front of me we have the bright angel lodge, designed by marry colter. we have the elevations and

different aspects prior to the lodge being built. they date from 1933. it is just fan because they to detail ention they allowed her to get away with. you can watch the buildings evolve as we move from one image to next. you can see the thought process that was happening with the images. you can see this real mixed adobe, -- media of wood and other brought together to create this architecture. that is this material. we'll pull down these blueprints for a very special place. these are reprints of the the hotel in winslow, arizona.

this was a wholly marry colter designed facility. she did the ground. she did the buildings. she did the rooms. she did the doors. she did all of the she did all of the elements of this hotel. this element was one of, if not the last, of the grand railroad hotels. yearsginning was 30 earlier. the hotel was completed in 1929 and finally closed in 1957. period, it was available to all customers by rail or road.

larry coulter, who was a kind of an artist, begins with this display in albuquerque. he goes through the 1920's and starts to peak with projects like -- the firm and company brought him company brought him back time and again to spruce up interiors. she has an active career with them until 1950. newsletter,tality there is a great homage to her that she wsas the artistic heard at and sould of the -- soul of the fred harvey company. having that available for people

to experience is quite the gift from the fred harvey company. what we have in front of us are seven paintings by western fawcette. dean fawcette's artwork was acquired in the 1920's and hung at the old bar in the grand canyon. it was established as a partnership between santa fe -- that santaing fe railway to bring people from .he railway to the grand canyon the name of the sequence of

ofntings is the picture drunkenness. it pictures the cowboys going to the seven stages of drunkenness, andting with and thmicose ending in comatose. one of the discoveries is that these are not prints, these are the originals. it is interesting that the fred harvey company invested in real life art to hang at a bar. a flagstaff, we never had harvey hotel or restaurant. there were significant ones in the painted desert national monument to the east. athad big harvey hotels

winslow and williams -- worth. those are tiny towns, even to this day. to have a nationally known entity plucked out of their midst, hiring people, generating employment, and drawing in tourist dollars halved to be quite the achievement -- had to be quite the achievement. just by coming from arizona, people from all over the world localbeing exposed to southwest hispanic culture, to never hope -- navajo, to apache, to all kinds of cultures and food ways and languages that they might not have otherwise been exposed to.

at one of the most historically significant locations in flagstaff. this is the flagstaff monument with a flagpole that commemorates the naming of flagstaff. in 1876, there was a group of people traveling through on their way to california. they would stop anywhere they could find water. water was scarce along the way. today we are standing at the site of antelope springs. this was a natural campsite for the pioneers heading west. here on july 4, 1876. and strippedight

the limbs off a ponderosa palm tree, ran up the flag, and had a fourth of july celebration. a fewown that came quite years later adopted the name flagstaff. that's what this monument commemorates. my grandfather and four of his brothers were grocers in cincinnati, ohio, in the 1800s. one evening a guy came in the store who had just come back from here. he told them great tales about this wonderful country. how there was pasture land for cattle all over and lots of opportunity to get rich. my grandfather and his brothers thought that sounded good. they hopped on the train and came west. their desire was to be ranchers, cattleman. scouting west looking

for a place to acquire a cattle ranch. they rolled into flagstaff, on the railroad, in april of 1886. just after a big fire had burned down virtually all of the town. they got off the railroad and surveyed this smoldering ash and said, i don't know if we came to the right place. they did decide to stay. of 1500ght a herd cattle. they invented a new brand for brand,eard, the co bar after their old town of cincinnati, ohio. be a veryh grew to large branch, one of the biggest in the west. it was a time for the entrepreneur. the opportunity was there. they established a mercantile

store and diversified into different business. i'm in the third-generation. my grandfather was one of the original people who started it. aside from the cattle ranch, some of their mercantile operations survived. the reason i am interested in this book is that flagstaff is basically a new town. it is barely more than 100 years old. lots of the population growth over the last 40 years are people who have come from new places. they don't know what came before them. they don't realize the richness of the architecture, and people, and history. codifyd to, if you will, that in one place and in one book, so people can really

understand, not only where we are today, but where we have come from. we are in the historic coconino county courthouse. a wonderful building from 1894, built soon after coconino county was split away from yavapai county. seat, and coconino was chosen as the new county seat. they frequently built -- quickly built this roman style courthouse. twostone was quarried about miles down the road. the community was growing quite rapidly about 30 years after it was first built.

a new section was put on in 1925. that was largely sandstone with all the detailing. then can the 1950's. people decided that public buildings ought to have a more modern look. they covered the beautiful front entrance and the stairs leading into the courthouse with a big glass and aluminum enclosure, and ruined the whole effect of that pitiful courthouse. in 1995 or so, the county allocated money and decided to do a big restoration that took off all the non-historic additions and brought it back to the beautiful structure that you see today. i want to talk about the founding of flagstaff. flagstaff, geographically, likes

along the 35th parallel of latitude. was chosenele wa for the route of the second continental railroad. and began building out of albuquerque in 1880. it reached flagstaff in 1882. it is the reason flagstaff is here. railroad depot was established and transportation was possible, in those days, that was the atlantic and pacific railroad. that is the reason for the founding of the town in 1882. soon after that, a chicago ader,trialist, edward h realized the production potential.

this was right after the railroad got here. they began cutting trees and milling lumber. that went on for a long time as the city's principle interest. city'sand away, the major employer. producinghey were millions of feet of lumber to be shipped all over the country. that was the founding industry, along with the railroad. the other thing that the railroad provided an opportunity for was the shipment of livestock to mark, either in kansas, in texas, or california. my family, i think i mentioned, was in that livestock business fairly early on.

the three founding industries lumberingailroad, the industry, and the livestock industry. railroad, see the busier than ever, sending upwards of 120 freight trains through flagstaff every day. the ranching industry still exists and still produces cattle. not so the timber industry. you would be hard-pressed to find any evidence of that once huge and thriving industry. -- ponderosa pine forest and gucut all the best biggest trees down early on. as they continued to cut the big trees, they finally ran out of good trees to cut. industry70's, the

really was out of business. at one time, there were three large lumber mills producing a huge amount of lumber here. we're up against some historical photographs. campsite of a group on the way to the grand canyon. tourism of the grand canyon is nothing new. it started as soon as people could get there. tourism is fundamental to flagstaff's economy. i mentioned some of the big employers. far and away, the biggest part of our economy is tourism. with all the beautiful national parks and national monuments, the grand canyon, the sunset crater, walnut canyon -- tourism is very important. skiers,inter time, the

to enjoy the snow. a really big part of the economy. today is a different story. slowlyff grew rather turyng the first almost cen of its existence. by 1950, the community consisted of somewhere around 7000 souls. here we are in 2018, not counting the 25,000 students in the university. we are approaching 70,000. it is a fast growth rate. things started changing fast. instead of being those basic known for, we're the major universities. w.l. gore has a major university

the medical employer. the united states geological survey and the various government entities. its a much different place today. for some people, it is probably growing too big, too fast. it's a wonderful place. we're very unique in our weather. we sit at 7000 feet. we have a good winter, or we did until recent years. we averaged on the order of 110 inches of snow per year. it would snow hard and then the sun would come out. in the past few years, things seem to be changing. we are in the midst of quite a drought. the winters have not been anything like they were when i was young.

we're all adapting and trying to manage our way through it. flagstaff is still a gem as i hope your viewers will appreciate as they see your program. >> the senators came to flagstaff and did a flag raising henceny in 1876, flagstaff became the name. flagstaff has been established for about 135 years. >> while in flagstaff, we took a driving tour with specialist meg rodderer. meg: the flagstaff visitor center is located at the historic train station. station, we see about 80 to 100 trains pass t hrough daily. you can start your journey right

on the mother road, america's main street. the early history of flagstaff started with settlers coming. their industry was lumber, railroad, and ranching. with those three economic drivers, flagstaff became a booming town in early history. we have pulled into the heart of flagstaff, historic downtown. this is our san francisco street. you can see it is also busy with visitors looking at all the things there is to see and do. looking from shopping to dining to the breweries that we have. as we go downtown, you will notice that hotel monta vista here is on your right. this is where some of the movie

"casablanca" was filmed. there is that hollywood lore of feeling.s to 1960's some of the rooms are named after hollywood stars. it is reportedly haunted. e have our babbitt brothers setting here. ranchers thatrly helped establish flagstaff as a community. >> can you talk about the babbitts and who they were and their impact on the community? brothers were the early drivers to our economic community. they are a working ranch still. active in the community. they helped bring flagstaff into its own, among others. we treasure their contributions

to the city of flagstaff. on the side of this building is arizona's largest mural. it is called sound of flight. i recommend taking a long look at that. along, this isg heritage square. we have free movies in the summer, a concert series. they do events throughout the year. it is a great gathering spot. in front of us, you have two spots. locomotive is a great place to have a tribute to our locomotive railroad history. >> just to ask you about the history, when was the railroad significant? when did it come here? >> probably around 1890. that is what established flagstaff, the railroad.

people can come and go and transport the lumber, goods, and materials. >> was it primarily lumber? was there other commerce? >> in the early days it was primarily lumber. now the major economic drivers are tourism, science, technology, education, and government. one of the things about science and technology that we're known for is space and astronomy. we have observatories all over the city. 930.iscovered pluto in 1 that put us on the map. that is one of the many things that observers here have been thelved with, with usgs and naval observatory, the lowell observatory, the university observatory. we look continue outside and enter into northern arizona

university. we call it nau. it was established as northern arizona middle school in 1889 and later known as northern arizona university, as it is today. this is a booming and vibrant student university. it has over 30,000 students total. that includes the satellite campuses and online student campuses. the university has done an amazing job of keeping the character of the university. we're on the north campus. you see this classic flagstaff architecture with the red rocks and malachite stone. aat's the essence of university that has kept its

presence. the university is a core component of flagstaff today. one of the iconic landmarks that you see when you come to flagstaff is our beautiful mountain range. the san francisco peaks. it's comprised of the san francisco peak, the humphreys peak, and the -- peak. the humphreys peak is the highest in arizona. >> how far is the grand canyon from here? meg: the grand canyon is in our backyard. we are only 80 miles from the grand canyon. recommendeasily -- we you stay in flagstaff, have breakfast in flagstaff, drive to the grand canyon, have lunch at the grand canyon, enjoy your hiking and biking, come back and have a wonderful dinner in

seestaff, and go hiking and the wonderful observatory. an awesome day. >> this mansion is actually a duplex. two separate complete homes with includingeverything kitchen and servants quarters. they were built at the same time in 1904 for two brothers. those brothers happened to fall in love with two sisters. caroline and elizabeth metz. 40 rooms and six original bathrooms. it was built with all the original conveniences available in 1904. it had electric lights, indoor plumbing, central heat. this house was state-of-the-art in 1904 and is more like our houses today than the neighbors up the street who worked for the

riordans. this is the room that connected the two rooms. the ball room, the billiard room, the rendezvous room. this is where the brothers would come in the evening. this is where the kids would have their last romp each night. another impressive feature is the painting of ponderosa pines. this painting was commissioned by elizabeth riordan. it is an oil painting on ponderosa pine. it's the first tree of profit for the arizona lumber company. these brothers were among the largest employers in arizona for 50 years. they owned the arizona lumber and timber company. their older brother, dennis ma t an -- atan, ahhad been

fort defiance. he met matthew heir. heir wanted to meet them and offer them jobs as general manager. three years later, heir sold the middle to them, giving them a fair price and a great payment plan, making it possible for matt to buy the mill. he encouraged his younger brothers to come help him run the business. he brings his wife and daughters with him to a brand-new town of flagstaff. the railroad had only been here for two years at this point, so endless opportunities. matt first, then his brothers a year or so later. --was pre-much a tent city. it was pretty much a tent city. there were canvas tents and a couple wooden buildings. about a half-mile away was the

lumber mill. on tothat, matt moves other things and sells out to his younger brothers. mike ran the company for the majority of the years. if you work in flagstaff 100 years ago, you worked for the riordans. when most people hear the term andona, they think taxes the desert. that is not flagstaff. we have the largest ponderosa pines forest in the world. that was their business. they were harvesting the ponderosa pines. when they arrived here, it had not been cut before. just a few trees here and there to get the railroad started. that is the big reason why the a.r. lumber company was built here, to help the rail line. we start on the east side, tim and caroline's home.

this gives you a better idea of the size of the house. the billiards room was more rustic. here you are seeing the wallpapered walls. this is a great place to talk more about our family. tim has his nice tall chair at the center of the table. the table and the room are designed for the acoustics. everyone can see each other and everyone can hear each other. tim loved to tell tall tales to the family. he loved together people together to talk. carolyn was more quiet and reserved. a classy lady. she was active in the community, in the church, in the choir. you would find caroline cooking and cleaning in somebody's house while they were sick while she had servants in her own house doing it for her. she told her girls it was more important to give of your own hands than just your checkbook.

we have a close knit family here. when they started building this house, they talks with the architect about having a duplex, so they could share the common space, have the billiards room together, and so they were still close but had their separate space. the architect designed the houses at an angle from each other with the common room in the middle and he put the doors on the outside corners, so you can't see who is visiting the other house. the family each of privacy but they were close and spent time together. this room we like to call the swing room. not many people have a swing in not many people have a swing in the middle of the room. the swing faces the fireplace, but it could be unhooked, turned around and faced out to the front yard. one of the ideas in the arts

and crafts style is to blur the lines between endorse and outdoors. we have a lot of great windows and wonderful porchers. why can't you bring wicker furniture inside? this family did. these are books that the family collected over the europeans. the granddaughters told us that their grandfather time riordon told them that they couldn't go to the public library because there were better books in this room. they helped to start the library. that was one of the many contributions to this community. as the largest employers in this town, they had the ability to do those kind of things. they not only helped start that library, they helped start the first electric company. it started and was based inside the lumber mill, worked out of the mill for a while and they had a separate building later

on. the water company, they promised the city of flagstaff that the lumber company would purchase a certain number of gals to provide a steady income stream so they could get that ware company started. it was initially up in the mountain. they used springs and pump it down to the town and provided water for the community. the riordons shaped flagstaff. they knew they were making improvements and contributions, and they knew that they were making history. >> our visit to flagstaff, arizona, is an american history tv exclusive. we showed it today to introduce tour. c-span cities for seven years we have traveled to cities bringing the literary scene and historic sites to c-span.

>> a three-way race for the u.s. senate is under way in new mexico. emocratic indone beckham, mark hinrich, gary johnson debate tonight at can eastern. live coverage of debates this weekend as wisconsin senator tammy baldwin debates leah can challenger vukmir. renacci debates jim in cleveland. you can see them here on span, on c-span darlington and the c-span radio espn app. c-span is your source for campaign 2018. we take you live now to hammond, indiana. fo v