you will never see my diaries. at theries are capped bush library, but they are not available for public view. until 35 years after her death. i thoughtod that and she was unlikely to let me see them. the end of the fifth interview, she said you can see my diaries. that was an incredible gift. next, a tv exclusive. our cities tour visits cedar rapids, iowa. for eight years, we have traveled to united states cities ringing the literary scene and historic sites to our viewers. you can watch them at c-span.org/cities tour.

>> we are exploring the american story. this weekend, we visit cedar rapids, iowa was second-largest ofy with a population 132,000. it is located in east intro iowa. with the help of our cable partners, over the next 90 minutes we will learn about the city's history including a visit to the arts studio. this is where american gothic was painted. it is the piece that everybody knows. people won't know the artist or the title but it is an iconic piece. later, we will visit a mosque. >> the significance of this place is that it is the first house of worship that the muslims built in north america.

we are part of america. this is the proof. withgin on a tour historian mark stauffer hunter. >> the spirit of that you original people in the 1840's and 1850's still lives on today. the innovation, the spirit, the attitude, the optimism. while in cedar rapids, we took a driving tour of the city. >> thank you so much for joining us. i am so excited to do this. >> you are an expert. theare also an expert on hidden history. all things weird and wonderful. the layers of history.

the buildings and people and stories. >> we are going to see all of that today. where are you going to take us? >> we are going to go downtown. we will take a close look at largeststill call the cereal factory in the world quaker oats. we're about to go out onto the lincoln highway. the crosses from new york to california. >> what would this have looked like in the early days? it would have been a series of large mansions. have seen people living in large houses on this hell.

>> it is very snowy. i am very tempted to do that. that would be in keeping of what people did here. >> you can't come to iowa in the middle of winter and not address that it is so cold here. >> we have to have a lot of endurance here because we are super cold. chills but then in the summertime, we get indexed date -- heat indexes of up to 120 degrees. right now, if we were driving down the street 11 years ago, this car would be completely engulfed in water. it went over the railings of the bridge. of cedar rapids was covered in the flood of 2008.

10 naturalhe top disasters in the state history. >> how long did it take to recover? >> it took the better part of five or six years to get the properties removed. homes that had0 to be destroyed. it as a reason to build cedar rapids bigger and better. all of that is post-flood redevelopment. >> we are outside of the studio here. who was granted would? >> grade what is the artist seen ashat is widely the second most recognizable painting in the world. behind of the mona lisa is the american gothic painting. we all know that is the man standing with a pitchfork. there is a woman standing next to him. there is a great underlying story. those people are cedar rapids

people. the man is great would. the artist and his dentist. he was at actual person. the joke is on all of us because when i started studying local history, i used to talk to his former patients. they said he was the funniest guy they ever knew. when you look in the painting, he looks very grumpy. he was really a funny guy. he put his dentist in the painting and the woman is his sister. she is only 28 years old when the painting was done. she was ok with it. american gothic was painted right here in this carriage house which is now owned by the museum of art. he lived upstairs and the hayloft. american gothic was painted up there.

we are proud that we have preserved this place and we are the home to american gothic. you can see the painting in chicago but it came from here. we're going to go past the history center. the history center started out as a house for the two families that are synonymous cedar rapids history. douglas is that started the quaker oats plant. oatmeal being made here for 146 years. >> it is an important part of my morning. chemical check it out? >> there is a beautiful view of the factory. it started in 1873. when i was growing up, good take tours. all the cap'n crunch in the world is made in cedar rapids. >> is it true that the air sometimes smells like crunchberry? >> just want to go outside and eat the air.

it smells good. a huge economic driver. this was a major crop in this area in the early years, and now it is more soybeans. this is a school on the right. we were a count of mostly scottish and irish immigrants. a family came here and they wanted to build the largest pork and beef processing plant in the united states, and they started in this neighborhood. the packing houses stink. people from the region of bohemia came here here, and we were completely welcoming to that group. >> what year? >> 1870's is when the huge

diversity of cedar rapids changed dramatically and the existing population fully welcomed the bohemian population. they populated this area around the job source. and the result was they built their own little mini downtown. like other cities, like little italy, we have little bohemia. we are the only city in the united states that has that. as it became more industrial in the mid-20th century, the folks shifted to the west side. this is a former bohemian movie theater, a former hardware store. this is the oldest restaurant-bar in cedar rapids. it has not changed at all since 1934, because of the bohemian immigrants, eastern europe, that opened the door for all other groups to see us in the 1880's and 1890's. they were followed by the influx of russians, italians, greeks.

we have a middle eastern muslim population coming here in the 1890's, a small chinese population, and different backgrounds. a reputation of being a very diverse area in cedar rapids. we were such a focus of czech ethnic history. this is a renovated first, because this was seen as the older area. as more early to mid 20th century architecture. it continued the pattern of bohemian commercial neighborhood that got its start on the east side of the river. we are passing through the neighborhood -- >> the wright brothers lived here? >> yes. they traveled with their father. at one time they had a home. their father was a bishop in the church. he was assigned cedar rapids for

years. they lived in this neighborhood in downtown cedar rapids. they lived in three different homes. have documented where they were. they went to the school list it on the site where the public library is now, and orville wright wrote in his autobiography that when they were children in cedar rapids their father brought home a flying toy that inspired them to study flying. so the inspiration for flying happened in cedar rapids. we love that. this is one of the early significant sites of the wright brothers. >> not only did they live here in cedar rapids, but former first lady mimi eisenhower. >> she was well known in iowa state history, that mamie was born and she lives here for 10 years. she was here because their father was working as a buyer. she spent the first 10 or 11 years of her life in cedar rapids.

one of the home she lived in is still standing. it is one of the great secrets. the home is right here on the right. it is the second home on the right. the white squarish looking house with the porch. that is the childhood home of mamie eisenhower. >> why do you think it is important for people to know about the midwest history and specifically about iowa and cedar rapids history? >> the midwest and cedar rapids in particular is at the crossroads of the entire national development movement. we established railroad connections to the east and west coast, so we had developments all going back. the people in stories that we have developed have relevant links to the rest of the country

and the rest of the world. >> the cedar river runs through downtown cedar rapids. it is named after the red cedar treatment which is native to the region. people want know the artist or the title but it is an iconic piece. he was in iowa boy. he moved to cedar rapids when he was 10 years old. he lived here until he moved to iowa city.

he was artistic from a young age. we have early sketches of the or 1904.om 1906 he was always artistic. father was a quaker. he was always very creative. he went off to europe for times during the 1920's to study because that's what artists did. the artistic education was not complete until you went to europe. for the early parts of his ander, he was painting expressionistic style. phase of histure career, he slowed it down and he developed a hard aged or linear style. comingincided to him back to his last trip in europe he took in 1928 and he realized that the midwest was just as worthy of art is anywhere in europe.

he wanted to paint was surrounded him in iowa. the city allowed him to be a professional painter when it would've been quite rare for someone in eastern iowa to have that as a profession. he offered to let grant would move into this as a studio space and a residence. he quickly realized that he could make this into a space where he could live year-round and turner was not charging him any rent. that allowed tim -- allowed him to quit his job and become a professional artist. >> this would have been the

bedroom. there were mattresses under these alcoves. you could bring them out at night. this space functioned as a stage. grants would have posted amateur theatricals here at night. the space would have been stage than the audience would be sitting back in the large living area. he was also handy. he pushed this part of the house out and created another source of light plus stories for himself. he also created the space is a place to put his paintings. you can stack a bunch of campuses and boards here than push into the wall. here are some of the other paintings that he did while working in the studio. a portrait of his mother from 1929. she is holding her snake plant.

he was very inspired by northern renaissance painters and it was typical in the renaissance to paint a portrait of someone holding an attribute of their personality. she has her plants. doctors of the american is another fantastic one. this is a painting i like because i show -- i think it shows his witty personality. when he was creating stain glass of window for the veterans he caught some flack from people because there was not a stained-glass place in the united states that could work on such a large scale. so he went to munich, germany to create the window. window andr memorial we had just finished the war and some people thought it was not patriotic. he painted this portrait of three daughters of the revolution.

midnight ride of polar beer is another one of his pieces that look to america's past. very doll like, tiny writing -- rocking horse, he is writing through the town. this utilizes his sense of landscape with a stylized lollipop trees. the fantasy clips in the background. it is fun to see those elements come together. this is his most iconic pan -- painting, american gothic. in that same year, he entered in a competition where it won a bronze medal and the museum bought it for $300. it's one of the most iconic pieces of american art. he used his dentist and his

younger sister as models. is describedister as being the farmer's wife or the spinster daughter here. the architecture we see in the background is an actual building that still exists in iowa. tont would is referring american gothic, the pointed window. this is something that is typical of european gothic architecture. it struck him as interesting that this unassuming iowa farmhouse would use a delicate window typical of european gothic. he fell in love with this building. he make -- made a quick oil sketch of it but wanted to use it in a painting.

the gothic in europe, because it is mostly used for cathedrals, is associated with religion and the sacred. in the background, you can see a tall plants which is another thing he used in his paintings. this plant is known as mother-in-law's tongue. also a snake plant. it is very hearty. it is something that he used in a lot of his paintings. sister is that his using, he reused a lot of props. it was his mother's and you can see her wearing it and another painting. it is striking here. the apron, very typical of iowa farm wives during this. theairs beautifully with

overalls that the dentist is using. overalls were great woods trademark. he addressed himself in them constantly and painted in them. it is interesting he uses them for the doctor here. the midwestern marker. american gothic is one of those once-in-a-lifetime kind of paintings. entirelook at his collection altogether, you can see its predecessors. it is not an outlier in his career. he was interested in midwestern architecture and he did a lot of portraits. in black-and-white and people just really had a response to it.

they fell in love with it. they were interested in the story and who the models were and what it said about the midwest. all of america got into it and it became this iconic these. people had a lot of thoughts about it. whether it was dour frontierners or good foundational values that were going to keep america together. was oddly for people who don't look emotional, a piece that engenders a lot of emotion for people. his career skyrocketed after american gothic. it completely changed the trajectory of his career. he started getting your commissions. he took a job at the university .f iowa in ios any area he traveled a lot. he became the face of american themed painting or regionalism.

he became the face of that art movement. he traveled the country and gave a lot of talks. he was busy putting forth the idea that the midwest was a viable place to create art. he started an artist colony for a few summers. encourage artists to paint where they were and what they knew. tell them you don't have to go to europe to paint worthwhile things. you can do it in your own backyard. i think the way iowans thought about their state and the way outsiders thought about iowa changed with great wood. he painted during the great depression but you do not see that in his paintings. they are very idealized. everyone is healthy and working. -- there is no dust bowl or drought or flood. coming up corn is perfectly and the houses are neat and beautiful. he was operating with some

nostalgia for an iowa that never existed. people from iowa had somewhat mixed reactions. they thought he might be making fun of them. i think he really shaved what people who aren't from iowa thought of the state. today, people, and have the idea of rolling hills and arm land. -- farmland. a lot of that comes directly from great wood. he died february 12, 1942 of pancreatic cancer. it came on quickly. he started feeling bad. he came back and was diagnosed and passed away fairly early in 19 or a two. he was very young when he died.

he could have had the rest of his career ahead of him. he died before his time which is sad. grant wood is still a part of the community and iowa. i think is most important as a symbol for current iowa artist. as a reminder that iowa is viable as an artistic subject. our landscapes and people are worthwhile and tainting them is a worthwhile thing to do. eating them is a worthwhile to do. >> the national czech and slovak museum is set up to be the national repository of the facts.

books, library materials, archives. inple ask me why this is cedar rapids. people were motivated to have a museum here. there -- they were motivated to get a museum for their beautiful treasures here. this is our permanent exhibit. it is 7500 square feet. it tells the story of the czech and slovak people that also the freedom and identity. a big part is the immigration story. they came here for a different kind of freedom.

a replica of a steamship because a lot of people came on a ship. the ship resonates with a lot of people. just about everybody in america has ancestors that came from and where else. a lot of them came on the ships. rapids, they came up until 1920. they were definitely on this steamer ship. we have an interesting story from a woman who came over as a little girl. she was seven years old. they have some interesting stories of playing on the ship and getting locked in the library. it is an interesting story. father came here to get a job with a certain organization in cedar rapids. they thought they would go back, but they never did. they stayed. where weis someplace

see people of different heritages thinking my family came over on a ship like this as well. it would never be totally clean. there are belongings everywhere and trucks and things. we try to make it seem realistic for people when they want to come in. we have the ship set up to look like third class or what some people would call steerage. you have a lot of people without money who were crammed altogether in the bottom of the ship. some immigrants did come that way but there was first-class and second class. they had enough money to buy passage in second class and access to the library and other parts of the ship. in the first-class passengers were coming here without -- they

were hoping to get land. others had plenty of money to come here and purchase a business. economicjust different walks of life. revolution in europe in 18 or he ate which ended serfdom. the people were allowed to leave the areas that they had grown up in. there was a shortage of land. ofund 1850, you see a lot migration from western europe into the united states. the checks and slovaks were no different. they started coming in 1850 there was some trickling in at the main bulk was 1870's and 1880's. we saw a lot of them mostly into this part of iowa. to be in thed eastern part of the country. especially around pittsburgh and cleveland. there are large slovak neighborhoods there. a lot of the checks that came

here wanted land. peaceful -- people were also carrying on their trade. that continued until the 1920's. then it tapered off. after that, we had more political emigres coming in the 1930's and 1940's. there are lots of items in our collection that were brought by immigrant. some of our most interesting stories of the artifacts are items that were brought. we have for example a type of clothing that a woman war on the ship. it was very cold coming over on the atlantic. a lot of layers of clothing and wall and big shawls or blankets. we have pictures of women with their babies wrapped up. the glamorous clothing came later but in order to be on the ship, you needed to dress in a warm and practical way with many

of your different clothing items layered one on top of the other. had limited people trunk and storage space. you could not ring everything you own. what was interesting to us is the things that people chose to bring with them. the immigrants to the united states from the lands were mostly coming for better economic conditions. they were not fleeing oppression. i just wanted land or an opportunity to make more money. they were coming here for many different reasons but some of them chose to bring religious artifacts. we do have on display some items holyour collection like books or prayer cards. that as a baptismal font 12-year-old girl chose to bring with her. we have garnet jewelry that is

passed from relative to relative. targets are important in czechoslovakia. at the bohemian garnet is something that is mind there. we have some beautiful garnet items that people bring with them. they would carry it in their trunk or perhaps keep it on their person. people broughtt were practical lake tea sets for a vegetable slicer or a special cake pan. people were bringing very practical things and sometimes surprising sentimental things or cultural items. now to the folk dresses. this is probably the most popular part of this exhibit especially for people who are of czech and slovak heritage. collection, half of it is

textiles. a lot of them are these folk dresses. we have dozens of these full costumes and the collection. we always have at least 12 on display. for from each region. we change them out once a year because we have so many, we want to share them with people. they are very distinctive. that was folk address worn on special occasions like weddings, funerals, church services, festivals, pilgrimages. it is not every day use. a lot of these were brought by 1900.ants in they were brought in the trunk when you had to be careful about what you would bring with you. some of these were brought with the immigrants so they were

obviously important enough that they wanted to bring a piece of their culture with them. the folk address varies from village to village. any given village will have a different one from the neighboring village. they have a lot of interesting techniques of embroidery all over. there is one right now that has gold wrapped wire that is actual gold. that is from slovakia. embroidery, they are all distinctive and beautiful. a lot of work goes into them. you can tell a lot about the person's economic status, their marital status by looking at it. we know that unmarried women and girls could heather heyer showing. a floraljust have wreath or ribbons in their hair. once a woman was married, she was supposed to keep her hair which is part of her view -- beauty part of her family.

a bride and groom would have a distinctive headdress. then, a married woman would have a red headscarf. we have a little section about the types of jobs people had they were of so many different types of work and economic levels. we know that slovaks tended to settle in the east. were mines or industry. that was young men coming by themselves. they would send money back home. the checks into iowa were interested in getting land and being farmers. some people also came to work in working asnd cities a butcher in the meat market or opening a bakery or a bank or being a businessman as we would say. an interesting famous czech american was the mayor of chicago. that is a pretty high position.

withs in florida in 1933 fdr and there was an assassination attempt and he was the one who was hit not fdr. in 1933.ally died other famous czech americans were -- madeleine albright. she was born in czechoslovakia. there are quite a few czech americans that we know of. they came to this country to practice their trade. after 1920, immigration to the united states from all countries took a bit of a dive because the imposingates started quotas on how many people could come from various countries. political events going on in europe and the rest of the immigration.enced

in 1938 when hitler's was coming to power, we have a wave of immigrants mostly jewish. they came into the united states. 1948 when communism came into power in czechoslovakia, a wave of people left because they did not want to live in a communist country. in 19 da, there was an uprising against communism in czechoslovakia. that was smashed by the soviet troops pouring into czechoslovakia with their tanks. some people chose to leave feeling like -- they wanted a better life in a free nation. this is the history section. it tells the story of the tumultuous 20th century. it is mostly about the history of the checks and low box who stayed behind and what became czechoslovakia fighting for their freedom. there were three struggles for freedom in the 20th century for

the checks and slovaks. before world war i, there was not a czechoslovakia. calledere regions bohemia, arabia, and there was a great leader and .zechoslovakia austrian hungry empire was defeated. the country was a 20 century country. he is the first president of the thiszechoslovakia and statute represents this important person, but itself

also has an interesting story. prizedrobably our most artifact and when the unit agreement happened in nazi germany came in, it had to be hidden. plus, it could have been melted down. three times during world war ii, this was hidden and the way they did it was varying it into the ground. it is quite heavy, over a hundred pounds. ther world war ii ended, statue came to light and again it was a free country and then they [no audio]

they did not belong to the there. it got stored the original owners of the statue eventually discovered it in storage at one of the basements and when the family came to the notice they, they were allowed to bring it with them. it had been in the united states 1977 and in the year 2000, the family gave it to us here in the museum. ended, therear ii were about three years of harmony in czechoslovakia and 1948, the communist party came to power.

then, communism was the government in czechoslovakia at that time. we have a car, the only car in our collection which is a knee automobile. it was used by a communist so itl in the 1960's and was a sinister vehicle. it would pull up in front of an apartment building or house and people never knew who they want. usually, officials would come and take someone away for questioning. maybe they would come back, maybe they wouldn't. the secret police were going around photographing people going about their daily lives, files and folders on what they said. this was the communist government keeping an eye on

people. it was a symbol of oppression and people worried about what you can and cannot say or can and can't do. [no audio] this time, they are leaving because they don't want to be under communism. there's a gentleman who was a journalist and he brought the typewriter with him and the interesting thing is that at that time, if you found a typewriter, you have to register it with the government just like you had to register a gun. we sometimes trip ourselves up here.

after the revolution in 1989, it was still czechoslovakia, but really was in three years they decided to split into their own country, so in 1993, we have a split and now we have czech republic and slovakia. the story is important on several levels. story thatcific happened, communism and not the oppression. that happened to a lot of different people in europe, especially in america we are so blessed with our freedoms that we might take advantage -- take advantage. you might say american struggles for the freedom and a lot of things happened in the 20th century. it was not that long ago that

communism was predominantly in eastern europe, so we think that is really important. it is one of those things that if you don't know about, it might repeat itself. >> we are at the mother mosque of america were c-span is learning about the history. you more inside the development of islam as an established religion in the united states. significance of this is that it is symbolic of the freedom of religion. it is the first house that the muslims built in north america.

we are part of america and in , the muslims came 30 years .ater settled in cedar rapids, iowa and other places because there were christian arabs prior who came. they were neighbors and they knew they were in north america cominga, so they started thenping each other, but

the children were educated. they still stand up on their feet. it was a full welcoming and given a chance to grow. the early 1900s, the christian , they started thinking and souilding a church the arab muslims helped the christian arabs to build that church and they raised funds for the church. in the late 20th, the muslim community decided to build the called a 90 --ey

[indiscernible] came and helped them to bake and sell to the neighbors and that is basically how the mother mosque was built cooperationd between the arabs and the community at large, so they in 1992 -- 19que [inaudible] 60, 7080 people max. the mosque war ii, was really tiny because the immigrants came from germany at in the 1960's

[indiscernible] mosque wasr a larger needed. this mosque was used for 40 years. unfortunately, they sold the .osque year they come and play and it was for again and this time cambodian refugees, they used it . it was sold again and then it church --inted by a

rented by a church. i received a phone call from my neighbor. a lady was complaining that we are not taking care of the mosque because of the weeds and to falling apart, so i came assess the situation and i saw it falling apart so we made a deal to buy the building back campaigning for , wemosque and by 1992 opened the mosque. when we talk about harassment anddiscrimination pressuring muslims in america,

we will say we do not feel this is happening. we hear about it in other communities, but not the mother mosque will stop the mother mosque is part of the fabric of iowa. itt is why they called american [indiscernible] mosque. it is something they cherish. the mosque has never been under or harassed or discriminated against. in fact, a big thing happened in september. the incident that shook the wason, the mother mosque receiving letters of support. any messages came from our

neighbors. we know this is not the way they are for training islam, so that was a relief. rapids,unity of cedar whether it is the government or the mayor or the belief in cedar rapids, they always want to protect the mosque. it is their entity and their legacy. of thes hate and some american population, but thank extend toate did not their heritage because this

from the american ground up. standing in the african-american history museum in iowa. it was built 15 years ago. the purpose was to fill in the gaps and traditional education -- that traditional education was not providing. it just shared stories that were not part of our regular educational to some. ironically, some of the founders of the museum were not from iowa and when they arrived here, they and ied about the history did a little digging to find out if there was enough out there

and once they did that, they found out there was quite a bit of african-american history and iowa and that was the start of the museum. >> what we wanted to do is focus on african-american migration, not just throughout the nation, but specifically iowa. this map of i will is depicting the african-american population by each iowa county for the year 1870. you can see by the map where the communities started. it is very heavy along the southern border because this is when missouri and african-americans were enslaved, they were under railroad routes that took you write under iowa,

so you have heavily populated areas running all across the bottom. iowaer way they came into was the mississippi river which borders our state. we were the first free state to get to from the south if you're coming up the mississippi. migratingbody who was , the idea was they would come north, secure funding, send it back home with the hopes that their family could come up with them. they often were trying to make their way as far north as canada. times, they would get on the ships and they would stop somewhere and they did not have enough money to get further

north to canada, so they would stop and do some work and find out -- fine african-american communities -- find african-american communities. when they got here and settled into some of these communities, they found most employment as ,eing farmhands, barbers domestic servants. a big shift occurs when the androads gain in popularity as they started moving west, iowa was not missing out. railroads were being felt -- built fast and furiously. enginesroads were seen

and another big push in iowa was coal mining. --entimes, the actual minds mines were under contract with a particular railroad company and they would provide coal to just that specific row company. companies, the rowan companies, they would actually send recruiters to the men who paid their way up your, gave them stories of jobs aplenty and potential to earn. found ay came and hostile environment, they were taking away jobs who were trying pay, anize, get equal

lot of hostilities occurred with that. one exception is the coal mining -- it started out as the rest. wascompany, which consolidation coal company was a bit unique in its practices and that when the strikes had ended, they would employ the strikebreakers which was typically not done. , ay were given training place to live while they learned the trade. if they did not know it, they did not always choose experienced miners to come. about them to bring their families to bring their friend and say there's work here.

grew.wn just grew and what else is unique is the discriminate.t equal pay for everyone. they allowed black-owned businesses to thrive, so you have this burgeoning black middle class and it was a very prosperous time and a very prosperous place to live. it is a very short span of history. bywas in severe decline 1927. the next search of margaret's to iowa was in the illinois central railroad strike that happened in waterloo, iowa around 1911. it is the same type of thing

with the mining. the company does not want to allow unions. they did not want to deal with fair wages, so again, they brought up strikebreakers. may brought them up a train in waterloo. well withot go over the citizens of waterloo who were very much behind the striking workers and it was very difficult when the strikebreakers arrived, they were really not wanted. no one would rent them. they had no money to buy homes, so what the railroad company did community a box car families, sets of families all shared one boxcar.

the hostilities of the people living in waterloo, they were looking at a population that had very few african-americans, about 30 at the time and in the span of a few months, they are looking at 400, so it was a mass exodus, a takeover of their town in their eyes. they were really ostracized for being there in the area set up was run along the tracks and it was dealt a smokey row. the press at the time equated it with a devils den kind of area known for prostitution and entertainment was

owned by the white population. they painted a picture and has hadately, that area issues every -- ever since in one way or another. there's an area that is probably the highest in the state and there are still issues to be does stem thisit back -- stem that this bar will stop something to keep in mind fluctuationof this is occurring decades before the great migration which is most familiar in people's minds. coming,rity of people

the largest, the peak years of 1962 to 1918 and the waterloo strike was 1911. 1800s, so there's a lot going on before we had the mass exodus and people are coming for urban areas in the northeast especially, but also making their way through chicago and they are also still coming , i wouldowa and often been a second or third migration. from -- most were coming from farms or smaller urban centers and they find the , the opportunities they were expecting to find our there and so they make a second or third migration to a new

state like iowa where you can purchase a piece of land, you can work on someone's arms, the cities a lot more manageable >> after world war i, many troops felt at home things would be different. they were fighting the war with their white counterparts. there was some equality there. things would be different and race relations would be better. between 1919 and 1921, race riots. white workers feeling that african-americans are continuing i,take their jobs and

possibly other states where you road -- railroad working, there's a shift away from those areas and manufacturing is now bigger. the railroads are in decline in the mines are closing up. you has to shift as you can see to more industrial areas. up to almostjumped 1200 african-americans. area.ve the cedar rapids there's a large movement into butting upreas against european immigrants. there's a lot of tension and

the ku kluxe of klan which was in iowa, as well as many other states. the 20's where's the largest decade -- the 1920's was the largest decade for them. it was in the newspapers here in iowa and like i said, probably did holdecade, they some power positions in government. it was short-lived. part of the population moving to , the comitecenters town was- coal mining in a decline. they were recruiters that came .o bring them to cedar rapids

there was an exit this out of that area. there that had grown up here were very shocked and dismayed about how it was like for an african-american to live in one of these urban centers. they no longer have control over their job. mostwere given the hardest, difficult, extreme heat, extreme cold that white workers did not want to have. it did not matter if they had stills. that not every place is like this, there is not

equal pay. it truly was hard living and racial disparity was so rampant. >> i think it is important to share. last history is iowa's history. people were interested in learning more and often times we had field trips and we will hear later on the parents come what their tell us students learned. current climate is creating an interest for people to come and learn about our shared history. >> the koran is the last

estimate if there is such a thing. -- the koran and that language will be -- in that language will be the final. message, he received a from god which is like a citation because mohammed was not reading or writing. say that it is the final, direct, comprehensive message that god gave to mohammed. , whether they are sunni or shiite, it is the same. another.not find

.ot like our neighbors that is why you will find it all around the world. no other addition. it is unique. city and twohe .ears in the city of medina the 10 years and medina and 23 was here and there and the profit was dictating them

and they write them down and then memorize it. it is one single book. .t is one value the smallest chapter could be 12 or 15sus, like words and it is an arabic language. that was the book and in the language, we have over 30 translations. the [indiscernible] use is centered in

arabic language. ordon't along to arabs america, we belong to all. in fact, the arabs are a minority. therefore, anyone wants to become a leader, he needs to learn the arabic and he needs to recite the koran accurately the way it was revealed to mohammed. you will see the occupation, there has been a shift leaning. names.d the

the koran, they spend it -- they spell it with a k. that isd be with a q. how we spell it. text,ssage is there as a , they havemmunity some kind of ideology that piece or interest. they make the koran for their agenda. .he cia and other entities

these people were trained and ,audi arabia and other areas try to squeeze the text and make jihad against do the nonbelievers. yes, there are verses [no audio]

those verses came in context for those arabs who have been fighting the muslims and there was a bloody history. when it is telling the other troops, the vietnamese for example. now, it is over. and itmmand was giving

is not anymore applicable. therefore, we need to be well aware of the meeting. there is not one verse in the koran that says you must kill the jews or christians. i have been a [indiscernible] for almost 40 years and i never read a verse saying that you should kill jews. me wrong, ian prove welcome him or her. the people in the streets, they want islam back. they want as long of love and harmony to come back. that is basically what the messages. the fourthout

state -- it is about the northeastern part of the state. i grew up here in the folks here are people like my family grew up with the idea that if you work hard to make a good living and your kids do better than you . that has driven us from the beginning. you have agriculture and interview areas and manufacturing as well. you have a bunch of others as well, but really agriculture manufacturing back of hand-in-hand, specifically in iowa will one. the farmers are not doing well, they are not buying new tractors . i am the chairman of a subcommittee and so my job, i

get to bring the voices to washington and make sure they are heard. that is always going to be one of the biggest struggles, making sure they are heard through all -- throughout the country. >> the reality is my roots are right here. that peoplequickly take it very seriously and show up with curveballs and it is a really difficult question. >> the direction we go will be right here in iowa. >> what you happen -- what happens here will not only affect this county and this beautiful state, it will affect our nation. almost ams like we are year underway.

pearson grill of men -- pearson quiterand -- wrapping up quickly. process involves primary they are really different animals, so i think the iowa caucus. 2020 is the scheduled date. that is the -- that could move .epending on other states .ome people say it is a fluke [inaudible]

out wemcgovern figured can use the system to our vantage. mcgovern was next-door in south dakota and they seized on this. part of it was these caucuses would start early and people would take care of the usual. a lot of people would leave and encouraged the government supporters to stay until the and and then they would elect george mcgovern delegates. since then, people saw what happened and it paid off and so everyone has tried to replicate data. one of the starts to the campaign is the iowa state fair. then, you look at the democratic public in her party --

republican party events. who are the speakers, who is showing up and then you get an idea of who is checking out i will. in this cycle, it is democrats. we don't expect anyone to present a serious challenge to the president, but you look at who is coming, who shows up last tol and who is showing up campaign for congressional candidates. we saw a number of people come out here and like i said, we suspect they are not doing it for [indiscernible] reasons. changed and that a campaigning was in living rooms and copy shops. there is still some of that were a candidate will do a house

party. some of the i think is for optics because it looks good, but the crowd have gotten much bigger. in the 2016 cycle, it was pretty much all rally. at aet 200, 500 people rally, so it has really changed with that regard. aboutk all of the cliches true., the cliches are iowans get up close and personal. they ask them questions, look them in the i. .- eye the other opportunity, it gives candidates a chance to ask questions. not necessarily the questions in the headlines. sometimes you get some questions and i have seen candidates who are unprepared. -- you will be

asked questions about canadian theyts and whether or not should test for scours. you get these questions sometimes and people have an issue on their mind even though it is not important to anybody else. at this point, a lot of what i'm looking for is what seem a candidate is trying to get across in their speeches when they are at a rally will stop also, reaction from voters. won'tk about iowans emitting a candidate and at this point, democrats are going to see all the candidates and they are comparing them. i was at an elizabeth warren rally ad a gillibrand

couple weeks earlier. everybodyhecking out and so, i'm looking for that reaction. strengthsy like, what do they see in a candidate. they may say elizabeth warren is strong on these financial issues , economic inequality, while someone else is stronger on national security, immigration and the voters are sorting. >> if you have a democratic house and democratic senate, what can you do on gun control/ get youred to perspective on what that means. theandidates will get all normal questions on health care, immigration, the border, national security, guns.

i think it is not only the content, but sort of how they handle it. are they comfortable talking about it? do they make themselves clear? sort of where are they on the spectrum? are they somewhere in a common sense middle and that they are not too far one way or another? in the 2020 cycle, i think there is a lot of appetite for hearing progressive ideas. democrats seem to be looking for that. there's a lot of questions about medicare for all, sort of searching for those answers and solutions. democrats are looking for someone who can become something? -- b donald trump -- beat donald

trump. what is it about you that can be donald trump -- beat donald trump? the iowa caucuses have not been good at choosing the next president. one -- won. cruz won.ry clinton barack obama won the democratic caucus. sometimes it works and sometimes it doesn't. it seems like the highest function is winnowing the field. if you cannot make it here, you will probably not make it somewhere else. we talk about three tickets out of i will. because three finishers can move on. that is not always the case, but

it is a good rule of thumb that if you don't finish strong in iowa, you will probably not be able to maintain a campaign -- a winning campaign. does not mean you will go on to get the nomination . it is not a guarantee of getting your party's nomination, but it is assigned of organizational strength that you can put together a campaign that delivers people to the caucuses almost in the same way that you will deliver people to the voting booths, so it is a good test in that way. has an economic agenda that creates jobs, raises wages, protects the environment and provides health care for all. and i'mme is charlie here to vote for rick santorum,

a homeschool dad to seven children. caucus, it starts to go. between thefference republicans and democrats. they basically have a stronghold. quickly.ppen very they cast their ballot and go home. they are not interested in party. the democratic caucus, there's a lot more to it. a candidate has to have at least 15% present to be viable and if they are not viable, they can

reform the groups. be that you could try and convince people to come over , but i think the democrats have changed the rules, so they will not do that and then they select delegates based on those preference groups. you have to be registered as a democrat or republican to participate. sometimes, people will change their party representation. it is the people who want to participate. >> i would not expect huge numbers on the republican side. 2016.sibly could exceed possibly a couple hundred thousand democrats

showing up at the caucuses. with a big field of candidates, that would make sense. everybody brings along a few thousand supporters. anticipation right now is a massive turnout. you have to physically be at the caucus to participate. democratic 2020, the party will have six to make them more accessible to shift workers and people who might have trouble getting out, single parents who might not be able to get to a caucus meeting. they are trying to make it more accessible. >> my understanding is the virtual caucus will log on to a then the democratic

, there will be a temporary chair, a permanent chair and go through the process of forming a court bookiere -- court bookie -- cory booker supporter. it will be interesting to watch canthose virtual caucuses account for up to 10% of delegates. how that plays out and how the campaigns try to take advantage of that. i was criticism is that too old, too white, too liberal and i think all those things hold true. there is that criticism.

is it iserargument what it is. it is the first, so it gets a lot of attention. first as long as there is an honest process. as the that is a key party thinks the candidates are getting in on a shake -- an honest shake. it is party rules. part of that, i think his tradition. we have seen the parties at .outh carolina and nevada now, there are four early states. there's always talk about why i was should go first, shouldn't safety more representative of a nation as a whole, looking for the voters of color, moore's

spanish voters, younger more urban voters, but -- more spanish voters, younger, more urban voters. as long as i will to do it, one of the things overlooked is that anybody can be first, but to do it well takes a lot of work. there's a lot of work for them and part of what makes the iowa caucus successful is there are a lot who have been through this and understand the process and understand what candidates need to be here. there's a lot of underlying theastructure that makes iowa caucuses successful and if ,ou move that to the next state they would not know where to start. i think the top finishers in , it is someone that has

been recommended. in iowa, we talk about [indiscernible] it does help narrow the focus, republicans016 with running this year. her knows how many democrats will be running and it helps narrow the field. that is why it is so important to finish well. our visit to cedar rapids, iowa is in american history tv exclusive and we showed it to introduce you to c-span's cities tour. for eight years, we have traveled u.s. cities bringing historic sites to our viewers. you can watch more at

estours.rg/citi featuring the author of guns down at 2:30. at 4:00, roxane gay with her book not that bad, discussions culture and james donovan. our live coverage continues sunday featuring janet bookitano, discussing her how safe are we? at four clock, actor justin 7:00, larryat elder, author of double standards. watch sunday starting

at 1:30 p.m. eastern. cory booker officially kicks off his presidential campaign this weekend with a rally in new as mayorre he served from 2006 to 2013. the rally is scheduled for 1:00 p.m. eastern saturday live on other freeother 3 -- radio apps. --t is live from south end and also online, c-span donald and the radio apps. -- c-span.org and the radio app. >> barbara bush was out of the white house and finally had enough. not -- she said

she took offense. [no audio] reagan, don'tncy you ever call me again and she hung up. todays week, usa washington bureau chief on her biography of barbara bush. >> at the very beginning, she said he will never see my diaries. at the bushare kept library, but they are not available for public view until 35 years after her death and i understood that and i thought she was unlikely to let me see. at the end of the interview, she said you can see my diaries. that was an incredible gift.

q&aunday night on c-span's at 8:00 eastern. >> congress is out for the easter passover recess, but members are currently home with constituents. the house returns on monday, april 29 to work on 2020 federal spending. immigration policy also remains a priority in the senate returns april 29 two continue the process for district court judges in the trump administration. c-span two.on stopping atus is high schools across the country to present the prizes and awards andour video competition throughout this month, you can see the top 21 entries every morning.

every documentary along with those mentioned and behind the scene winners online. >> next, "road to the white house" coverage" with senator bernie sanders campaigning in madison, wisconsin. later, "newsmackers" with joe mnuchin and homeland security. he's a member of the subcommittees that oversee the state department and d.h.s. funding. announcer: up next, senator bernie sanders hold as rally in madison, wisconsin, which president trump carried in 2016. it is his kickoff swi