squeeze". fox news editor discusses his book " every man a king," then john kerry with his memoir. fair livemiami book this weekend. >> next, but to be exclusive. to cities tour visits hawaii learn more about its history very and literary life. for seven years, we have traveled to u.s. cities, bringing the books to our viewers. you can watch more of our visits at c-span.org/cities tour. ♪

>> welcome to a presentation of the c-span cities tour in hawaii, made up of eight islands. hawaii is located 2400 miles from the mainland. it is known for landscapes, beaches, surfing, and pearl harbor. it is a bridge and monuments and sacred land. alling the story of how formerly independent nation man from a monarchy to becoming the 50th state of the union in 1959. several polynesians, hawaii's population is 1.4 million. tourism is the number one driver of the economy. with the help of our cable

partners, for the next hour and 45 minutes, we will visit a wahoo, learning about the history of the state and taking you to places key to understanding hawaii's complex past and presence, beginning with a personal book collection. uss both then sits and pearl harbor. symbolically launched on the one-year anniversary of the attack as a show of american strength after the war. a submarine nicknamed the pearl harbor avenger is one of the attractions. next, we continue a look at hawaii as we explore the personal book collection of senator daniel in a way. father was senator. the longest-serving senator in the state of hawaii, as well as one of the longest-serving senator's in american history.

ofwas part of a whole wave japanese-american-chinese-americ an who has served in the military returning home. return to theo same sort of world they left behind. they felt they had paid their slicedeserved to have a of the american dream they had fought for when they were bleeding in the battlefields in europe. former brothers in arms started getting involved

in politics in hawaii when it was a territory. ,he most obvious landmark would have been hawaii becoming a states. that is something he and a lot of folks worked for. territory, they felt hawaii was not getting the representation it deserved. they felt in order for hawaii and -- the people of hawaii to be treated on an equal playing field as a first-class citizens thats equal americans, hawaii had to become a states. that, the first real landmark may have been

statehood. another landmark for him is when he received the medal of honor. time someone asks me about an event that was significant, that is something i think of. that moved him. that was something he did not expect to happen. -- i only saw him cry twice in my life. one time was up my mother's bedside when she died and the other was when he received a medal of honor. uye's --d lieutenant ino and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the u.s. army.

[applause] it reaffirmed beliefs -- he had a deep abiding belief that while america is a country that has had a checkered past in certain regards, it is also a country that is willing to recognize that and willing to try to work to make things right. wasod example of that during the reagan administration when ronald reagan did forarations japanese-american internment and apologized for that acts. to him, for he and his

colleagues in -- to be recognized on that level, getting the medal of honor, that is a heavy turnaround from admission only being classified as enemy aliens, not allowed to sign up. then signing up to a segregated unit. then years later, being recognized, officially recognized, for valor on the battlefield by receiving the highest honor a soldier can receive. heavy turn ofty events, when you think about it. that was not lost on him. he was extraordinarily moved when that happened. this is some of the collection of my father's books that are

oahu.at they are saying you find some books, and there are some books that find you. in this case, the majority of these books found him. his operas collection was primarily books that were sent to him as a result of his role as a senator. that had have books direct relevance to what he was working on. others where he had a copy at the house, and also wanted a copy in the office. for instance, this one here, i recognize this.

i recognize he had a copy of it at the house. book on the history of the four 42nd and the hundredth battalion's, involved in world war ii. this was something close to his heart. he had multiple copies in the office. it looks like one of them was beat up. he also had copies at the house, as well. books that number of fall in to that category here. it is a very diverse collection. hawaiis everything from history, native hawaiian history, native american history , a lot of books that were sent to him by the author. it is an interesting collection. the thing that i found

interesting is -- i pulled a few -- there is a book here , an example of hawaii history. part of hawaiian history that is not discussed a lot. it was no surprise to me to find this and his collection. it is about the japanese -- japanese-american community in hawaii. , in the, for many years early part of the 20th century, a hub of the community. it also happens to be where my mother's parents had their store. my mother's parents had a jewelry store in the park. stop to think about how

hard it would be to survive in an immigrant neighborhood running a jewelry store during the depression and coming out on the good and of things at the end of the depression, that should give you an idea how tough my mother's family was. this book is very interesting. place ina very special our family. this is a little bit different. this is a souvenir program for the four 42nd carnival in 1947. it was like any other carnival, an event where people could come together and have a good time. it was also to help continue awareness for the four 42nd now that they were back home. , when i was in

-- ite, my father said was after i was out of college. it was when he received a medal of honor. you do not go into something like this -- you do not go into a war to get a medal. you go in there and you want to survive. survive, a lot of it is instinct. you find out what you are about, what your friends are about. way reallythis drives home the seriousness of armed conflict.

it is not like when you watch the news and it is numbers or statistics or terms like collateral damage or friendly fire. these are people with families, dreams. it was a sobering way to grow up, an important way to grow up. that is why when i saw this, i had to smile. eye.one caught my an autobiography of george takei. sakaeame friends with mr. -- mr. george takei as life when on. as you know, george takei has in thevolved japanese-american community, theing awareness to

internment experience, having been interned himself. the first time i had a chance to meet him, my father introduced me to him when he receives -- when my father received a medal of honor. he was the emcee at one of the events. i have to tell you, i do not get butous meeting many people the first time i met george tokai, i was so nervous. [laughter] i grew up watching this man. he could not have been nicer. how the two of them got along. the thing that blew me away was he sounds that way in real life. that voice. it was really quite something to experience. he is a really good guy. [laughter]

inouye, as a boy i read your biography and i was inspired to reach for the stars. your leadership continues to inspire me. george takei. some of the folks to send him folks were his colleagues in the senate and the house. the thing that struck me about he alwayss were that aided himself on being bipartisan person, working with both sides of the aisle. he used to say to me -- i remember when i was a child, he said, you should always try to make sure you have friends on both sides. was in gradei school, and i thought he was talking about church. [laughter] it was not until years later that i realized he was talking about the political arena. he is a product

of hawaii. in hawaii, we did the best we us to focus on what brings together, rather than what keeps us apart. we focus on what our similarities are, rather than differences. we aspire to that. that is what he always tried to do in his work. it, at theink about only work day, if you with people who you agree with 100% of their views, 100% of the time, you will have a small circle of people to work with. if you are able to work with people who may not necessarily agree with you, but agree with you on certain things, you can get remarkable things done. >> when these hearings began three months ago, i stated we

would examine what happens when the trust, at the bondage the branches of our government, our breached by higher officials. while it there have been differences expressed by members , i will alwaysme look back upon these hearings as a model of how members of both houses can work together on sensitive foreign-policy issues in a bipartisan spirit. peopley in his career, had a hard time figuring out why he was able to get a long with a lot of members from the south. this was during segregation. heot of that was because worked to bond with them on issues they held in common like agriculture. at the time, hawaii had a of concerns regarding agriculture

because we have a lot of pineapple, sugarcane, so on and so forth. you work on what you have similarities on. when you work with people face to face on things that you agree on, when it comes time to work on things you do not agree on, it is harder for people to demonize each other under those circumstances. one thing that struck me when i looked through the collection was the books that were coming from folks from both sides of the aisle. reid, you expect. i remember when my mother was in the hospital and she had just passed, one of the first people to stop by to offer condolences was harry reid. news, he as he got the

made his way to the hospital to get his condolences. and, my great friend, harry reid, majority leader. senate is an interesting asce in the sense that legislative bodies go, it is quite collegial as a general matter. it is a legislative body and you are going to have leave conflicts every now and then. the trick is to disagree without being disagreeable and do your best to inspire that. he cannot help that. sense thaty got the

there was a great deal of respect and affection there. another book we have is john kerry's book that he wrote with teresa heinz kerry on the environment. he is a good guy. you forrman dan, thank your many courtesies through the years. thank you for your friendship and leadership on so many issues. it is a privilege to serve with you. all the best, john kerry. was able toow he work with collegiality on both sides of the aisle, as well as in both chambers. we have a book from newt gingrich, also signed. there was no shortage of things the two of them did not see eye

to eye on. sense said that, i got a that there was a level of mutual respect. thatere was anything , that was mr. gingrich's tendency to demonize the other side. that was something that was anathema to my father. you do not demonize the other side because that makes it harder for the other side to when the time may present itself. saying that you try not to have enemies, try to only have adversaries because an

enemy is forever in an adversary is for this particular thing. it is easier to have enemy is if you end up demonizing the other side. thatere is anything bothered him, it was the tendency mr. gingrich had. what's the collection shows is .hat he had a curious mind he was involved in a wide variety of issues. people whort with were involved in a wide variety of issues, as well. when i came to people taking note of him, or something he has , or something he did, he would always say, what is the big fuss?

day, he wouldthe turn to us and say, that was cool. hand, if he could be heard now, he would say, why the big fuss? hand, he would feel that heut the thought was able to benefit others now. diamondhead state monument is one of hawaii's most mechanized landmarks. the volcanic crater is a popular hiking spot and nbc and from one of the busiest tourist areas in oahu. we continue our special look at hawaii with author sidney okada on the story of the last hawaiian monarch.

>> my book starts and ends with my narrative of growing up on maui and trying to find out why we do not have land. ,nstead of feeling disempowered having gone through the documents and being immersed in all of that information, i feel to know that we knew what was going on then and we can figure out a way now. >> hawaiian king come ama of the third set aside 1.8 million acres of land known as crown managed by monarchs, a group of businessmen assisted by the u.s. military. they overthrew the monarchy and took control of the crown lands in 1893. nine years later, it fell under territorial control by the u.s. government. in 1910, the queen sued the u.s., meaning ownership of the crown lands.

the clean is our last reigning sovereign of the hawaiian kingdom. she was overthrown in 1893. she passed away in 1917. with all of the legal issues that she incurred after the overthrow, the incoming territorial governments, her fight to get revenues from the crown land, which were rightfully hers as the reigning sovereign, up and tell the court case that challenged her lasted intelch after she passed away. ands doing my dissertation -- irant know why across my great great grandfather's papers at the archives. he was the queen's advisor and tell after she passed.

he handled all of her private papers. --was one of the first press trustees for her estate. he was monumental and having hawaii be recognized as a sovereign territory, a nationstate. he was the second hawaiian to go around the world, to negotiate andthe sugar planters later, during the queen's reign, he was her right hand man in a lot of ways. after the overthrow and still the, he was agent for the crown lands revenue. he went to her to ask what should he do because the incoming government asked him to stay in the position and she told him to stay there to watch the revenue. he was part of the territorial government in many capacities.

his death in 1940. he played a large role -- role ,n the kingdom, the territory and what was to become the incoming -- , look at the queen's narrative after the territorial 1900.ments organic act in backtracking to the land acts that combined crown and the government land within the that were supposedly ceded to the u.s.. i pick up her narrative as she goes to washington, d.c. to fight for revenues from the crown lands. are considered her private property as reigning sovereign. i follow her narrative through to see how she was set to .et revenue back

the prince was the congressional representative in washington. and his documentation, he told her he would do what he could to help with the return of the revenue. at the time, she wanted to be favorable to him but still stand her ground. the crownned was, at land revenue was not returned her and became part of the public doctrine, combined with government lands and then public .ands large military installations started using the properties. was a large percentage that became national parks for the u.s.. when the parks started in the early 1900s, we were one of the biggest national parks in the world. we had just become -- began national parks with yosemite and the u.s.. is faction after renewal --

removal of native americans from the continent. they followed the same guidelines. one of the largest spaces with national parks for the u.s.. >> after the queen lost the case regarding her rights to the crown lands, she returned to court in 1915 to fight for her right to decide ownership of her to personal properties, washington place and her other place. queen passed in 1917, the trustees came together with the prince and his wife and hammered out an agreement to stop the legalese. what occurred was that washington place, her home that , sheot from her husband wanted it to go to his son. but it was a property for the

public good. the governors of the newly formed territory, which to me, was an ultimate slap in the face. so toves washington place take that and have the governors live within the mansion and in the side house next to it. her other property that she loves, she had two homes on the property, summer houses, that was the most contested case that to be simple.ted het ended up happening was got the estate as a symbol. and the changed it was given to the territory in his death in 1921. this is a blip in a few years that all of this occurs.

today it is a park. looks at theer judging of the canal and why they wanted the canal was to build for a new and better class , and visiting turning it into a monetary site for consumption. the canal was completed around 1928 and we have the tourism industry beginning soon after. the idea that hawaii is a place for visitors was put into place strongly and a ban purpose for monetary profit. the narrative is that he lived here and has a long history of influence because it is so beautiful. this is where they surf. this is where they played, had their homes for the queen.

that wasting it from part of what we see today, where it is mostly a consumer society. people coming with that expectation, and a lot of ways, that is to be expected. they will get a one dimensional display of culture on the lands one it is so much deeper. >> the annual dux ocean festival on what kiki beach is a celebration of the lives of native hawaiian, a five-time medalist whoing popularized surfing around the world. we continue our look at hawaii the the story of eddie, famous native hawaiian lifeguard and server. >> surfing originated in hawaii.

it is one of hawaii's gifts to the world. symbol of how these people lived in harmony with the ocean and in nature. it goes back 800-1000 years. now it is an international sport and an olympic sport. we are in the waikiki beach resort. we have the iconic diamondhead in the background, probably a .ot whose most famous landmark it is an exciting day because we have dux ocean fast. every year they hold this event in honor of hawaii's greatest ambassador and olympic athlete. ocean fast because it is a week of games, tournaments, canoe paddling, surfing contests. it is a lot of fun. the famous waikiki beach.

, eddie was a famous hawaiian icon. nobodymind, there was more famous than duke. he was his hero. the most -- the professional surf conference is named after duke. eddie got to compete in the .onference there is this thing where did his height -- handing eddie the trophy and they say it is like passing the torch from one generation to the next. just as duke was the most famous hawaiian in his day, that he

became the most famous in his generation. and he isa young kid so thrilled he can barely look duke in the face because he loved him and admired him so much. thee came up around mid-1960's and started competing. in 1967, he made a name for himself by surfing one of the largest waves ever. it was considered the largest swell the hawaiian islands had seen in decades. this young hawaiian guy paddled out. i interviewed the legendary surfers and they said we saw this kid who was fearless. while all of us would hold back on the biggest waves, eddie would go. eddie would always paddle into the biggest waves. that is partly where the saying, eddie would go, originated. it started because he was

working as a lifeguard on the beach. he was one of the first lifeguards and the north shore. they used to lose a number of people every year to drowning in the waves. finally, after eddie saved a number of people on his own, they realized, he is the perfect person to higher as a lifeguard. he was at the bay. when the waves got too big, his lifeguard captain would say, i do not want you going out swimming or paddling call a helicopter at that point. if someone was in danger, eddie would go. he would always say that. you would have to chain him to the beach to prevent him from going to save someone. stuck.e, the phrase was almost full-blooded hawaiian, rare in those days. yet, the smallest

member of his family, and a dark. skinned.rk he was a very aware of race relations. a story i love is in the 60's, hawaiians were at the bottom of the socioeconomic scale. here is their home. they have offered their culture to all of these visitors who have taken it over. there was a stigma, or shame of being hawaiian, because their greatness had been diminished. he and his family were very proud hawaiians. when he could do something like win the duke contest, it was about emphasizing hawaiian culture. the most significant thing in was a voyaging canoe,

every creation of the ancient canoes that brought the first polynesians to why he. -- hawaii. they had sailed further than any people on earth to come here. , the prevailing wasg, especially with -- that these people could not have sailed that far. it is way too far. if you are a one degree off, you will miss the hawaiian islands. they would have only had the stars to guide them. they drifted. and said, that is not right. we have ancient stories about how our ancestors came here and they purposefully voyage. built a replica of

the ancient canoes that first came here. tahiti, they sailed to using only the stars. national geographic documented it and it was one of the great feats in modern history. they only use the stars. -- used the stars. there was a person who did it he was not hawaiian. he had learned the art of celestial navigation and eddie found out about this and wanted to be on the voyage. in 1978, when they came around to select the crew for the next voyage, eddie was unanimously selected. unfortunately, they hit a storm storm came and a

rogue wave flipped the canoe and in the middle of the ocean, 15 miles from the nearest island, the radio fell overboard, the emergency beacon floated off, they are holding onto the canoe and they did not know what to do. they spent the night there. all bodies were accounted for. they are struggling to hold on in the big swells crashing against them all night. eddie cap asking the captain, let me go. i can paddle. he brought his surfboard on the canoe. he said, i can paddle. the captain, knowing that you should never leave the ship, said no. and two ofes around the crew members are really sick. one is the captain sister, the only woman. she has hypothermia.

they had been in the ocean all might and the wind was howling. she is starting to go in and out of consciousness. the doctor who could help her is also in the same boat. he is in really bad shape. eddie asks a third time, let me go for help. the captain, fearing for their lives, said ok. they let addie -- eddie paddle to the nearest island. they drifted 16-18 miles away. he paddled into waves of wind. you can hardly see anything. he took off and everybody was like, eddie would go. he was such a great surfer, a great water man and lifeguard. you have to remember, they had been out for 36 hours and they were exhausted, had not eaten. 17paddled off on march

looking for help, trying to paddle to the nearest island. and was never seen again. it was a tragic thing. the rest of the crew could have easily been lost. it is miraculous they were found. was late and had diverted its course to make better time and with one of their last flares, they fired off, and the pilot saw the smallest spark out of the corner of his eye. even though he was late, he said that was an emergency flare. she turned around and they fire their last flare. he knows it is an emergency and he flew over and blinked his lights and headed to honolulu and called the coast guard and radioed where they were.

miraculously, the rest of the crew was saved. everybody came in asking where is eddie? did he make it? they did not know what happened. launched days, they one of the largest land-c, air rescues ever in history. he was so beloved that everybody wanted to try to find him and help out., on the third -- on the fifth or sixth day, they realized that people had gotten injured looking for him so they called off the search. they had a hughes memorial for him. point, he became a symbol of the hawaiian renaissance. was awaiian renaissance rebirth, every discovery of hawaiian culture that took place

right at this time because people like eddie suddenly could say, we are hawaiian and we are proud. after that first voyage, they proved to the world that hawaiians were some of the greatest navigators on earth. sailed 5500 miles across the ocean, just using the stars in the skies. they could read nature so well. i get lost driving around waikiki sometimes. put me in a big city, i'm hopeless. how attuned people were to their culture, to be such great voyagers. that was a critical turning point. eddie came to symbolize that hawaiian pride. before his passing, there were only a few schools where they taught hawaiian language or

culture. now it is taught in every school fiercely proud. it's amazing how things have changed and there is a celebration of culture, representing this resurgence of hawaiian culture. they had the opening ceremony iders inbiggest wave r the world, the best surfers in the world, kelly slater, individuals who compete in this contest and the waves have to be a standard 20 feet, hawaiian standards, which means 40 foot basis. that's bigger than the building next to us.

it's incredible the size of these waves. to have this contest in his honor because he was an important part of hawaiian culture. it's not about the competition or who wins. it is about honoring eddie. life,hough it was a short he was lost at sea when he was was like a stone being dropped in the water. the ripple effects keep going. and it is still going. ea,is amazing, on the hokul there is a plaque dedicated to eddie. there is a quote from the bible? no greater man is he who sacrifices his life to his friends? 'a lot of the north shore is known for its beaches, big waves, and surfing.

surfing also plays a significant role in attracting tourists. tourism, the island's largest industry, makes up about 21% of the state's economy. we continue our special look at hawaii with local journalist marcel anore. learn about to the honolulu mass transit system. >> we are at the newsroom for honolulu civil beat. it is an outlet that has been here on honolulu for the past eight years or so. it is a nonprofit news site that tries to fill the need for in-depth and investigative journalism in hawaii. i have covered everything from immigration to education to transportation. transportation is my main focus here in hawaii. a 20-mile, building 21-station rail project, elevated rail project.

and it has been very controversial around the island. and the costs have continued to go up, which you see another rail projects. but out here, it has been pretty stark. it is currently projected to cost about $9 billion, including financing. about $3has risen by billion since the end of 2014. so residents have watched the cost of this transportation rise.t continue to it has been controversial because it is an extremely expensive project to build. there has just been a lot of skepticism about how much of a dent it will make in traffic. a lot of what planning officials point to is that it will be that much worse in the future. and the future decades if we

don't build this. it is not that it will get better than it is at existing levels. we do need to do something like this in order to at least try to to the the congestion level you see today. you see the loan freeware -- the lone freeway that cuts across the short. that will still be congested and what the residents here will continue to grapple with. but at the very least, you'll have the option to get on a train that hopefully will be reliable and you will basically know that you can get on this train and bypass all the congestion and cut through downtown and get to where you want to be. a lot of the controversy has to do with the design and the fact that you have to take a bus in a lot of paces -- places. at most stations, you would not be able to walk to the station, like in new york.

-- new york or chicago or something like that. you rely on some sort of a first step of somebody dropping you off, whether that is parking in limited parking areas -- basically, you really -- you will be fighting traffic to get to the rail line. we have a great bus system, by and large, but we have never had a fixed rail transportation system. they are building this brand-new from scratch. it is not something that people used to. expensive fromly the get-go and it is getting more expensive. when you're looking at $9 billion and a 20-mile system, people are saying couldn't we have done something that is more cost effective? a stateing is by large tax, a charge on our general excise tax for the island of a wahoo -- of oahu.

there is federal funding from the fta. this project gets, the smaller percentage is the federal funding. the federal funding says you have gotten your fair share. this is as much as you're going to get. -- you are on the hook to complete this project as you promised. hawaii will lose its federal funding if it does not complete the project the way it agreed to under the deal with the fda -- fta. every time it runs into a financial challenge where it goes over budget, they have to go to the legislature and causes all sorts of political chaos when they have to go to the statehouse and say, again, we

need more money. even for the most ardent supporters of the project, it has become a headache as far as trying to see this through to the end. there is a legal challenge that the later the project was brought forward by a native , aaiian practitioner cultural practitioner, who argued this project is being built in properly and that they had not fully completed all of the archaeological surveys that they needed to do before they started building. getting and that halted the whole project. -- before they started building and that halted the whole project. oftentimes, what happens out here when you build, you encounter, as they were digging,

bones and remains of generations past. they did have to do a survey to find out where they were going to put these pillars in the ground. they were not going to build on top of these ancestral remains. and if they did encounter ancestral remains, there is a whole process we have codified here in the state you either elect-- where you either to cover them in coding to leave them in place or you put them in an area where they will be protected going forward. whole process that is unique here in hawaii and it has played out with a real project. it even health to stall the project for about a year, until they were able to complete the full archaeological survey along the line. the other issue right now is

they are building it. it is underway. you're talking about the largest public works project in hawaii in history. your building what amounts to a .econd freeway they are displacing businesses along the way and causing traffic headaches. and they have not even gotten into downtown at this point. they have not gotten into the heart of the city in the urban core. people are really bracing for the havoc that will be created when you have to build this massive public works project into what is already a very crowded and congested city. there's about half a million honolulu, give or take, and there's just short of a million people.

the issues you see on the mainland, it may be more pronounced here because it is so small and valuable here. we have the highest homeless publishing per capita. but that is also reflective -- homeless population per capita. but that is also reflective of a housing crisis. we don't have enough a portal housing in hawaii. the vast majority of residents are priced out other local housing market. it is up there, the market is up there with the new york's and that san francisco's of the world. it is a function of the limited space. even if you look at these islands on a map, it is smaller to begin with. so much of the habitable area is just around the coast because they are volcanic islands and the mountains are the mountains. it's really just a small amount of space. overall, it is coping with

overcrowding. in honolulu, it is a very congested city. parts of it were built haphazardly. people are just try to get a handle on how we can make this work better. native hawaiians continue to face issues of being disenfranchised within their own homeland. statistics with health and education and all the usual social measurements, they continue to face challenges to the point where they have been kind of swept aside. the overthrow of the queen was 125 years ago. there are members of the community, it was like yesterday. it continues to form the

conversation as far as land issues, as far as what is going kea on the big island. there are two mountains that form that island. i believe it is 12 or 13 existing telescopes on top of mauna kea. it is well placed first on a man to observe the heavens. but it is also considered a very sacred place for native hawaiians traditionally. there are plans to build a 30-meter telescope, the largest telescope up there by far. it has been extremely controversial in hawaii. the most recent polls i remember seeing did show that a majority of native hawaiians opposed to keaconstruction of mounted -- monauna kea.

i know that it is a science versus culture issue. a lot of hawaiians are irked by that. it is a big issue. we have been covering running junction by the supreme court to stop construction until they had the proper permits in place. and that is still continuing to work itself out. when that court order came down, it very much and bold and people -- emboldened people that are protesting. they describe themselves as they protectors of the mauna. that is one fell -- one flareup of the last five years or so. but it does speak to the general undercurrent here of hawaiians and the issues that they facesd historically -- faced

historically. there are people who are very patriotic and very proud to be -- proud and happy to be part of the united states. and then it swings entirely in the other direction. there is a unique undercurrent in these islands, in this state, and that you have a pretty significant swath of residence who don't even consider it a legitimate state. and that is not something you really see on the mainland. there are people who say you shouldn't say "the mainland." that's the mainland over there. what are we? people are starting to think about hawaii's role in the greater united states, particularly after generate 13, when we had a false missile alert that made headlines everywhere. many thought we were to be a target of north korea of an inbound ballistic missile. -- what people thinking

is hawaii's role in these greater national security issues and the way military issues play out around the world? >> located about 24 miles from is a privateloa nature reserve, working cattle ranch, tourist attraction, and filming location. it is considered one of the most sacred places on the island of oahu, where, in early times, native hawaiians would come to seek forgiveness. coming up, we continue our with anlook at hawaii author to learn about the history and nature of hawaiian culture. that is a really important place. the people are really important. we come into this with a kind of , that social,ency

economic, political systems were spiraling out of control. less and less focus on things like planning, urban planning. important projects get the rails because of politics. spiraling cost of living, the fact that, at the time, more than 90% of our food and the things we needed for survival had to be boated in. we didn't have any kind of self-sufficiency here. a number of people who were without shelter, growing, and a lot of them are native hawaiians, already beginning to spend a huge amount of money on that prospect of this rail project coming through honolulu.

there are deep sort of cultural divisions that are also political, really powerful hawaiian sovereignty movement, really an effort to inspire self-government again. and among many of us, a desire really to sever our political relationships with the united states. this was back in, you know, this was more than 10 years ago. this movement has been going on really since the 1980's. we have environmental problems that are peculiar to an island nation or an island state that have to do with climate and weather and the quality of water and ocean. i mean, really, we are at the warming andbal global climate change in ways that other places in the united states may not be.

all of these are conversations that we are having. we realize, you know, we should just write a book. it was 2009, coming up on the elections. 2010, we would be electing a governor in hawaii. and a legislature. we should consult with all the people that we know that have come to know us through years and years of scholarship and political and community activism. we should contact the people that we know who know a lot about different subjects that are really vital, that present really vital issues for hawaii and noise feature. hawaii's entry -- for hawaii and hawaii's teacher. hawaii -- hawaii's future. hawaii's introduction to the the and of the

19th century. the hugest impact is an immediate and dramatic drop in the population. at hundreds of thousands of people dying of which our diseases to people had no immunity. trajectory basically drops the population from anywhere from 500,000 to 800,000 at the point of contact to less than 40,000 by the end of the 19th century. in about 120 years, we have 95%where between a 92% to depopulation rate. so they chose to modernize.

we went, in the space of decades, from a country that was lteeped in this long traditiona leadership -- of -- long tradition of chiefly leadership, no capitalism, virtually no trade, subsistence economy, very, very stable. we went from that to being almost unrecognizable from any other 19th century modern 1860's, 1870's. opera houses downtown. we had buildings. we had a plantation economy. and this is the thing. i mean, the native hawaiians were try to manage all of this ambitions ofge the

some of the missionaries who have really become powerful and rich because of sugar. business people and lawyers take that basically power away from the native hawaiian government. were two major events, 1897 and 1893, in which this group of business people, attorneys -- and basically backed by the friendship of the united states, moved to cripple the monarch and take power for themselves. the united states, after essentially pretending that it didn't have anything to do with those takeovers, from 1893 until

1898, eventually, the united states territory lies hawaii. territorialized hawaii. people use the word annexation, but that is not what happened. you have to submit this to the senate and get a two thirds majority vote. they were never able to do that. they try several times. submitted -- this is during the mckinley administration -- the senate was entertaining able to my next andii -- the annex hawaii the received petitions from close to 37,000 signatures in all, men, women, children, old people.

and in those petitions, they were asking the united states not to annex us, that we were an independent people. we had our own country. we had to be recognized by the united states and great britain in 1843. we had multiple treaties with all kinds of nations, belgium, japan, the u.s., the netherlands , britain, france, the united states, everybody. we had multiple treaties with everybody. we acted like an independent country. we were no different than any of those other countries in the eyes of international law. and yet, the united states has -- and i to pretend would say successfully pretend -- that they have some legitimate claim to these islands. you know, as a historian and as someone who has studied this for

many years, i can say the united states has only one claim to these islands, and that is that they have taken us over by force. -- in everyk about part of this history, terrible, terrible things happened to us. literally,ation, tens of thousands of people dying within two or three years, families being ruined, the whole economic system basically falling apart. yet our people don't lose hope. they look to the things that they are learning about the democracy,ld, about about constitutional government, about literacy, about the great many things that are present in the world. and the reach for them. they reach for them -- and they reach for them. they reach for them.

they say, if we have to change to survive, we will do that. we are here to protect hawaii, to protect this land, this island. and the interpretation of how you do this changes constantly. very few people believe that we can go back to traditional subsistence practices. the numbers of people that we have here the reality of the world we live in. all of us believe that hawaii can be self-sufficient. all of us believe that the educational system can change and be more accommodating of typical western ideologies and ideals and values. all of us believe that and we know that this can happen because we are seeing it happen. attemptk was really an to get people to take these

elections seriously and to start asking people who are running for office really hard questions about what they intended to do to change the trajectory we were on. if you read through this, you will see that some of the themes we have -- we have come to some really difficult places. webers of people incarcerate, the state of our schools, whatever the topic was, all of these were areas of -- we and we demanded invited people to start demanding change. , thatf the people i know i like, are democrats and progressives. with republicans and there is a really good reason for that. it is the whole 40-year period,

50-your period of the takeover and statehood, really, where the all republicans and they controlled land and plantations and the banks and every thing. and they were racist and they held onto power. that's one of the reasons why republicans are not popular here. there is a long memory. not -- democrats are they are not changing anything. they come into office. they inhabit the house for two years, the senate for four years, the governor's mansion for eight years and they don't change a thing. about how weks can't continue to have more and more tourists. but every year, we have more and more tourists. everybody talks about the need to balance the military, military needs and desires with

what is good for the community. and we don't hold them accountable. everybody talks about the need to somehow or another slow the pace of land speculation, and we do nothing about it. everybody talks about the need to protect agriculture, and just this past -- in the last two or three years, the state government basically approved the end of one of the last agricultural areas on the silent -- on this island in the awarding of a new subdivision, housing subdivision. -- there is no real legacy of change or challenge in the democratic party either. nobody wants to see the

republicans in charge ever. but the democrats do nothing. which then again makes you realize why hawaiian soependence seems attractive. attractive more -- to more and more people. >> made up of eight islands, hawaii is home to 1.4 my people. is the is -- oahu largest. we continue with a look at john a burns, the first democratic governor of hawaii. >> john a burns was the first democrat to be elected governor of the new state of hawaii. he was born on the mainland. he was a child of the military. he was a jock. he played football, was a quarterback. somebody said he was always the quarterback, wherever jack burns was.

he was the quarterback. he was a good student, smart guide. he confessed -- smart guy. he confessed that he did not study very hard and caused his mommy a lot of trouble. he got into drinking with the boys, even while still in high school. he said they opened the bottle, i was there. he went to the university of hawaii, thinking he was going to play football there. he had been approached by the then coach. he only stayed a semester. he was there for one semester. later on, when he was governor, he went to a local catholic college to give a commencement address. he said you are looking at probably the last man ever to be a governor of this state without a college degree. and in part, that is why you should study. you may be governor someday and it is absolutely important that you have a college education.

i think he suffered sometimes from a sense -- he was dealing with big people. i think his lack of an education bothered him a bit, and may have resulted in some respects in his need to lash out, and so forth. when world war ii broke out, that is when burns's political career was really made. one of the big things is one of these japanese-americans in hawaii? at that point, japanese-americans were close to ,0% of the population of hawaii these japanese who had come over to work on the plantations. they are descendents and they had big families, many were

rural families on the plantations. those who came were not american citizens. but, boy, the minute they had a always said it was the ticking bomb of hawaii politics. every time they had a child, if they stayed in hawaii, that child was a u.s. citizen. in the second generation of japanese americans were really the force that would bring about the big change in hawaii politics. but it was a difficult time for japanese. they were eager to prove themselves. they tried to form -- they were doing a lot -- some of the younger guys were doing a lot of different work. but a lot of people were also being looked at about being interned. jack was on the committee, a three-person committee, that made those kinds of committees -- decisions. and often, because he was born

here -- not just born here, but lived here all of his life, he played ball with a lot of these kids when he was in school. who said he the guy was a good guy. he's no threat. but he said, people who gave me got -- forgot for people for a thousand who were interned. by and large, i was a voice that said that's not the kind of family. that's not the kind of guy. he's not a threat. that nevertheless, he got a reputation. if you want to find loyalty, if you want to know the word loyalty, you want it spelled,

spell it japanese-american. their loyalty to jack after the war was intense. they were intent on proving their americanism. they came back. they had the g.i. bill. you take a group of people who are very value education to begin with and then you give them the right to go to college and they went to very good schools. someone to the university of schools, butland most of them were up at manoa valley at the university of hawaii getting their degrees. and they got out and there was a god who got a jot -- was a guy who got a job out of politics. he was a civil defense guy. he did not have a lot of work to do most of the time.

these guys start showing up at his office. politics. talk they were coming back from law schools. they had law degrees. they had ba degrees. they were future governors. these guys were for real. they were smart and they had that bond. they just believed in it. haven't got the money, but you've got the votes. and if we organize -- so in 1954, a lot of them were back. that is the year that they ran for territorial house of

representatives, territorial senate. boom, boom, boom, they took over control. not just japanese, but democrats took over control. the republican party has not, except for two very brief periods, had control of the legislature since 1954. he was elected as a territorial 1957.te to congress in in 1958, the major thing was the statement struggle. when he got to washington, he looked around and said we've got to get this bill through. he saw lyndon johnson over on the senate side and he saw sam on the house side. as one of his colleagues in the house said, jack burns was always there. he said the delegates to congress from hawaii before,

they were more like a diplomat. jack burns, he was there even when it did not make any difference. he wasn't going to be able to vote, but he was down there on the floor. he would show up. and he was such a nice guy. wantedw, if jack something and he wanted statehood, that is what he went after. think that that is where he really learned politics. legislative politics, governing politics. he learned from two of the best in the history of the united states -- in the 20th century -- sam rayburn and lyndon johnson. one of the things was the state of alaska was -- was that alaska was going for statehood, too. the question was who should go first? said, jack, there are a lot of people who will vote for you because, he said,

you are ready for statehood. you have a population, they vote well, you've got things to support your economy. but alaska wants in, too. they are not as prepared for statehood. their economy is not a strong. there are not as many people up there. alaska, we can get the votes to get you in. ,ecause alaska promises to be at that time, promises to be a democratic state. you promise to be a republican state. that was a perception of a lot of people's minds on the mainland. sure enough, burns said, ok. this was in 1958. he said, that's ok. let's do it. sure enough, rayburn and johnson kept their word. alaska went in first, which caused burns and the democrats

some discomfort because he had allowed that to happen. that, hawaiifter passed both houses. the first statehood elections were going to be felt. burns was immediately the leader of the party. there was no real question about that. he was going to run for governor. was that the last territorial governor was a lawyer in town, i think from kansas originally, named bill quinn. he was an attractive guy. another catholic. he had an attractive family. , notderful personality

detracting from burns, but burns did not always have a nice personality. you could have conversations with him and you wondered whether he was going to say anything, except a short answer. and dale quinn beat him. it was close, but bill quinn beat him. all the other democrats were winning. but bill quinn beat burns. republicans always had all sorts of ideas about how he was financed during the three years he was off because he was campaigning right away. he beat quinn and became governor. he was governor for the state of hawaii for the next 12 years, three terms. although, in his last term, he became ill after the first couple of years. -- he cancer and he was became an acting governor -- the lieutenant governor became

acting governor and burns struggled with cancer and died serna -- died soon after his term was officially over. burns was a proper kind of guy. he works through institutions, the democratic party, rhesus attaining an institution that never really had any substance to begin with. he took it and made something out of it, brought these people together, labor, japanese-americans, put the two together and made it the dominant party, which it still is overwhelmingly today. there are four republicans in in a houseture today of 76. that is part of jack burns's legacy. he gave a speech wants about the subtle inferiority of the spirit.

feltburns said that he that too many in hawaii, even after much that had taken place in the 1960's, people in hawaii suffer from a subtle inferiority of the spirit, that they didn't feel that they were as good as mainland folk or felt that they couldn't speak up. egalitarian the revolution, which he pushed so hard through the democratic party and the labor unions sent people like 10 seeming -- like patsy mink, dan in a way, daniel to many people, he was the white father. he needed a holy guy to lead this movement. -- they needed a holy guy to lead this movement. say cut him and

you see japanese blood. he understood. he was not a forward guy. he was always a terrible speech-maker. he answered in short and did not talk a lot. if you have a meeting of a bunch of -- thinking they were second-class citizens, their mothers were working as maids for some rich person or garden , this guy rich estate did not tell you what to do. he listened to you. he listened to you. and then you were very interested in what he had to say. of thetruly their father modern democratic party in hawaii.

honolulu is hawaii's capital city.-- is the largest city in the state with about 350,000. coming up, we continue our special look at hawaii as we explore hawaii politics through the lens of race, gender, and class. monday, color, and sex in hawaii politics, that's exactly what it was about, examining, doing for people based on our skin color or if the seer background. why is it that women have not been as successful as men at the ballot box here in hawaii? that is, in an essence, what the book is about. published exactly 20 years ago this month. something that contends everything that happens here. it is hard to believe, but this

is -- this was once an independent and then, it was his own -- it was its own nation. advanced nation, a high literacy rate, had electricity before many parts of mainland u.s., have relationships with other countries. but what happened to the hawaiians post contact, once captain cook arrived in 1778, all the way until the beginning of the 1920 -- 19th and 20th century, wiped out. some people estimate that the hawaiian policy action -- hawaiian population was as much as a million people. i don't know that it was that i. by the 19th century, and it was half of that because of contact with westerners and the diseases they brought with them. it is amazing that they were able to rebuild themselves. when you start with that and of

context, and the fact that you import all these people to work at plantation fields here, in particular japanese, filipinos, koreans, chinese to a lesser extent, and that created this multiethnic mix that we have to this day and informs everything that goes on here. it is really a fascinating place to be. find people are a minority. they have since asked white people are -- white people are in minority. they have been for a long time. japanese-americans tend to be the more well-off. to hold higher positions in government and business and the media. all the governors, with the exception of one or two, who were appointed during the territorial period were white. i think there were one or two people with hawaiian blood.

the first governor of hawaii was white. and i believe the second governor of hawaii was white as well. the governor right now is of japanese ancestry. the lieutenant governor is chinese ancestry. quite.or honolulu is the top leaders of the hawaii senate and house of representatives are japanese-americans. we have had one filipino-american governor. that was impressive, i think the only one in the united states. we have had one native hawaiian governor, again, the only one in the united states. just because you left people of japanese ancestry or white, caucasian to positions of power and in business, it does not necessarily mean they are favoring their people. i don't think anybody would say something like that. but the perception is out there. going up, if you look at who is in charge me can't help think that maybe these other groups that are not represented well at the top levels of power in the state aren't doing as well because they don't have leaders

of their same shared identity. reputable studies. government-sponsored show that hawaiians are disproportionally overrepresented in the criminal justice system and fearless well when it comes to health. the numbers are not ambiguous at all. the data is clear. . there has been a response to lawmakers, to try and address that, to address more money for programs to help them out. remember, this is a colonized people. this was a nation that was overthrown. it was a next by the united states with the help of, -- it was annexed by the united states. they lost their language. they lost their culture. hula was banned. the language started to come back. hawaii is now -- hawaiian is now an official language with english.

can you imagine hawaiians punished for speaking hawaiian as recently as 70 to 80 years ago. there are people still alive who can remember those things. and not being told about the overthrow and what happened to the queen in 1893 when she was overthrown or in 1898 when the u.s. annexed hawaii, the martial law here in dirt -- the martial law here during world war ii. these things feed off of each other. native hawaiians are one of the larger, faster growing groups. ironically, a good many of them are actually on the mainland. you see large hawaiian populations in southern california and las vegas. ? client? there's greater -- why? there's greater opportunity. advancing their level of assistance. there are programs at the federal level designed to help minority groups.

there is federal money that comes from d.c., particularly through our congressional delegation, primarily for education, for health, for other services as well. effort. a concerted native hawaiians do not have the same status as native alaskans and native americans, where there is a tribal status, where there is a relationship with the u.s. government. hawaiians have try for that. there has been a push for federal recognition, but it has yet to happen. there is currently a move to attain some sort of recognition. if that were to happen, hawaiians could conceivably be given an elevated status. in might even the given their own land base and the ability to tax them selves, to raise revenue. it is highly controversial. i can tell you that the hawaiian community is very divided. i don't want to get into sovereignty right now, but i will put it this way. there are some hawaiians who want hawaii to leave the united

states. there are some hawaiians who believe the hawaii never was part of the united states. and there are hawaiians who are happy to be american. there are native hawaiians who are heavily represented among the homeless population. per capita, it is the worst here than anywhere in the u.s. smaller,numbers are but per capita, compared to l.a. or san francisco or new york or seattle, it is pretty unfortunate. thes so unfortunate that leeward coast here on oahu, hawaiians set up their own camp. it is nicknamed the harbor. the elected their own mayor, unofficial, that she runs the camp. their view is, if you are not going to help us out, we will create our own place to live. no surprise, the state government tried to evict them. they were close to doing that.

getting hawaiians into leadership positions might push through to get something done. one wonders if there were more hawaiians running the government here, whether that would help or not. having said that, there are hawaiians who don't want a race-based nation. they do not want to divide hawaii based on race. they have directed more money to try and help, to get more people housed. but i'm not kidding, the waiting list is thousands of people, thousands of native hawaiians. is just a matter of getting it taking care of. checks on theamic white-collar versus labor movement in the early 20 century, it started on the docks and on the plantation camps. it was primarily japanese and filipinos, with the help of somewhat leaders as well. our most revered governor, john a burns amma was -- john a

heavily --a cop in a the union health overthrow the white oligarchy that was running the state. in 1954, particularly with the help of japanese-americans and others coming back from world war ii, having seen the segregation, having fought as a segregated new net, came back and in 1954, they took a tour of the -- they took control of the territorial legislature. they dominate to this day. first statehood in 1959. the labor union has been critical in changing the structure of the state of hawaii and they remain still powerful to this day. union power is on the wane. but that has helped make it -- at least democrats will tell you

, the labor unions will tell you -- a more fair and equitable society. minimum wage has been instituted, prepaid health care. we were first in the nation, even before massachusetts, to have -- i guess you would call it obama cannot, but repaid health care if you paid -- if you worked 20 hours or more. that is pretty amazing. the labor or the class differential has come in and change things. the conservative view, the republican view in hawaii is nearly nine -- nearly nonexistent. we haven't sent a republican to 2010, and when we did, it was only for seven months. 25 in the senate, none are republican. the last one lost about two years ago. in the 51-member house, five are

republican. a third of the vote here went for donald trump, by the way. a third of hawaii voted for trump. it was theita, smallest percentage compared to any other state in the union, even california. it is more than ironic that the last leader of hawaii was a home --he queen, of her overthrown, beloved to this day. we are sitting not too far from her statue. she was honored and yet she was imprisoned. just in the other direction behind us, when she was there is the irony that perhaps the most influential queen over through the system of taboo that separated men and women in eating places, and essentially was a leader in switching hawaii to christianity. hawaii being one of the first to

ratify equal rights, which we do not have at the federal level. abortion rights, we were ahead of the curve in the 1970's. i don't know if it was before roe v. wade, but it was right around that time. couldn't own credit cards as late as 1960's. there has not been as many leaders, women leaders in positions of power. only one female governor since 1959. we have, however, made significant progress on gay-rights, again, with some terrible irony. hawaii actually was the first state back in 1993 there , unless youhat reasonable reason to discriminate against same-sex couples, then you had to marry them. the legislature can write the law. sure enough, that is what they

did. marriage shall be restricted to a man and a woman. that was in 1998. many other states moved ahead of us in to getting to gay marriage. basically, you get some of the same benefits, but nothing like marriage. then we lived to civil unions. that was a tremendous battle. . as liberal as we are, as blue as we are, the churches are very influential here. the mormon church, evangelical, new hope church is, protestants, the catholic church, there is still a very conservative element on social issues. finally, we moved ahead with gay marriage. i think it was in 2013 just a year or so, before the supreme court finally took care of it. it is hard to believe that it took so long. why did it take so long when we were so advanced? even native hawaiians, even the hawaiian culture has traditionally recognized the

role of omahu, someone who is in the middle, part female, part male, transgendered. they are considered important parts of the culture. and we are seeing more and more of this being welcomed. we changed the most in this 20 years, gay marriage, a remarkable compass meant. we got a woman elected governor, pretty remarkable. a remark -- a republican woman elected governor. the power of the unions have been somewhat checked. so there have been some changes. some for the better, some not so good. hawaii is a book tv exclusive. we showed it today to introduce you to c-span's cities tour. for seven years now, we traveled to u.s. cities, bringing the book seem to our viewers. you can watch more of our visits at c-span.org/citiestour. coming up on c-span, a look

at the legacy of house speaker paul ryan, who is retiring after the lame-duck session. after that, president trump awarding the medal of freedom to seven liters in sports, politics, the judiciary, entertainment, and philanthropy. and starting it 10:05, newsmakers with representative peter defazio, the likely incoming chair of the house transportation committee. then the communicators, with ftc commissioner know if, on privacy and internet regulation -- noah phillips, on privacy and internet relation. speaker paul ryan. gilbert,s is craig thank you for being here. and in milwaukee, charlie sykes, the contributing editor for the weekly standard. thank you for being here as well. -- what will be,