>> i don't know about that. it can be lost in specifics. the pentagon is trying to set this list as a tentative list, rather than here is what is on the chopping block. shanahan will try to fudge that. in this case, everyone's position is well-known. democrats voted against the declaration. republicans, for the most part, voted to uphold it, but they lost some republicans during the vote in the house and the senate. >> matthew daly covers congress for the associated press. he's on twitter. you can follow him @matthew dalywbc. matthew daly, thanks so much. matthew: thank you. >> next, our cities to her visits pasadena, california to learn more about its history and literary life. for eight years, we travel to u.s. cities, bringing the book seem to our viewers. you can watch more at c-span.org/citiestour.

pasadena, located about 10 miles from downtown los angeles, and set against the san gabriel mountains. 1866 andwas founded in has a population of about 150,000. with the cooperation of our spectrum cable partners, for the next 90 minutes, we'll explore the literary life and history of this city. we begin our feature in pasadena with a visit to the hunt very. -- huntington library. >> today, we are at the huntington library in simmering a, california. this was -- in san marino, california. this was originally a ranch. sam huntington discovered that, liked the scenery, the mountains to the north, the mild climate, and a property here -- and bought a property here and began to improve it. he was a remarkable man.

he was a land developer. he built the car system, a system of tramways. it as opposed to building and making money or developing it, he did both. he developed property to sell and he would run the railway cars to get people there. he had always been interested in book collecting but he bought sets of great authors. he then began to get going around 1911 with book collecting. he began to buy whole libraries. he just began to acquire, in an astonishing way, building a library, in the same way he built a city. what we are standing in today is the perfect built library, which was constructed in 1919. savior -- same year the indenture was signed, the

document that the established the huntington as a public collection, with three parts. botanical gardens, are collections, i think i can say, truthfully, that first henry huntington, the library was the heart and soul of what he wanted to establish. the hope that we are in, which is a permanent rotating exposition, called remarkable works, remarkable times, is centered around about a dozen major pieces from the collection, which are generally on view, sometimes infests emily, just taking -- for simile, just taking a bit of a rest. the collection is quite deep, has deep holdings in british history, american history, literature, anguish, history of discovery -- english, history of discovery, american west. at that we should stop and look at a few things which i think

are exciting and remarkable as objects, as well as carriers of information. we're standing in front of one volume of the huntington's gutenberg bible. the gutenberg bible is probably, people come here and know if anything, they are going to make their way in this hall to see the gutenberg bible. they are not sure why they want to see it, but they've heard about the gutenberg bible. this would be, certainly for the huntington, the jewel in the crown for our printed book collection. it's actually a two-volume work and it's the bible, in latin, and its remarkable because it's the first substantial book in the west printed with movable type. demonstrating,of in a very big way, the ability to produce books in much more rapid succession and in a

greater number of copies. so, this was really going to change the world. what you see is the 42 line bible, and it's the text you see the word and black, which are parts ended with movable type. before this, books were either made by hand or they were books, oaks, -- block for the design was printed. printing every letter was laborious and those books tended to be more pictorial than textbased. but gutenberg did was to find a way to carve one letter in metal and then to make copies of it by pressing it into a copper sheet, pouring lead into that, and attach it to a piece of metal. then you can make multiples of the same letter and they could be said into a tray -- set into a tray.

it really was a revolution. we reckoned there were 180 gutenberg bibles that were published, and something like 48 of them still survive in the world. some of those were complete. some of those are not complete. some are only one of two volumes. some were broken up and sold individually. collectors will have one leaf of the bible. this copy is very special. it's one of about a dozen printed on an animal skin. that would be a deluxe material which has a beautiful surface. the print looks even more crisp and beautiful on it. the decoration you see and color is all applied by hand. but at this point, there's something called lubrication, which is the addition of red highlights you can see in the text, to draw attention to the beginning of the line for

instructions. but then there are beautiful pictorials, eliminated decorations, and all of that done by hand. here, they are done with gold and quite elaborate. some of the gutenberg bibles, we can see where we suspect it would be the same illuminators hand who was at work. most of these were bought by individuals but given to institutions to churches or to monasteries to have and to use. the binding here shows you it's an incredibly heady -- heavy, started protection, meant to be imposing and presentational. it's meant to be grand. certainly caused a stir in gutenberg's name because of this book. one of the really great riches the huntington library collections are collections of literature and english. in this case, it's a great example of what you might find

in the literary archives and giving you an idea of the breadth of those kinds of collections. which is some of our wonderful collections, henry david thoreau, the author of wild and pond, many script materials, printed materials, photographs, and printed books which relate to it. in this case, works by ralph waldo emerson, who was the mentor to thoreau. knowbly everybody, if they any work of american literature, they might remember, it would be walden pond. and certainly it's a book that continues to resonate for generation after generation, a book which talks about the experiment that thoreau took to live by walden pond in massachusetts. he was there for just over two

years, and as he said, he wished to live deliver early. he wished to go and live simply and be at one with nature. he kept very careful diaries. he could be eccentric, but he kept careful diaries about nature, what he was observing about his own thoughts about man's relationship to nature. and he wrote a book in the there,of that surgeon but he also wrote about the trip itself. and that became walden or life in the woods. you can see here a page from the manuscript. and the huntington has seven of what i believe were eight drafts that he did of this book. they are single sheets. you can see the writing. he writes very quickly and then he corrects. bemarks out an area to treated in a different way. it's a wonderful opportunity for the visitor to get an idea of

what it was like to write a book and how one thought on a piece of paper. because there are seven drafts of this book, it is hundreds and hundreds and hundreds of pages, which allows us, without endangering for short periods of time, to bring out individual pages and show those. next to that manuscript here, you have another one of the great treasures we have, which are the original printing proofs for the first printed publication. and these other copies that were thoreau's own, and they have his hand annotations marking it up, making changes for the printer before they were done. so the largest literary archives in huntington's collection is the archive of jack london, the american author and traveler. we have something like 15,000 items in the jack london collection. jack london was probably the

first writer, one of the first writers, to really become, to make a great go of commercial printing and make himself wealthy through popular writing. you see some pages from the manuscript for his book, white fang. and again, you can look, you can see how he wrote quickly, getting his thoughts down. there were many changes to the writing. a scholar can look at this and get an idea of how he changed his mind, what he wished to the sized, how he wordsmith. there's a printed volume here, jack london, which shows you what he would have had in the early 20th century, a publishers pictorial binding. some people concentrate just on collecting these bindings. they show you how the book was

meant to be a mass-produced item, but to appeal to a general reader. jack london was living with his wife in north of san francisco. they were very worried about wildfire, which we know all too well here in california, is a real danger. 1905, 1906,ded in to take his precious manuscript of his books and put them and a bank vault in san francisco that would be fireproof. that would protect them. ironically, this was just before the great san francisco earthquake, which was followed by devastating fires. and the bank, which was holding the many scripps, burnt -- manuscripts, burnt. what you see here is the manuscript for the seawolf. we know the published version of it. what we aren't able to study the way a scholar can from looking

at the menu script for white fang, we are not able to look back and see what changes were made. how did he crafted that text he was writing it? blocke we can't read this that burned. but the fact is, the book is still there. despite its devastating condition. for many years, for nearly a century, people have had, scientists have had ideas, scholars have had ideas of how it could be taken apart. it could be photographed, perhaps information recovered from it. to his credit, huntington has always resisted these because the idea was we wish to do nothing that will damage the evidence that is there. approach, again in recent years, of getting much closer to the idea of noninvasive ways of rooting

through here with special imaging equipment, which will allow us to see and differentiate the text. if you think about an mri, which takes a picture of your body. we were holding out hope that and not so many years, it will be possible for us to have images available of jack london's the seawolf, his original manuscript. the fun things about this exhibition hall, and seeing people who think they are not interested in library collections or maybe thinking they don't know much about it and they are not prepared to get much out of this, is when we come in and they have a bit of recognition and ask questions they haven't thought to ask for. one of the cases could be william shakespeare, the playwright, whether through popular film, a play in grade school, a reading you had to remember, a phrase that's got into common parlance, --kespeare continues to rip

register through english speaking culture. in the case of shakespeare, we don't have a record of shakespeare's plays in his own hand. so the authoritative text that we base on shakespeare's plays come from what i recall the first folio, which people will have heard of before. 1623,were published in shortly after, seven years after shakespeare's death. and they were collected and put together. and they are considered the additions from which all others flow. so to see these, they were very prized. it was the size of the book itself. the huntington has four. there are other collections around the world, the shakespeare library in washington i think has the most, over 81st folio's. but it's a great chance to come and see something like that. but if that was collected

shortly after shakespeare's death, what about what was published during his life? see a case here, you can 1599 edition of the history of henry the fourth. and there were several versions of these plays, which appeared in smaller formatted print. scholars used these in order to reconstruct the plays and how they developed and decide which is the most, indeed, truly the most authoritative version, or how they developed, or how they appeared on the stage. so, a chance to see shakespeare so ubiquitous, but how did we get the text we had today? i think this is perhaps one of my favorite objects in the huntington library collection, and i think one of the most popular items we have here, as well. this is the ellis mirror chauffer, created around 1400, a recording of a 14th century text, which probably many people

will remember having read in high school english. originally written in middle and wish, a dialect of -- english, a dialect that became the route of modern english. this book and the text it lookss is, ironically, it very imposing to us, but it's a very popular text. and is a popular language. and it's a popular telling of stories that would have appealed to people. the canterbury tales is a story of a group of pilgrims making their way to canterbury. they are entertaining each other with stories. this manuscript is a handmade item, of course, as a manuscript, written by hand and decorated by hand. clearly, a very deluxe reproduction. the page that it's open to today, and we changed the pages here pretty frequently so that the book is not open too long in

one position and not damaged by the light. tail.rtners the partner was a religious official that would preach indulgences. his catchword over and over is, "greed is the root of all evil." then he proceeded to be greedy himself. it's a wonderful, funny tale demonstrating the worst in paying other people to feel guilty and give you money for it. so, the main script is incredibly beautiful, and as you can see, the entire border with this delicate, delicate illumination. and the characters, for each of the tales, there is one of these figures riding on horseback,

identifiable for people to see. it's a thrilling object, but it's also a carrier of information. complete, early text of canterbury tales. so this is important as a text itself for scholars in trying to reconstruct the best and truest text for the 14th century, the canterbury tales. so the huntington has about 750,000 visitors a year. they come here to enjoy the garden and the art collection and the library, as well. libraries like museums are very people-centric endeavors. the things that we do, if nobody comes and reads, if nobody comes and looks, if nobody comes and asks questions, we're not really

doing our jobs well. to do our jobs well, that means we collect things, we organize them, we describe them, we put that information out there so that people can discover them in lots of different ways and discover things in ways we haven't anticipated. and then we provide an opportunity for them to see them, to use them, to query them, to publish them, to promote them, to reuse them in greater voice we never anticipated. then we take care of them and pass them on to the next generation. a look at physicist albert einstein's time in pasadena with a trip inside the einstein papers project. >> today, we are at the einstein papers project in pasadena at the california institute of technology.

ofame to caltech at the end 1930 -- einstein came to caltech at the end of 1930. visit almostd to as soon as caltech was founded. caltech became a university around 1920. and robert millikan was one of the founders of caltech. he came from chicago. he knew of einstein's work. the new einstein personally. he wanted icily that he wanted einstein to come to this new institute -- he wanted einstein to come to this institution. so, he arrives here just before new year's eve, 1930, 1931. he was driven in a motorcade from long beach to pasadena by the chairman of the board of trustees of caltech, arthur fleming, with whom he stayed for a few nights.

and the first thing he did was to watch the rose parade in 19th, 1931.january he was very famous by then. he was followed by journalists. he was appointed a visiting researcher at caltech. he didn't have to teach. he participated in seminars. he gave several lectures. and those lectures were not always publicized because they were afraid to many people would show up. he would give professional talks. einstein had already, in the mid-1920's, decided that he would not give popular scientific lectures. it was too much work and it was too difficult. there were many colleagues at caltech who einstein liked a lot, who he knew from the past. and he interacted with physics faculty, the geologists, and the

chemists at caltech. those were the four disciplines that represented 80 years ago at caltech. we do a lot more than that. the einstein papers project is very similar to, let's say, the presidential papers project. publishes the presidential papers of jefferson and franklin and all other presidents. it's a standard edition, if you want, like standard edition of shakespeare. documents find all pertaining to einstein's work and life, publish them in a diplomatic transcription, for in the original meaning. we keep all the documents, warts and all. if i send made some mistakes, if

einstein misspelled somebody day -- some of his name, which he already did, very interesting. then we transcribe the way he wrote. approximately manuscripts,, diaries, lecture notes, interviews, calculations, and letters to einstein. work isunique about our that we place einstein in the context of the scientistic desk scientific community, the political world, the social world in which he lived, and represent both sides of the correspondence. both letters written to him and his replies. and as he became more and more famous, einstein initiated less and less correspondence, but

replied to the world's onslaught. so until he was about 40 years old, einstein was well known to the physics community, which was very small at the time. after he gets the nobel prize and comes to the united states for the first time in the 1920's, he becomes very famous. people want to use him for all sorts of actions, enterprises, meetings, conferences, lectures, visiting professorships, and so on. and that's when his correspondence grows exponentially. while we have very little correspondence about the young einstein, he didn't keep his manuscripts. getting keep his letters. -- he didn't keep his letters. we have a lot of correspondence for the older einstein, and his replies to it.

so. these are our latest volumes that we published. here, you see the german edition of the collected papers of albert einstein. they were published in the original language with annotations, footnotes to every document. so we have very serious documents. for example, a statement that the sixth session of the international committee for intellectual cooperation, einstein was a great supporter of reconciliation among enemy nations and among the scientists of former enemy nations after world war i. and he was appointed to the league of nations committee of intellectual cooperation. that's when he also collaborated with milliken, who was the u.s. representative on that committee.

so, we have series items that deal with international cooperation. and we have silly little items, like a bird for baker of yeast cake. the text is in german, and it is signed by albert einstein senior and junior. ,here are two albert einstein's the one we were talking about s.d his son the cake quickly disappeared. soon nothing more of it could be found. we pay tribute to our benefactor, that is the person who picked the cake. the cake.

we have these silly versus. we have the manuscript. we used to have zero copies of these things. now we have high quality scans. this material is located at the albert einstein archives in jerusalem because einstein left all his papers to hebrew university. we work from the original, like this. we transcribe it and we explain it. we explain for the reader that this autographed document s igned, was written probably in berlin between the 23rd of july and 14th of august. we are not absolutely sure. we give some references.

we talk about his sons. we explain words like yeast cak e. word,this is not a easyn so we have to explain to the reader what it means. we say if the cake was baked by the sister. then we also translate into english the same document. you see there are footnote markers. they conform to the same markers two, three, four, five. the user can toggle between the german edition and english addition and check on the footnotes and read explanations.

all of this material is available online for free without a pay wall. this is an achievement i am personally proud of. we have succeeded in making this available to anyone interested in einstein. the popular understanding of einstein has changed tremendously since this project began, really up on einstein's death. the founder of this project was his secretary, who collected the material, organized the material, labeled the material. on the basis of her work, the first database was created in 1 the 1980, in princeton,

first electronic database. since then, this database has ballooned like an expanding universe. every year we find new material. in light of all this material accumulated since the 1950's, we have learned a lot and have changed our standard view of einstein. working of einstein with pen and paper in isolation with onellaborating or two people, has changed drastically since the einstein project. and the volumes you see behind me have been published. he was certainly not an isolated genius. grounded, as ay

student, among his students and professors, then as a researcher, a professor, member of the academy of sciences, and so on. he was very active. he had a huge scientific correspondence in which he discussed not his only work, but other scientists's work. he liked to help other people in their work. he also liked to help young people in their careers in the development of their work. inwas very interested technology and experiments. this is something that is new that people did not pay a lot of attention to in the past. he died in 1955. seem very long ago to young people, but not long ago for a historical figure.

that means asserting einstein's legacy will take a long time. we are making available this material for current and future generations of scholars who are interested in how scientific how they get accepted or rejected. did einstein care about experiment or didn't he? this is what we have shown over the last decade, that einstein cared deeply about whether his theories are confirmed experimentally. it is complicated and difficult, so most people do not have a chance, an opportunity, and even the skills certainly in primary or even high school to address way.ein's work in a deep

one thing that impresses me always that einstein worked very , things did not come easily. he did not have your regret moments -- eureka moments. maybe one, when he realized acceleration and gravity are the same, that falling from a roof ship,ying up in a rocket one feels more or less the same and one doesn't know which is which. is the gravity pulling me down up?s a motor pushing me this performance was described by einstein is one of

his great moments of insight. we only had one other example where he says something personal, my heart skipped a beat when the result cannot --came out correctly. everything else was hard work. as they say in german, seat of the pants. he didn't achieve success at a very early age. upscale in terms of abilities. he tried to hone his abilities in life. is what is encouraging for us to know about him, that hard work and cooperation with people who know better mathematics, who

know different aspects of physics might be helpful. one doesn't have to go it alone, and that inspiration doesn't bring great results, but hard work does. >> pasadena's romans bookstore was founded in 1894. current president and ceo takes us on a tour of this independent bookstore as we learn about its history, operation, and the bookstore business. >> i think i have always been in love with books. i feel like i was born with that gene. the moment i realized i have problem was when i was -- had a problem was when i was four years old and grocery shopping with my mom and asked her to buy me a copy of "my little pony." she said no. in the rearview mirror she saw

me reading the book. it was my first shoplifting experience. a bit of a slippery slope into book selling. i found my way on this path. at the time she made me apologize to the manager and take the book. i fell in love specifically, but i have always been in love with books. today we are at romans bookstore in pasadena, california. we are on the main floor of the -- not original building -- the original building is down the street, but this has been around since the 1940's. we doubled the size. this is the largest in pasadena. the history of romans and pasadena is this incredibly wonderful story, it is a love story. it starts in illinois with a man who worked on the railroads. she was a bibliophile. was a huge part of his life. he fell in love with a woman

named esther. she contracted tuberculosis, and the two of them decided to move west to get to warmer weather. they did this grand journey to the west coast, ended up in pasadena, california, which is amazing to think about. it is 1893, and there are 7000 people living in pasadena, which is amazing when you think about pasadena rose bowl hosts 90,000 people. they start their life here. sadly esther passes away. he is at this pivotal point in his life, does he go back to illinois or stay in pasadena? by now he has fallen in love with pasadena and decides to open a bookstore in the community. he sells his beloved book collection to raise the capital

to start the store. that is how it got started. romans is such a unique bookstore. part of that is the fact that we have been around so long, that we have been able to survive for 125 years through difficult times tells you a lot about the store. it very much shapes the culture of the store. part of that is you have customers -- the history of their families. we have customers shopping with us since they were five years old. i told the story of one of our customers who is in her 90's and chopped here -- shopped here since she was five years old. do much continuity like that you have in your life anymore? one of the things we offer here, we print wedding invitations. haveve bridges , --

brides, and we do their invitations and their mother's invitations. it is great to have that longevity. that is part of what makes romans unique. we are here on the second floor in our event space. we do about 1000 events a year. an incredibly robust event series. they range from author signings to children's programming, writing workshops, all kinds of things go on in this space. the author events -- there are a wide range of authors who have appeared over the years. it is everyone from literary figures like salman rushdie to government and political officials, president bill clinton, president jimmy carter,

we have had hillary clinton, laura bush -- it is just a long list of wonderful writers. contrary to what i think is popular belief about independent bookstores, we are experiencing a renaissance. the general assumption would be in the face of amazon that independent bookstores would be struggling. we have seen borders disappear and barnes & noble struggling, but the independent bookstore movement has been driving the past couple years, -- thriving the past couple years, which has been a pleasant surprise here at romans. i have my own theories about people's need for connection and community in a digital world. have lots of ways we interact with each other online and through social media, but

opportunities to communicate with like-minded people in ways you can experience. that is what independent bookstores offer to people. i think back to when i was a kid. in that small town, it was the church. people who share your values, that is where you connected and communicated. out now, with people moving into cities and not living in those environments, people are hungry for that. they are searching for it in places like starbucks and coffee shops. there is something about bookstores that is unique and special. you interact with someone in a bookstore, you really get to know them. you see them looking at a book that you love, that is an instant connection. i think that is partly what we are experiencing. that is my theory that people

need that connection, and independent bookstores serve that purpose. vroman the legacy mr. left us with. he was thinking about how to create community. he was a philanthropist, helped start the southwest museum, the metadata librarian. competitoroney to a so they could start their own bookstore. we continue that tradition today. the different ways we are supporting that sense of community is certainly our event series, because it brings thousands together. we have a relationship with an independent coffee shop downstairs. that becomes a gathering space. we have a partnership with another great independent business. independent bookstores offer

that kind of diversity and variety and the experience entrenched in the community. vroman's is a pasadena institution. could bethat the store in another city and be the same experience. people have shopped here for generations, and our local authors section, the pasadena pride section, the things we do to support the rose bowl, i could go on and on. i think there is something special about that, and people respond to it and want to be part of it. we are here in our kids section. i love this section. it is just magical. it is full of color and tons of books. my incredibly passionate and knowledgeable staff of

children's books sellers tell you about all the books they love that they have read. we have a storytime area. we have a fairy door. itese is a giant mural, k hanging from the ceiling. it instantly feels magical when you arrive in this space. i have so many kids tell me this is their favorite place, and i have so many adults wondering over here because it was a special treat for themselves. i kind of have a dream job. i spend every day of my life in a bookstore. it is pretty great, especially with a kid who grew up reading with stacks of books everywhere. my favorite part is just putting the right book in somebody's em thatd if you hand th

book at a particular point in their life, it could change their life. up. suddenly open yo realize thereu is a whole story behind what brought them in, whether they are trying to be helpful and look for a book in the psychology section and be of service to someone else in their life, or someone wants a book to make them laugh and it seems like an easy request, but they share an experience they are going through where they really need to laugh. you give them help in not just a offering humorut and solace. there is this whole other level you get to experience with

people that is very unique. it is one of the things that made me fall in love with bookselling, being in a store like vroman's getting to do that . i read all the time, so getting where authorsce are showing up all the time, it is like meeting rock stars every day of my life. authors are my rock stars. by getting able to talk to some of my heroes and being in a pla ce where that can just happen is other day, and that something that is special and meaningful to me. why should people shop in independent bookstores? you guys have gotten to spend the day here. i think you know the answer now.i think anyone who has been knows the minute they walk

in the door the error of their ways. that is the hope. often people ask me how i compete with amazon. i say that we don't. they are selling a commodity online at a discount. we are offering this incredibly rich complex experience where people get to come together and talk about books with people ors mett au -- meet auth they read growing up, a space designed for discovery and escape and entertainment. where else are you going to find that in today's world? people are missing out if they are shopping online. by shopping in independent

bookstores, you're getting so much better the community by ensuring they stay in business and your sales tax dollars go to support local jobs and local vendors and all of those things. i think everyone should be shopping in independent bookstores, and people who don't are missing out. >> while in pasadena, we spoke with author chip jacobs about town."k "smog >> growing up in pasadena was great. it is a city known for beauty and for recreation. especiallyhe summer would get pummeled by air pollution. kidse 1970's, none of us realized our parents had been dealing with this for a

generation. we felt it in our lungs. whether you had asthma or not, your lungs constricted, you would get bad headaches. we went play baseball or inteboarding, and we came because we felt so ghastly. the scientists would say it is aog, go lie down, put washcloth over your forehead. that didn't do anything at all. it was like a backdrop of our childhood. l.a.'s pearlwas harbor. it was on that broiling day in the middle of summer in world war ii, los angeles itself is doing well despite occasional fears of warfare. a thick smog came in. i don't know from what

direction, but it got so viscous and acrid that police officers directing traffic disappeared, window washers vanished. it was the beginning of heaven smog related automobile accidents. it was so bad, mothers were dragging their children into department stores to keep them from coughing. a sort of history and build. -- of hysteria built. there have been ordinances before, there were outcries, but this was different. it was combined from having too many cars and too much combustion in the weather system. it was so bad the politicians could not ignore it. we will tweak a few smokestacks and things will be normal.

this was a slap in the face that we were in the beginning of a crisis. man who probably saved southern california and whose work echoes across china and california, etc., because he found air pollution was the result of the egregious emissions from the top of a smokestack. iair solution was the result of having uncontested materials coming -- un combusted materials coming out of a tail pipe that would react in sunlight nitrogen oxide to produce ozone and other dangerous chemicals that were bad for human health, plant life, everything. it was an incredibly unpopular message. it was tail pipe exhaust.

that is really poisoning the area. airtarted it all by drawing into his basement lab at cal tech, reducing it to acid, running experiments, publicizing it. it blew minds. he was in his own nonpartisan way challenging the might of the automobile companies, gm, ford, chrysler. they were the emblems of american greatness across the world. he was basically saying your cars are killing machines. the problem was just because you know the answer doesn't mean you ack the genie back in the bottle. just as we were learning cars were poison machines, we were building freeways further off of the city center. automobile showrooms were

springing up. gas stations were sprouting like weeds. they are not only selling gas, but giving away free stuff. a freeway culture was building around los angeles, which had been auto-centric, lowering traffic speeds, promoting department store signs, all for the car driven lifestyle. to repudiateing us the fundamentals that made southern california like different. it took a darn long time to get people to go, maybe my choices weren't so great. they loved the cool vinyl seats and the wind back and stylish cars and hood ornament. we were living in a very car

wasen world, when the car making people sick. the beginning of our vanquishing startedollution really six or seven years ago after hawken schmitz -- 's landmark groups, eventher the car companies be grudgingly admitting their tailpipe exhaust was the source of the problem. beginning the of the california legislature requiring cars to have retrofitted equipment, mufflers, filters, those types of things. the legislature got more involved. people were demanding, especially mothers, solutions. the big breakthrough came when

california won the right to impose stricter tailpipe standards on vehicles in state than the rest of the country. detroit, michigan did not like this idea. other states did not like this idea. we banded together with massachusetts, new york. robert kennedy was instrumental in giving advice. we won with something called the emissions waiver, which gave us this right. the linden johnson case ofration brought a breach of trust, claiming to be working on the problem while they were filibustering and dela ying. that ended with a wimper. nixon settled the case. although it was under we had --

under nixon we had the clean air act. in the 70's, as my lungs can attest to growing up, it takes a while for public acceptance to get through the political ecosystem. the los angeles area still has the worst air pollution in the united states. it is greatly improved, partly because of the clean air act. it is still really bad air. it is not like china, which loses 3000 people a day. yeartill lose people a prematurely to air quality. californians want to be green. they want clean water. they want clean soil. we have a very passive type of environmentalism. we allow ourselves to be taxed.

we allow ourselves to pay for clean-air initiatives, better roads, alternative energy. every time you fill up your car at the gas station, every time you make a purchase or pay your property tax, you are getting hit there. that is what is propelling environmental progress or keeping things at the status quo. pouringe not people vegetable oil under the prius. although we have lots of electric hybrids, it is only 2% of the driving population. people still mainly drive solo in their cars. we have the worst traffic in the united states too. we relied on technology and levees to allow us to feel good about where we are environmentally.

there are not people protesting, yes we recycle. we have been programmed or conditioned like a rat, these are things you need to do if you want to insist in california. -- exist in california. there are streams that say you don't mess with someone's car and their gun. when you ask someone not to drive or to carpool, people feel like their rights are invaded. when they tried to get rid of the incinerator when people burned their trash, you would think they were asking for people's firstborns. unrestas a great tumult, over doing it. we have a unreconciled spirit of wanting clean air but also

rights.our rig consumer first lesson is apply science, use reason, impose logic and resist your first instinct to blame and judge and execute the first smokestack you don't like or the first easy solution someone whispers into your head. isre is a reason why america the technological vanguard of the world, and it is through the calm application of science. the other lesson is be careful of the culture you build communities on. if it seems too good to be true, it is false. the idea you could be having onlions of cars running

internal combustion technology zip around without having a consequence was delusional and dishonest and incredibly dangerous. that is where we found ourselves in the middle of the 1950's. we were building freeways. we were green lighting bigger caracas. -- bigger garages. saying thissts were is deleterious to the public health. we have to be careful of the lifestyles we let the public accept if we don't know the consequences. los angeles is built on the idea of a freewheeling lifestyle, spread out. now we are going in the opposite direction. manyasadena has built so stucco apartment buildings you

can't see the mountains anymore. ofbe that is just the march progress in understanding or shows we were shortsighted before when we were loving anything you could put a key into. we have to realize environmentalism is about relying on technology. everyabout understanding time you make a purchase, you are paying for the right to live in an area that is prone to terrible air pollution. the last lessons are, listen to your mother. sees a child is distracted in school, is coughing, is lethargic, there is something going on. there should not be air pollution in the year 2018. scary realities is

that we aren't making the progress the doctor would have expected, or the world would've expected, or our grandparents would have wanted, but we are still dealing with this. in countries like india, the middle east, it is a reminder the world has a long way to go. >> while in pasadena, we visit the california institute of technology to speak to professor michael alvarez about california's top two primary system. >> for the first time it is being used statewide, including california's race for governor. >> lieutenant governor gavin newsom holds a comfortable lead in the gubernatorial race into the june 5 primary, which under california's system will send the top two vote getters into

the runoff regardless of party affiliation. >> reformers wanted to move california to a less polarized political process. california about 10, 15 years ago, we were having a lot of trouble. the economy was in the rocks like everywhere else in the country. there was a lot of polarization in our state government in sacramento. the reforms pushed forward around 2010 to move us toward a less polarized political process. 2012 california experimented with the top two primary. this is a study of how it worked in the united states. in the united states, the constitution allows states to run their own election.

many will vote in a party primary. you register as a democrat, as a republican. you get to vote on a ballot with only democrat or only republican names on it. that is how most primaries have been conducted. some states are looking at opening that process up where partisanship is not much of a factor. california is one of these states experimenting primary processes where voters on election day have a ballot that has every candidate listed regardless of the candidate's party.- voter's they get one vote for those candidates. that is why it is called the top two. it is a different primary system than most in the united states

experimenc -- experience. this is a study to see how that worked in the first election in 2012. party polarization means the legislature often has trouble getting things done, especially when the legislature is relatively divided between the parties. in california, that was manifesting itself. they were not passing budgets on-time. policy was not moving forward in an expeditious way. era ofte was in an partisan infighting. the legislative efficiency falls apart. voters can see when things aren't happening. we of course see it happening in washington dc today. there was a sense in california that we needed to move forward

to get to a place where we have a less polarized, less partisan process. these kind of reforms can be relatively easy once they get on the ballot. voters typically like political reform. we collected a relatively large survey where we interviewed over 5000 voters throughout the state and different -- in different legislative districts. we asked them different questions and analyzed the data. what is the voter's reaction? did they like it? are they crossing over and voting for candidates of the opposite party, and if so, why? importante most

change we would like to see in terms of the top two. understanding the motivations underlying that crossover voting behavior in the primary is critical for understanding how the top twos work. voters do like to cross over and vote for candidates of the opposite party. they tend to do that because they just like that candidate for some reason. they like that candidate policy positions. overare crossing nonstrategic regions. to tryers crossing over bemonkey up the process, to malicious, to nominate the turkey from the opposite's party? that has been one of the criticisms of the blanket primary or top two primary. just isn'tey, there

much of that kind of behavior. voters are crossing over to over candidates for sincere reasons, because they like those candidates. this gives voters an opportunity in the primary to support candidates who they really prefer. we think it is slowly having an effect on political polarization. it will not change how the legislature does business overnight. what we have seen over time is the academic analyses we do have all started to indicate at the margins, the legislature has gotten less polarized. other studies are indicating they are being more effective at what they do. we can see it because things

like the budget is happening on time. they are getting their job done now. legislation is being enacted. we are seeing governors like governor brown, a relatively moderate governor reelected to office. just affecting polarization, but the statewide constitutional officers we are electing, seemingly supporting their move toward the middle. we are conducting a significant follow-up study. the main difference is we have more data. it is good and bad. it is good in the sense that we have run the experiment of the top two many times. less understand -- helping us understand things we could not in 2012.

these are situations that occur in california with some degree have inency, where we the general election two candidates of the same party. and the rest of the country, that is an unusual thing. you don't think of a governors election where it is a democrat and democrat or republican and republican in the election. now since we have data in 2018, we can understand the phenomenon of the call partisan general election. -- co-partisan general election. we can look at the legislative data. using data from the legislature's operations, looking at legislative

outcomes. we accumulated a lot more information, so we have a lot more data to understand these nuances being introduced into the legislative process. we are a fan of top two i californian. it gives them opportunities to vote for candidates in the primary election who they can truly support. party becomes less of a factor. whether top two i the mechanisms that will end polarization in washington dc or other state legislatures, probably not by itself. it is part of a series of reforms california enacted that are moving us to a less polarized process. other states can adopt these reforms. it will help. whether it helps what is going on in washington dc today, hard

to say. it wouldn't hurt. that is the conclusion of the book. the top two may be helping, but it certainly doesn't hurt anything. it certainly hasn't led voters to have fewer choices. there are lots of negative consequence is you can imagine it could have, but our data indicate it doesn't have those negative consequent is. it may have a positive effect. we think it is something other states could think about adopting. >> part of the reason i ended up making the book, when my husband and i first moved here in 1985, we were able to learn a lot about euro american history and black history, and i did not think latinos had any history in pasadena. i started to meet elders living

in the community. there reallyarn was a rich history here. part of the reason i wanted to write the book, as we are going through the city, there is nothing that shows we were ever hear. -- were ever here. the people that were living there, the folks coming to this new area, first had gone through mexico. see is when you begin to folks living in mexico. a century and some later, they descend they will send people up and expanding, and they are going to populate the area before these other people come and take away their land.

when we are thinking about american history, we tend to think of it as north-south, black-white, western expansion paradigm. as history is told, everything is coming from the east coast over to here, and it is as if mexicanos and asians and others are doing nothing until you all come over. and the reality is there is a lot going on. among the things is the u.s. mexican war that is finished in 1848. you have this sense of, they were our opponents during the war, they were vanquished. so mexican history begins to vanish.

it is not included. it is not seen as being as valuable, for example, as african-american history here in pasadena. >> with the help of our spectrum cable partners, we are in pasadena, california exploring the local literary scene. next we speak with colleen of prospect park books. >> today we are in my office of prospect park books, a suburb of pasadena just two blocks north. this is our office. we have been here four years. there are three to five of us here on any given day working on producing books. >> what is the story? >> i was a writer and editor working on books and magazines and publishing related things. 12 years ago, i decided to publish one book called hometown

pasadena, which came out of living here and falling in love with the city. i produced that one book. i wasn't intending for this to happen. it did a lot better than i thought it would. then i thought, well, i will do some more books. it kept growing from there. >> what kind of books do you publish? >> it is an eclectic mix of regional nonfiction, mystery fiction, general fiction, cookbooks. we do cookbooks from southern california authors. general trade publishing, pretty small mix. >> compared to larger companies, what makes prospect park unique? >> we can find the niches the big new york companies cannot.

we can work closely with our authors, and it is much closer than a corporation would be. we had an author stop by with some jams she is using for a promotion. in terms of what we publish, we will take some risks on niches the big guys won't do. we also know california. i have lived here all my life. the new york publishing companies don't know my backyard the way i know my backyard. that was the motivation too. >> the book "hometown pasadena," what is it about? >> everything about the city of pasadena. i told you i fell in love with it. it was so much richer than i thought it would be when i first moved here 27 years ago. it is about all aspects. it is very future magazine oriented. we have a lot of essays from

notable writers in this community. is architecture -- the city internationally famous for its architecture. the gardens, also famous for that. the culture, the literary scene, both past and present, the food. has --a has -- allegedly more nonprofits per capita than any city in the united states. and for better or worse, it has more private schools per capita than any city in the country. there is a very strong focus here on education, on culture, on the arts and on beauty. this is a community that is in

love with beauty, i think. >> why is that important for locals to know about themselves? >> i think they already know it. is ine was that pasadena love with itself. they like digging it is the best kept secret. i also published a novel, that is our best selling book of all time. she perfectly celebrated and skewered the pasadena thing, which is, my family has been here for generations, we do things a certain way, we are happy in our little land here, going over to los angeles is such a bother. anyway, i think there is a strong sense of community. newcomers take a little time. she is the other issue

makes fun of in her novel. she arrived as a newcomer, will these people -- i did not go to kindergarten with these people, will i fit in? it could take a long time. other parts of elway are -- of l.a. are famous for being more transient. >> are they any favorite examples of yours in hometown pasadena? >> i don't like to pick out favorites. for this edition of the book, we we got anun with -- illustrator and did a clist called perfectly pasadenan. it spoofs the archetypes here. a hunting club founded the rose

parade, very old school. there are those that work in television and the film and entertainment industry, but they don't want to be flashy like those west siders. we had fun. the car they drive, the dog they have, where they get their coffee. the brainiac, which is the cal tech crowd. this community -- there is also a very strong arts community. fun is one thing new and about it. because we are talking about literary pasadena, we have a section that i am proud of about

the literary history that goes back a long time. it has our bookstores. we have had many writers come out of here from 100 years ago. writer to aonderful piece on octavia butler. she is one of the scholars at the octavia butler library. we have excerpts about writing in pasadena, tribute to our bookstores, which we think are world-class as it gets. >> you are involved in something called litfest pasadena. >> litfest pasadena is a literary festival that started maybe six years ago . it is a weekend celebration of literary culture, but it is not

limited to pasadena. it is just here because it is a wonderful place for that. it is here in the spring in the weekend in may. in fact we are having a planning meeting in the office tonight. it is over in the playhouse district in the pasadena playhouse, held in various venues in that area. ofs is a two day celebration culture, mostly literary culture area. south los angeles everything from children's books to sci-fi, poetry slams, a panel on publishing, children's book performances, all kinds of things. it is a lot of fun. every year is different. this year we are going to have a great lineup. it is a two day celebration of

the book. >> what is the goal? >> the mission is under the ages bringer, a of light nonprofit focused on the arts. they sponsored are other famous parade. it is really too boost the community literacy here. there is a big focus in lit fest in getting teenagers from local schools to take part in reading. boost literacy, get people to read and write >> that is all for my question. do you have any avenues of thought you want to explore? reasons i did this

book, hometown pasadena, really the core reason -- my husband and i hear 27 years ago with a child on the way, with some trepidation in my part. had thep in l.a., notion pasadena was stuffy and boring, but we found a nice place to raise a family. i had this bias about it. for the next few years, fell in love with it. it is much more diversified than i realized. there are a wide range of people , interests, the history, art, culture -- i did not understand how much was here. i really fell in love with it. that is where the book idea came angeles don't know. >> thank you.

colleen: of course. i appreciate it. who doesn't -- announcer 1: our visit to pasadena, california is a "book " exclusive, and we showed it to you to introduce you to c-span's cities tour. we have been bringing the book seen to our viewers for eight years. you can watch this at c-span.org/citiestour. announcer 2: supreme court oral argument in flowers v. mississippi, a case on racial bias in jury selection. and robert mueller released his relate -- unleashed his report. we will see house floor debate from earlier this month on releasing it to the public. newsmakers, starting at 10:00 p.m. eastern with the nc chairman tom perez. the client -- growing field of hopefuls, the party convention in milwaukee and candidate debates.

the communicators with greg walden and senator edward markey, looking at key issues in internet, technology and policy. [captions copyright national cable satellite corp. 2019] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. visit ncicap.org] [no audio] announcer 1: next, supreme court oral arguments in the supreme court -- in flowers v. mississippi. in six trials related to a 1996 armed robbery.