communicators, james lewis of the center for strategic and international studies talks about the cyber status of russia and china. they made the illicit acquisition of western technology one of the cardinal points in its program for economic development, technological parity. it would be hard for them to give it up. to continue to siphon off intellectual property, much as they have for the last 20 years, using the internet. >> tonight at 8:00 eastern on c-span2. this morning, earth day cofounder dennis hayes, the president and ceo of the bullet foundation discusses earth day and opportunities that don't deplete natural resources part a political senior writer talks about the news of the day and

their new book, the hill to die on, the battle for congress and the future of trumps america. we take your calls and you can join the conversation on facebook and twitter. "washington journal" is next. [captions copyright national cable satellite corp. 2019] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. visit ncicap.org] ♪ on this aprilning 22, earth day 2019. we will get -- begin with your thoughts on climate change and how you would like lawmakers to respond. if you are very concerned, dial in at 202-748-8000. if you are somewhat concerned about climate change, 202-748-8001. not concerned at all, your line this morning is 202-748-8002. join the conversation on twitter at @cspanwj or go to facebook.com/cspan. we will get to your calls and just a minute. congresswoman kathy castor of

florida, chair of the new select committee on climate change spoke at an event and here is what she had to say about the prospects of legislation in congress. [video clip] >> i hear a lot of bipartisan discussion on adaptation, mitigation, the costs are really adding up, carlos and i come from the state of florida and people now, it is sinking in, their property insurance is higher, flood insurance is higher, electric wills are higher because summers are .arder -- longer and hotter so much of these costs are adding up and people are saying, if i had some of this to invest in clean energy technology, if i had a little tax credit to put solar panels on the roof and have my neighbors join and help .e, this could go a long way i don't think we are at the

tipping point with republicans in congress, but i think -- and i am very hopeful we can get there. maybe it is a matter of what do you need for adaptation and mitigation in your communities to make that transition to the clean energy jobs of the future and make sure they are bought in early and we will try to do that. host: carlos curbelo was at the same event, the world resources institute as here -- and here is what he had to say about where republicans are on the issue of climate change. [video clip] >> some republicans probably cannot turn back because they have made some pretty definitive butements over the years, when i read the op-ed by ranking chairmanlden, former upton, and former chairman walden, too, and representative

said, here is an obvious example at least one of reversing a of position they had held a decade cap andhe midst of the trade debate. for some, it will be difficult or impossible. the good news, and i think you are seeing the same, the younger or not younger and newer republicans in congress do not have a long history of votes and statements on this issue, and they are more free to adopt responsible positions and i think you have seen that over the last few months, anthony gonzalez of ohio who made some very positive statements in the science committee, congressman walt of florida, and others. some of this will be the product of new republicans coming into

,ongress because this divide is in many ways, generational. we see that in polling. young republicans, millennial republicans, gen x republicans believe we need to act on climate. host: talking about republicans and where they are on this issue . are you concerned about this? that is how we have divided the line. a recent gallup poll -- the headline is the most americans -- americans are as concerned as ever about global warming. warming is global caused by human activity. the partisan differences are stark with most democrats worried and most in the republican party not. inwill go to our first call virginia, very concerned, good morning to you. go ahead. caller: good morning, c-span,

.hank you for taking my calls the basic law of physics is every action has a reaction. if you drive through a major city in any major country in the world, you see these hundreds of thousands of vehicles in emitting carbon dioxide and the ,actories burning fossil fuels tens of thousands of carbon dioxide. there has got to be a reaction by mother nature, you do not have to be a rocket scientist to understand this basic, common sense. having said that, i originally come from a tropical country, sri lanka. a human being cannot survive there. host: why do you say that? caller: it is so hot, everybody is feeling it.

everybody says it is unimaginable, this heat. that means people are buying more and more air-conditioners that is compounding the case. republicans and some of the democrats are against taking any action for the green new deal or killing fossil fuels is because they take millions of dollars from the fossil fuel industry. like bernie sanders says, congress does not run the rich, the rich run congress and that is exactly the problem with republicans, nothing else. host: before you go, are you still there? caller: i am still here, ma'am. host: what do you think congress can and should do about it? caller: the congress should do promote research into green energy and set a goal that by so-and-so date, we will

limit the green energy -- fossil ael energy production -- to certain level. if you don't do it now, it will be too late and we will leave this huge burden to our next generations. republicans, i am talking about. host: let's go to richard in southeastern, massachusetts. your turn, you are on the air. caller: good morning, greta. did you get my postcards? host: i am not sure, you sent me postcards? caller: yeah, i did. host: what is your view on climate change? caller: i need you and all your .iewers to google cactus dome that is all i need to tell you. and we need help. we are all dying, okay? host: explain why for those that

don't know, why they should google those. caller: all the soldiers involved in the cleanup of the marshall islands. i need folks to get up -- get on their computers and look up cactus dome and wounded island and take care of veterans who are dropping dead. host: vincent, you are somewhat concerned, explain that. caller: i think it has to do a lot with agriculture, that is where most of the problems, i think, are coming from and you cannot really control what people eat. people like to eat meat and that affects a little bit. you have a lot of livestock. probably the only people that can make a change in that is the government and it is hard to control what people eat. that is what is driving most of

the climate change, from what i understand. host: usa today front page this morning with the headline life after climate change and they pourhumans poor 700 gig -- 700 gigatons into the atmosphere. they break down what life looks like after climate change and one of the sub headers is rethinking food. what they write is what is old will be new again when it comes to food and farming. the food supply is likely to be fresher and more wholesome as sellers and growers become better at managing logistics. mankind will probably eat the same kinds of food today, but produced differently and much more efficiently. that is especially true of meat which will either be plant-based

fake meat -- meat from animals will still be available, cell-based meat is closer than we think -- realized. what do you all think of that? let's go to stephen ohio, not concerned. caller: when you look at the whole world, we are small and if we were really concerned about climate change, we would be looking at nuclear power, which is the cleanest, safest power you can get. host: instead of, you are saying, solar, wind, et cetera? caller: right because you cannot harness those things. even if we did everything right with regard to the climate, the air, the real issue -- climate does change. the question is do we affected?

you cannot live without water. 72% of the world's water. what we should be looking at is having a water network and getting water to places where people do not have it, so they can grow it, lowering the oceans so we have more land and places on the seaboard don't have to worry about being flooded. there are over 18,000 -- plants in the world. thee did that, we have got capability of doing that and i have a thing that people don't like to fight on a full stomach. if we feed the world, there won't be any wars. host: do you attribute the water issues you outlined to climate change? caller: climate change is really bogus and i think you do away with that because i don't think we really affect climate. when i say we, i mean the united

states. we are such a small landmass with regard to the rest of the world, china, india, russia, these people pollute the air, affect everything around the world far more than we do. we have the cleanest air and plainest water. of the real issue is water and when you redistribute the water and lower the oceans and feed the world and move things around , we will see the climate will be better because we will make it better for people to grow food rather than people have drought, they will have water. host: the house science space and technology committee held a hearing on this issue and i want to show you a portion of it from a scientist who talked about climate change and why she believes it is real. [video clip] >> there are certain things we know for sure are happening in the climate system and houston is probably in the crosshairs of

a lot of those. you have seen, as you said, increased flooding. we know heavy precipitation events are increasing dramatically. you have seen heat waves increasing, you have even seen drought increasing. we also expect to see tropical storms intensifying more rapidly and potentially we expect to see more of the very strongest tropical storms. a lot of those things are very clear and what is a little less clear relates back to harvey and some of the extreme events you all have witnessed and experienced and that is we are also seeing an increase in the persistence of weather regimes. it could be dry, it could be hot, it could be cold, it could be wet, but we are seeing an increased persistence and we believe that is also related to

climate change. calls, areto your you concerned, very concerned, somewhat concerned, or not concerned at all about climate change? mike is watching in pennsylvania somewhat concerned. it is your turn. caller: good morning. it is a little concerning more from a political point of view than a climate point of view. i really don't think we have that big a problem. i think it is something the media likes to hype. mike.we lost we will go to mary in massachusetts. caller: hello. i am very upset to hear people talk like the last caller. the most recent thing i heard tundra, itay the itms up in the winter and

starts to bloom in the tundra as the ice melts a little bit and starts to bloom. then it gets cold again and the plants are dying. this is what it is happening, it is a vast area. all the plant life in the tundra, therefore, is dying. it will rot and it releases methane gas and this is a huge area. i think the tundra is in siberia, but it is a vast area and there is nothing we can do to stop that, it is already happening. this is the most disturbing thing, i just heard this yesterday from my son-in-law, who is a high school teacher of and iy in massachusetts don't know that i have ever

heard of that. dyings methane gas flowers and living things and people don't understand that this is how involved all of this is. it is not just gas goes up in the air and the earth gets hotter, things like that happen, that is what is happening, they come out and think it is spring, it gets cold again, they die. the tundra is dying and it is supposed to be living plants that come back every year and they are not, they are going to rot and release methane gas into the air. .n untold quantities the other thing i have heard talk about are the polar caps, which are melting, they are making the oceans bigger and more full of freshwater.

that is what i was hearing before that. of is ithat i am aware arehe polar region that going to cause problems because it is changing everything. host: mary is very concerned in massachusetts. harry is somewhat concerned in federals berg, maryland. i have to push the button, sorry about that, harriet, go ahead. caller: i think we should all be change,d about climate but it seems it is, really, right now, very political. when you really think about it, cargo ships shipping things from countries all around because a lot of pollution, a lot of co2

emissions and pollution to our water, and yet, we fight tariffs which would fight a lot of that shipping. why can't we do the hard things -- if we wanted to give up cars, let's give them up. host: would you like to see republicans and democrats come together on some sort of legislation that would address the warming of the climate, at least for the united states to regulate what happened here? caller: i believe they do regulate. revert back to horses. if we are this scared, let's revert back to horses. it's make it here and eat here instead of shipping to china and having them ship back here because cargo ships burn

$309 worth of fuel an hour. host: brad in lancaster, ohio, very concerned. welcome to the conversation. caller: i am very concerned about climate change. politics plays a lot here. i was very upset when trump took us out of the paris climate accord because trump does not believe in science. the earth is getting hotter, the we haveit has ever been co2, notabout our enough trees. very concerned of people in california right now with the drought and fires, they are very

deadly. i liked obama and he brought us into the paris accord. breanne will hear from next to is not concerned. good morning to you. caller: good morning. a heating and cooling expert. i am 59 years old and i have been interested in temperatures, humidities, and all the other stuff that goes with the master hvac guy. i have lived in jersey all my life. and theyour seasons change on a button. to the further away from faith place, earth is a crazy and we cannot control it. it is the corporations, do not leverage our freedom again for

some sort of safety, that is all this is a play for. following up on a previous caller who talked about china and india being the worst violators of climate change, here is a graphic put together in 2015 that shows how much -- the breakdown the share of mobile carbon dioxide emissions from fuel. states,%, the united 15%. it goes through the other countries as well. something to think about as we continue with your calls this morning about whether or not you are concerned about climate change. pedro? you have, of congressional reaction and contrast when it comes to democrats, particularly when it comes to topics of

impeachment. the washington times talking a little bit about contrast and reminds people nancy pelosi was one who poured cold water on the talk of impeachment last month, but it was adam schiff and elijah cummings on the sunday shows talking about democrats seriously considering pursuing impeachment proceedings despite the political risk. i think even if we did not win, possibly, if there were not impeachment, i think history would smile upon us for standing up for the constitution. when it mueller comes to the report, the redacted version released to congress and a less redacted version will be available to some members of congress. process andut the says in a letter to the house judiciary chairman jerry nadler and lindsey graham, it was the assistant attorney general saying the justice department oned make available --

staff member per lawmaker a less redacted version of the report. that gang of eight including pelosi, macconnell, kevin schumer, and the chairs and ranking members of the house and senate intelligence committee. it talks about the following week when congress comes back from break that the gang of eight and chairman and ranking members would have an opportunity for an in camera saying thoserats who invited rejected the offer, sending a letter back saying that apartments "reposed accommodation" is not acceptable. you can read the report online and in book form when it is published. there is ability to listen to the report. cg website,o the kr there is a link where you can listen to the report in detail. here is a portion of what you will hear.

>> a russian entity carried out a social media campaign that favored donald j. trump and disparaged hillary clinton. second, a russian intelligence service conducted computer intrusion operations against entities, employees, and volunteers working on the clinton campaign. host: if you don't want to read, you can listen to it and that website and others will send you to the link. you can go to our website at c-span.org. we provided a link and it is featured prominently on the website. one more story coming out of the vermont.eport out of i will have to show you the headline. this man found a photo of his dad being used by russians. a retired coalminer in west virginia. on page 31, he saw a photo of on a poster for a

minersfor trump rally -- for trump rally. if you want to read more of that story stemming from the release out of thert, it is wrvo website. host: back to the conversation with all of you about climate change. we showed you this chart a little bit ago where this is from 2015 about global carbon dioxide emissions and i wanted to give you an update headline to this chart. month. from last in portland, maine, you are very concerned about climate change. good morning to you. caller: good morning to you and, indeed, i am. it to me, this is not only an dealing with the

technology and whatever might help or not help, it is also, for people who are religious or not religious, for me, this is a spiritual crisis. for me, spirituality means being radically connected, not only to oneself, but other human beings and all the other species who share this planet. it also means being connected to whatever you consider most sacred or most important to you, whether that is god or not. it is critical that people open their minds and their eyes and hearts to what is going on. in portland, maine, our streets with to the water flood all kinds of high tides and full moons and rainstorms that we are now getting and this is happening far worse where the marshall islands and others are beginning to go underwater.

we just have to open our eyes to the fact that we are losing so many of our beloved species other than humans and we are losing many humans. it is going to be true that as the droughts continue and the floods continue and the tremendous erratic weather continues, people are going to start fighting wars over food and water. we, as humans, have contributed greatly to this problem and we own to be looking into our hearts and souls and minds to figure out what we can do to reconnect with the world of nature, of which we are apart, we are not separate. we are nature, too, and i beg everybody to open their minds, learn all you can learn and join with all of us, who are trying

to get to the root cause of why we humans have been so out of control with respect to our relationship with this beloved planet. thank you. host: eddie is next in massachusetts, you are somewhat concerned. how do you respond to that caller from maine? caller: she is concerned and i am somewhat. much higher, that is why vegetation grew so much then and that's why the dinosaurs got so large. the good news is canada can put thousands of acres under cultivation. england can grow grapes. russia now can put millions of acres into cultivation because of the warming climate. thank you. host: here is the headline from april 4.

earth's carbon dioxide levels are the highest in 3 million years. we are talking on april 22 about climate change with all of you and at the national press cup -- club, youtional press will hear plans about the 50th anniversary of earth day, next year. we will hear from denis hayes group toorts from his talk about, he will announce a vote for the earth effort ahead of the 2020 presidential election. we will have live coverage of that. nan next ino virginia. very concerned, tell us why. caller: good morning. two of the areas i think will be most helpful if we could concentrate on the solutions and two of the areas we need to work

on our construction of buildings. ideally we would never build another new home in standard construction practices. we need to move to something called passive housebuilding, which is extreme insulation to where you don't need to use large amounts of energies although our homes are good, well insulated now, we could get down to a cost of about $50 a month to heat and cool a house. austin, texas, set -- has past some ordinances about this and the other area we need to focus on is a conservation of natural areas. as the previous caller said, basically, the co2 in the atmosphere is changing the makeup of the atmosphere in terms of oxygen, nitrogen, and co2. that, in turn, is changing the atmosphere, makeup of the

oceans, which are food sources of fish. the more acres of forest we can conserve in a connected manner is going to be very important in terms -- it is the cheapest way of producing oxygen, but also producing the cooling canopy of the trees protecting our watersheds and providing those connected areas for wildlife. we recently passed in spotsylvania, a solar farm, which is a good idea to move energy.m fossil fuel however, with the loss of thousands of acres of forest, we oxygen,t the values of carbon capture, water protection, and wildlife, self it is not that great of a trade-off. thank you. host: back to the usa today front page, a day in a new world

and they write houses will not look all that different though homes will almost certainly have solar power if it is appropriate for the area that will be important in hot, sunny parts of the country to decrease the pressure on power production for cooling during the day. california has a law saying all homes built after 2020 include solar panels. homes will have heat, cooling, electric lights, but the systems and appliances will be more efficient. this shift is happening. refrigerators are 20% larger, but use one quarter of the electricity. led light bulbs you buy at the grocery store use 20% of the of ay, incandescent bulbs decade ago did. temperatures -- properties will have a furnace or electric heat pump, but they will not be used as much because homes will be .uch better insulated

this is front page of usa today if you are interested reading about life after climate change. louisiana, somewhat concerned, tell us why. caller: good morning. somewhat concerned because i am in my 70's and i have seen a lot of these scares come along way back when first they told us they -- they were entering a new ice age. that was a scare that lasted about eight to 10 years. they raise the price of freon. i am beginning to feel that a lot of this is motivated by economic interest and not so much by actually what the climate interest is. there are some things, sensibly, that we can do to make the situation better. i think all this hype is just

that, hype because it does not seem, it changes too often. remember when they had the scandal i think, in england, where they were fixing or not reporting the temperatures actually were not rising for about 15 years and then they changed it to, instead of global warming, now it is climate change. do you think maybe somebody is manipulating some of this? is one scares, it after another. there are some sensible things we can do. host: if betty and -- if democrats and republicans game together -- came together, would you support them to do the right thing? caller: i don't think so. one of the things they are

talking about is solar panels and this nonsense the world is going to end in 12 years. this is a bit extreme and sensible people realize this earth has been around for billions of years, it is unlikely to end in 12. host: let me show you and others a hearing -- testimony before the house national resources committee earlier this year. here is the president of the caucus talking about climate change as a civil and human right. [video clip] >> i urge every member of this committee to visit places and people who have gone through climate disasters and visit communities, projects, and businesses that are implementing clean energy and climate solutions. when you visit these communities, it will become very is a that climate change civil and human rights issue.

in 1960, 4 african-american theege students sat at lunch counter in greensboro, north carolina, to desegregate the south. they were courageous beyond belief in standing up for equality. today, young people like nadia across the table from me and across this country are courageously standing up not only for equality, but for our existence. climate change is our lunch counter moment for the 21st century. host: do you agree or disagree with him? are you concerned about climate change? gilbert says he is very concerned. gilbert? go ahead. caller: good morning and happy earth day. i am very, very concerned about this matter. as a person that has gone through a natural disaster, my home was destroyed by a

windstorm in 2001. as i follow the weather patterns from beach storms like the one in joppa, missouri, and what and across houston this nation, when you try to tell someone who has the experience what climate change has done to them. my thing is this, we are on the verge of becoming a nation of no man's because we have so many people -- it is warmer in places where it is normally cold and colder in .laces that is normally warm for people not to see what is going on.

the local city cannot come up with the $65 million that is necessary to fix over $200 million worth of damage. people whois those have not experienced the tragedy and trauma people have to go through after going through major disasters, they don't get it. it will take one of these disasters hitting them for them to get it. host: richard says he is not concerned in arkansas. caller: hello, greta. good morning, c-span. we have got to learn how we are going to live with it. if you guys want science, there is such a thing called

recession. wobble of,000 year the earth. the mine attic -- magnetic field is shifting toward siberia. it has loft 50% of its effectiveness until it stabilizes. the magnetic field is the only thing this planet has to protect us against the radiation of the sun. when it diminishes, more radiation comes through and .reates a climate change unless the politicians have got some miracle way to increase the magnetic field of the earth and play god, then we might be able to do something about it. otherwise, it is nothing but a money scam that is just going to hurt everyone. host: who is scamming? who is scamming, richard? caller: all these scientists

screaming false stuff about carbon dioxide, it is not about carbon dioxide. host: what do they get out of it? what is the scam? toler: they are going to try cars.d of our jets, our we better start getting more energy to learn how we are going to get through it until it stabilizes. host: in the new york times op-ed pages this morning, should we minimize tomorrow's risk now by reducing greenhouse gas emissions or save money today and spend it on adapting to the effects of planetary warming when threats emerge more fully? the policy debate increasingly tilts toward adaptation. we cannot adapt to perils from unknown unknowns in such cases, only indication will be

effective. the assessment provided an updated scientific summary of the nones. ecosystems areg, changing in response and the impact on society will be large. you can read more if you go to the new york times op-ed pages this morning. another news update from pedro, go ahead. forlready a crowded field 2020. joe biden expected later on to enter the race, but someone is entering the race as of this morning, representative seth mouton putting out a tweet this morning on his twitter feed saying i am running for president to build a strong and safe country, like to leaders we can be proud of. to join our mission and provides a link, as is the fashion when someone is announcing their interest, they release a campaign video. here is a portion of his. [video clip] >> washington is anchored to the

past. it starts with growing our economy with new, green jobs, tech jobs, advanced manufacturing jobs that make us the world leader. it starts with tackling climate change and making sure we have a planet without an expiration date. as a veteran of combat and the armed services committee in washington, i will cut the massive weapons programs we don't need it so we have money to invest in futures. we should build a cyber wall to stop russia from hacking our elections and we need to restore our moral authority in everything we do, whether appointing a cabinet member, negotiating a treaty, or signing an executive order, i will always uphold america's values. we have to beat donald trump and i want us to beat donald trump because i love this country. we have never been a country that gets everything right, but we are a country that, at our best, thinks we might. i would be honored if you would join us in this mission. >> beto o'rourke has news from

his campaign. deputy who were involved in the field 2018 senate election against republican incumbent ted cruz are no longer employed by the campaign. a spokesperson told buzz feed news evans did not respond to questions about why they left or whether the departure was voluntary. the exits come after o'rourke named jen o'malley dillon, a highly respected alum of barack obama upon bids and his campaign manager interpreted by many as a move to professionalize the efforts to become the standard bearer. aideso were temporary brought on to help the campaign get off the ground. if you go to usa today, they ask their viewers or readers to submit to them their top political candidate and who is

interesting them the most. andrew yang coming out on top for those who responded to the call. one reader, sherry craig of south carolina says andrew yang stands out for several reasons. he proposes health insurance for all, making marijuana legal in every state. two,ghlights a number bernie sanders, a reader saying a candidate who stands up the most is senator sanders. he build a groundswell of support in 2018 that has continued to grow. the key to his popularity are his authenticity and compassion and number three on the list of most interested from usa today readers, where -- marion williamson. she is a spiritual leader. the candidate who is the biggest stand out in my mind is marianne williamson, the first spiritual teacher to run for office and reminds us all as other prominent leaders like martin

leiser -- martin luther king make as biglove can a difference as organized eight and fear can do. that is from the viewers and listeners and readers of usa today. when it comes to the president's reelection campaign, the next big event will take place on saturday. you can see that on c-span starting at 8:00 and you can watch at our website and also courtesy of our radio app. if you are interested in watching another event, the white house correspondents dinner this saturday starts at 9:30. you can listen along on our c-span radio app. host: we are marking the 49th anniversary of earth day on this april 22 and getting your thoughts on climate change. are you concerned, very concerned, somewhat concerned, or not concerned at all? we have about 15 minutes left and we will continue into the

next hour talking about earth day. here are recent polls from pew research. more americans today say protecting the environment and dealing with global climate change should be the top priorities for the president and congress. polled say of those it should be a top priority. a majority of americans see at least some effective climate change where they live. they also note republicans and democrats differ over the effects of climate policies. we are getting your thoughts this morning. greg in nashville, you are somewhat concerned. good morning. caller: hello. longtime listener, first time caller. i love brian lamb and what he has done and very sad he is retiring. host: he is not retiring, he is not just -- just not going to do q and day -- q&a.\ caller: i am bummed about that.

whether the earth is warming or cooling or how fast it is changing, i think we can have a debate. i think where we should not be debating is that humans are probably having a detrimental effect on the planet. i think you can stand over a highway bypass and take deep breaths and feel that. you can look at the effects of smog on other countries and you can look at coal plants and feel smog in different parts of this country. i think there is no debate we are having an effect on the planet. it's not whether doom is right around the corner or never going to come, but i think we should be talking about, we should protect the environment, but how fast should we do that? should we not care because it will be my children's children who bear the brunt of it? or should we do nothing because we do not want to burden different

socioeconomic classes or professions or take people's cars? we also want to be concerned we are not getting people to tune out during the debate because when people are out of work or we feel like we will increase taxes on people already hurting, we will get those people to tune out. i don't think it is a debate on whether humans are having a detrimental effect, i think we should focus the debate on what should we do about it? if people think we should do nothing, we should debate that. that is not my personal opinion, but i think we should refocus our debate efforts. back to the pew research poll where they found millennial republicans are more likely than baby boomers and older gop members to say the earth is warming due to human activity. eugene in connecticut, very concerned, good morning to you. greta. good morning,

i am very concerned. i think everybody should be concerned with what is going on with our planet. we are contributing drastically to it by dumping oils in the water and our foods and everything. i looked up in the sky yesterday and i had seen about a dozen trails of -- i don't know what they are spraying in the skies. everyone should be very concerned. we should make some drastic changes. the green deal is a blessing to have somebody speak like that. host: do you think democrats should be pushing the green new deal? some think pushed by alexandria ocasio-cortez and she has teamed up with senators on this as well, you think this should be pushed by democrats? caller: yes, i do think they should push this because it is

important just like in our past, we made changes that benefit our lifestyle. we have to make changes to benefit our future and it is important, very important. i believe everybody should look at it like that. host: eugene said everybody should be concerned. at a recent hearing with the top 6 ceos with banks, richey to tlaib asked if they think climate change is an issue. [video clip] >> align your investments with the goals of paris climate agreement to help protect our planet and communities i grew up in? can answer that. are in the business of supporting fossil fuel companies, many of which are

u.s.-based companies. we have put out significant programs. we have financed $150 billion of clean projects in recent history and we keep raising the bar on ourselves. continuing to evolve with companies toward better and cleaner practices. >> for j.p. morgan chase, we are going to be green. as far as data centers, people, where we work, et cetera, we also finance something like $200 billion a year green. we help these companies make a transition to a greener future. if you want to fix this problem, you will have to do something like a carbon tax or carbon dividend. the am happy to answer question. is finding the

balance between a viable economy and reducing fossil fuel at the same time. host: this question of these banks and whether or not they lend to fossil fuels company -- fossil fuel companies came up several times. in indiana,alan somewhat concerned about climate change. tell us why. believefirst of all, i we are going to go toward a diffusingmate to solar panels and things like .his i would like to point out i am a student for many years since 1948. weather.trol of the he is the one that predicted the flood was going to come and it did.

he was also the one that talked the sun in revelations and the fact he is going to cause hot thato make it so the people left behind after the rapture will be very, very believetable and i just there is something else that i cannot remember what it was now. i thought about it before i called. god is in charge of many ways of the climate. next in georgia, not concerned. caller: how are you doing this morning? host: good morning. caller: i am glad you are there because you do the best job on the show anyway. i have had a job in daytona beach and when we bought the

place, al gore was talking about florida would be underwater because glaciers would melt. we are still enjoying the beach. i am glad i bought it 30 years ago. we are fixing to go there sun,.ow to watch the i think everyone needs to calm down and not worry. everything is fine. ont: 10:00 a.m. eastern c-span after today's "washington journal," we will bring you to the national press club where denis hayes will be talking about next year's 50th anniversary of earth day and he will announce a vote for the earth effort ahead of the 2020 presidential election. you can listen on watch here on c-span or our website and download the free radio app. betty in florida, very concerned, you are next. caller: hello?

i am very concerned. i am 87 years old and i remember when my daughter was born in 1967 and i had to go out and buy other clothing. we had a beautiful climate in florida, you did not ever have to go and buy a heavy overcoat, winter coat, nothing. just a light sweater and i had several children that never owned and overcoat. itn they went to the moon, seem like it changed everything. -- they cook with gas. mcdonald's, when you drive down the street, you can smell it before you get to it. it happened when all these stores opened and all these fast food giants, mcdonald's and wendy's, you can smell it and i think that is where our problems

are. they need to get the control system better than they have it. they cut these oak trees down to build homes and that's where we get oxygen from. when you have storms and stuff, you can still cook. mcdonald's uses gas, but i think they should get better control over the way it goes. all this stuff goes in the air. host: charlie in california, very concerned. where are you in california? caller: i am in hayward, just east of san francisco. host: what is it like where you live? do you feel the impact of climate change? caller: i feel the impact in my wallet of four dollar gasoline and i feel with some respect, we can do a pilot demonstration, florida gasoline to two dollars

to do enough carbon credits fix the road for free and i think that is important to address these issues of climate change by decreasing them significantly demonstrating we can do much better by making the use of corn ethanol in our gasoline voluntary mather then -- rather than mandated. we want the ability to produce less and have flexibility we can demonstrate -- we can do much better and create a better environment for california. host: kyle, somewhat concerned in new york. caller: how are you? host: good morning. caller: i was going to address a couple of odd things as i was watching the show. one of them particularly stuck in my mind when you were asking the gentleman about the scam by scientists and what was their end game. i would've rephrased the

question, it is quite easy to see what the end game is from the oil companies and fossil fuel industry because profit is the end game to spread this information. i also heard the lady talked about the ozone and acid rain as if our environmental regulators have not helped in those problems. the hole in the ozone is just about gone and i live in upstate new york and the regulations put by the epa, our lakes were dead in the adirondacks for years because of acid rain and we put in strict regulations about coal firing plants in the midwest and what happened is now there are trout in our lakes. we are able to fish here, it solved the problem. the disinformation is so alarming nowadays. host: can i ask why you are somewhat concerned? caller: quite frankly, i was torn between which lined a call on, but because of my age, i am

not as concerned because i don't feel i will directly bear the brunt of it, if you see what i am saying. being older, i don't see -- the lady said 12 years, but let's be honest, that is a fringe report. i don't think the general science community says the world will end in 12 years. that is more of the social media affecting us and not using good, common us, and not using good common sense. i guess that is all i have to say about it right now. you do a great job, ma'am. york.thanks, kyle in new here is another headline, what it is misleading to say we have on a 12 years to a road i'm a change. they write -- they are certainly correct to emphasize that climate change is an extreme threat to our civilization and action,to take urgent but the claim that we are at 12 years until the point of no confusing.ctively

the reality is there is no such cut off for a problem that gets worse and worse the later will leave it. the seal in florida, somewhat concerned. hello. caller: it is cecil. host: my apologies. cecil, go ahead. caller: i am not too concerned -- i am aecause little bit, but not really, because we keep growing corn for ethanol. trees is what we need, and where cutting trees down. we put more black top and asphalt down which creates heat. the sun shines on it and it creates heat and it warms up the soil. everything we got is made over in china. china is the biggest polluter there is in this country and we get everything made over there and nothing here. what we are doing is helping itlute the air by sending

over to china we can't burn coal but we can send coal over to china and let the music to build not our cars, but our parts and all the stuff we do use. there is our biggest problem. host: and this conversation continues into our next hour here on was washington journal. first, in his update. >> the washington post reporting that officials with sri lanka accusing a local islamist extremist group for the bombing that took place on the easter holiday. the health minister their site roughlyp, which translates as the national monotheism organization perpetuated the attack using suicide bombers against the churches and three hotels, adding that it likely had international links,. members of congress reacting over the weekend and today about the bombing, which included in some americans dying. representative steve womack saying -- praying for sri lanka.

our global community stands together against extremism and hate. may god be with the victims and families. faith and love will prevail over darkness. representative michael bennet from colorado -- we stand with the people ocean should longer follows these attacks on hundreds of innocent old, many of whom were gathered to watch it on easter sunday. nash theowski saying attacks are horrifying, absolutely horrifying. my heart breaks over the evil and senseless attacks. .e must condemn hatred senator jeanne shaheen, democrat from hampshire -- devastated to hear the violence. absolutely heinous to target worshipers on easter. i join all americans in terror.ng these acts of when it comes to iran come at news from the state department about sanctions on oil deliveries and products from

iran. the new york times highlights that in november, the trump administration announced major sanctions against iran and granted waivers to aids governments, allowing them to continue purchasing oil from the country. according to the secretary of state mike pompeo, they expect to announce the end of those waivers today. countries who do not stop buying iranian oil could face economic to some cells best face economic penalties them selves. if you go to the business publication -- the business standard, it highlights what the sanctions may do it when it comes to oil supplies and how it might affect the united states, saying that the move threatens to squeeze supplies further in a market that is already facing supply disruptions from venezuela, to libya, to nigeria, and extend this year's rally in global benchmark crude above $70 barrel. prices are still below the four year high of $86 that they hid

in october for the u.s. issued its waivers. if you would like to see the story, the website is business-standard.com. reuters highlighting this morning the results of that election in ukraine with a comedian winning the presidency, after he played a president on a television show. his character is loved by ukrainians who are fed up with how the country has been governed since independence in 1991. on. sunday, they turned that fantasy into reality, putting an actor no prior political experience into the presidency of a country at war. host: and we are back with our conversation on climate change morning. joining us a vs is catherine rogers, president of earth day network. what is the mission, kathleen, and what is some of the efforts you do year-round as this day approaches. guest: we are the organization

that grew out of the first earth day in 1970, when we organized what remains the largest civic engagement event in human history. our organization evolved over time. we focus on earth day, of course, but we also work year-round on endangered species, reforestation, and climate literacy. host: what is the goal of earth day? you said it is the largest day of civic engagement. guest: our goal is to be a stepping stone for the movement.d into the in the day when people can be engaged, doing everything from cleanups to a tree planting, to educated. it is also along the pathway, an opportunity for people to engage in everything from civil disobedience, which we are seeing in london today, which is extraordinary, to driving petitions, meeting with their heads of state or governors, or mayors, to engage in a

conversation about how each community can improve its well-being, its environmental record, and of course, investment, which is something every company needs. host: how many people participate, and what do they do. >> at least one billion people are taking part in some action educated.g as i said, a lot of this can go on in classrooms, the media, social networking. there are millions of people cleaning up worldwide today. we have a great dramatic project on the ganges river, one of the most polluted and sacred rivers in the world but responsible for a huge amount of plastics going in the ocean. it is starting in the himalayas now.r from those kinds of activities are going on throughout china, india, southeast asia and africa, an opportunity for people to take back control. we are also. launching a campaign that will focus on bringing more people

into the political movement and demanding their readers actually have positions and exercise -- demanding their readers actually have positions and exercise those positions in their legislative activity. right now we don't have environment as a top-five issue but i think it will increasingly 2020, year that we will have elections here in the united states but so will 60 other countries. host: joining us from stockholm this morning, what is happening there? guest: there is a you israeli, parents of youth meetings, it has become a big theme in the city and around the country of sweden -- there is a youth rally, and parents of youth meetings. you have leaders and representatives from all over gathering. coming here by train, most of them dedicated to take on the ground public transportation. i will be heading over there in a few minutes to see what they are proposing, how they expect

to achieve the goals they set out for themselves. young activists are in london doing the same thing. we are seeing this pop up all over europe and the united states. host: you touch on this briefly, what is the work on the 50th anniversary? today is the 49th, what will you be doing in the next year? guest: we are in full-court preparations for earth day. we called it. 10, and we are creating a series of events, from global citizen science projects, took cleanups, to teach-ins in hundreds of universities. we are hoping that way more than one billion people will participate in 2020, not on the participate, but begin to look like, feel like, and act like a cohesive movement focused on climate change. rogers, president of earth day network, thank you for your time. me.t: thanks for having

host: next, we speak to one of the cofounders of earth day, denis hayes. but here is the. first cofounder, senator gaylord nelson on the eve of the first birthday 49 years ago. >> the battle to restore a proper relationship between man and his environment, between man and other living creatures will ,equire a long,, sustained political, moral and ethical financial commitment are beyond any commitment ever made by any society in the history of man. are we able? yes. are we willing, that is the unanswered question. host: denis hayes. every answer that last question? guest: i think beyond any doubt, greta., there was a true transition in the public consciousness with regard to the environment in 1970. things that were unthinkable in 1969 became unstoppable. in the.

week of the first trip, there were one million participants. after that we press the clean air act, the endangers the shoes act, great mammals protection act -- endangered species act. we began to change the way that america does business. host: what sparked this movement? remind viewers what happened in 1969? guest: there were a number of things that began to create this take consciousness that there was something going wrong with the direction of the country, that there was a disconnect between the growth of gross domestic product and what was giving people satisfaction. carson'swith rachel writing the seventh -- spring.nt the oil spill showing that even the most is these communities could not escape pollution. a series of several thermal implosions that created

pollution so bad in american cities that kids could not go outside for recess. the air in pittsburgh, gary, indiana, los angeles, was like the air in new delhi or mexico city today. the cuyahoga river caught on fire. . the bald eagle was an endangered species. all those things, each of them independent threads, but what earth day did was to weave that altogether into the concept of environmentalism, and turn it into the fabric that today has become an important part of american life. host: how did you get involved? who wasaylord nelson, perhaps the first permanent person to recognize there was something witty to happen, thought that he would launch it with a college teacher-in. i was at that point a graduate student at harvard, but i hadn't heard anything about this. he got a 15 minute courtesy

interview with the senator in washington and offered to coordinate harvard. turned out there was no one coordinating harvard, cambridge, massachusetts, but this would be an important thing to do. so i went back with a charter to austin. a few days later, his chief of staff asked me if i would come down and organize the united states. [laughter] then, we took it off of college campuses, went to other communities. host: i want to show our viewers the senators earth day speech in 1970, a little bit of it, he talks about his goals for environmentalism. >> i don't think there is any other issue viewed in its broadest stance, which is as critical to mankind as the issue of the quality of the environment in which we live. ecology, thatord is a big science, not a narrow one, it is a big concept.

and it is concerned with all the ramifications of all the relationships, of all living creatures to each other and their environment. it is concerned with the total ecosystem, not just how we dispose of tin cans, bottles, in our garbage. it is concerned with the habitat of marine creatures, animals, birds and men. our goal is not just an environment of clean air and water and beauty while about the worst environments in america in the ghettos, in the appalachians, .nd elsewherep our goal is to have an environment of decency, quality and mutual respect for all human beings and all other living creatures. host: when you think about it where we are today, how much has been accomplished? guest: you have to think about it at different levels. in terms of this nation, while

there is an enormous amount left to be done, particularly in the disadvantaged communities he was talking about at the end of his statement, we have made spectacular progress. the air in our cities is clean, we can actually eat the fish we catch in our streams and go swimming with them -- assuming in them. globally, the big issues of proven to be quite retractable. when there is something that isuires enforcement and international, it bumps into sovereignty. even the international criminal court has difficulty getting the united states and other countries to make themselves subject to it. we had a spectacular success on banning chlorofluorocarbons and we are starting now to heal the ozone, but the big issue for 2020, climate, is one that things have just persistently worse. for 250 years, every year we have produced more carbon dioxide than the year before.

last year was the highest ever. tragically, the scientific consensus about the impact of man on climate change, the rate of carbon dioxide production has increased. there has been more co2 from human activities into the atmosphere since james henson back in 1988 made his famous comments to congress, than in the previous 65 years of human existence. host: what are the most short-term thus what is a short-term solution? what needs to happen now? how did humans need to change? guest: we need to not abandon the paris climate accords for one thing, as the president was a to, because it sends a terrible message to the rest of the world. 's second, we need to moving every aspect of our society towards something that is not adding to the problem. the shorthand version of that is we have to electrify everything.

and electrify our automobiles, our trucks, our buildings, our industry and you move that aggressively towards renewable energy resources. the good news is that it it is beginning to happen spontaneously because prices have been falling and others have been charging faster and lasting longer and getting you more mileage. moment, we are still heavily subsidizing the fossil industry. the president of this country wants to revive the 19th century energy source and send it moving into the 21st century, and we have to overcome but. host: what are you referring to? guest: i am talking about the president's fixation with the coal industry. clearly, there needs to be a transition for the people working in that industry, but we need to leave coal, oil, and gas on the ground. we need to start moving in that direction as quickly as possible. few people understand, there are no more phd's in west virginia than there are coal miners, this is not a big difficult lift for

us, but it is a lift we have to make. host: what about nuclear power? guest: there is a division of opinion within the environmental community on nuclear power. i think there is something close to a consensus that we should not be building more light water reactors in their current design. the real debate is how swiftly we shut down those that are here. if you give the nuclear fuel cycle or promoted in other countries, you are necessarily, with the current generation of reactors, also encouraging weapons proliferation. there is nothing iran is doing that is not essential to a cycle. fuel so if you are going to go nuclear, you need a different approach on that topic. ma, in stockton, california. caller: i have a comment. it is basically, they are destroying the earth right now and if you take the viewpoint of

looking at earth from maybe say the least station, the earth is like the best of space station, it looks like a fishbowl -- if you look at the earth from the space station, it looks like a fishbowl. went backgoogle and as far as 1900 and i looked at the north pole and the south and there was a huge ice mass on both of them. but now if you look at it today, you can hardly find any ice. the polar bears are going extinct, and we have to take care of this planet, because she is our mother. she feeds us, she gives us water to drink, we grow our food, yet there is one undeniable fact, and that is that if the earth dies, we die, because this is our life source. people need to get really serious about what is going on because things are moving fast and it is time for us to change.

host: let me ask the cofounder of earth day, mr. hayes, do you agree with her, things are moving fast? guest: we are clearly in a position where we are approaching some talking points. that really frightening thing, which the scientists today clearly don't know when this will take place, what they call positive feedback loops, where certain things happen, then they continue to get worse on their own. she was talking about melting ice and snow in key parts of the world, the polar regions and the glaciers. when that happens, the sun hits the ground, he set up faster, causes the snow to melt faster. and then we have frozen methane gas inside ice crystals. the sun melts this desk, it escapes and evaporates. those things continue in a way that we can control, and we have

avoid the tipping points where suddenly the earth is plunging rapidly into a direction we can't withstand and can't do anything about. host: iran is next in sync them in time, california. good morning to you, ron. caller: good morning and thank you for taking the phone call. thank you for being on the cutting edge of what we need to get fixed in the planetp i think what happens is people get lost in the jargon. they say oh, at one point, five degrees centigrade increase will kill people. know, here is what is killing people. in 1970, when they took the photos from space, of the beautiful blue planet, there were 2.5 billion people on this planet. today, there are 7.7 billion people on this planet. you certainly can tell, the only way that normal human beings

that are just citizens of the united states can understand this or grasp of this is by getting on any freeway or driving on any highway in this country and seeing how much traffic is on there and how many more people are here. and that is just in our country. but throughout the world if you go to, mumbai or china and you can't see across the street because of the smog, you get a better grip on climate change. please address the population boom and tell us what we can do as a planet to sustain us. ,he last question i have is what is the ultimate number of population this planet can sustain? host: before you answer, we have a headline for our viewers from march -- co2 emissions are growing faster in india than in the u.s. or china. guest: that is a whole series of

difficult questions but they rotate around population. the human population has more , if tripled in my lifetime there is an effect of living around in round planet, you cannot grow forever. with regard to most species, there is a state of equilibrium where the population will continue at that level because it is held and controlled by starvation, held in control by predators. humans have overcome a series of blows things and we have continued to grow. we would rather not have a population held in check by disease, predators and starvation. we are a thinking animal and we should be it would you think our way through this. it turns out that what is by far the most important leverage is women. if you can provide women with a higher degree of personal control over their lives, and over their reproductive lives, give them education, give them and a sense power of personal satisfaction in

something other than having children, then suddenly you see birthrates begin to stabilize and even decline in several countries. in fact, in the united states, we would be declining today, but for immigration. this will not be an easy one, because you put don't have birthrates, people have babies. even those of us concerned about birthrates like a babies but i hope we are. smart enough to recognize that they are really the same thing. host: william in ohio. caller: i disagree with his whole theory about global warming. global warming is a hoax purported by the liberals to take our tax money and/or rights. the paris accords did nothing but bankrupt this country. i just -- the united nations

proved that global warming is a hoax. host: let's get a reaction. i respect you, william, and hope that as we continue to gripped iowas that tragically, twice in the month of march, more than 10 events last year in the united states that were extended area events with more than $1 billion of property damage, where we are now leaving the flood season and moving into the forest fire season and after that, the hurricane season, we will recognize that this is no longer normalp this is a broad consensus within the scientific community. -- this is something that there is a broad census on the scientific community on. host: debbie in beaverton, oregon, your comment or question. --ler: my comment is that

ok, years ago i was told that the main cause of global warming now, itpopulation, and is like businesses want more products.buy their so we are going to go to every country and we're going to build all these industries, and the industries are what is causing this global warming. and now, we have the trade agreement and stuff where things here, i mean, i don't get a product that is not made in china and in age, i don't get packing that isn't -- in it, i don't get packing the is it made of styrofoam or plastic. our countries need to set laws and say no. you can't send that stuff here. host: ok, let us talk about that. guest: i think you are making a good point.

we have exported a bunch of our pollution to other parts of the world and of though we have cleaned up america, we have done andy setting factories up importing from factories around the country's are making things sometimes in a more polluting fashion. one of the answers is to just say no. you can find out what the environmental footprint is of just about anything you buy. if this is important to you, and i hope it will be important to everyone, you buy the stuff that has the smallest environmental footprint, and by far, the smallest climate footprint. host: what are companies like amazon and other big companies, online businesses shipping massive amounts of products around the world? what role or responsibility do believe they have? guest: that is a really good question. they have a responsibility, i think, if they want to have a future for their children, to be paying attention to this, and most of them are.

however, a number of big ones have made formidable commitment. google, ikea, they have all committed to relatively rapid timetables to being 100% powered by renewable energy resources. these as is -- this is a small draft right now. but i do want to say, the technology and pricing is all increasingly aligning with a sustainable climate future. for most parts of the world right now, it is cheaper to have wind, solar or battery storage than it is to have conventional energy resources. not just to produce woke energy, energy, but for other energy demands. host: what is happening on a smaller, local level in states and municipalities when it comes to how houses are built. what is a regulation you are seeing? fact, nations have been somewhat disappointing, at

least most have in their approach. the units of government that are closer to the public sentiment, cities and even states, have been more aggressive here and internationally. there are 200 states that not i think it is close to 2 billion people, 1.8 billion people around the world that have set up, timetables that includes california, timetables to move to 100% renewable futures. that includes the state of california, to be there before 2050. is a set of timetables year after year, to know whether you're making progress and not.er you are in washington, d.c., you have one of the most aggressive programs in the world passed last december by the city council. washington, d.c. claims it will be, and has a program to be 100% clean energy by 2032. that is an incredibly aggressive

timetable. host: and what about buildings, and what is happening in our country, for homes, commercial buildings, this is work you are doing with the bullet center, what is it? what are you advocating for? asking me about the bullet center is like asking me about my grandchild, i can go on ,orever, but the quick version it has been characterized by world architecture magazine as the greenest commercial building on the planet. it is a six story that uses half as much energy as the leed building. it produces a surplus of electricity each year. this is six stories in seattle, the cloudiest city in the contiguous united states, a good example of what can be done. what is important is that it costs no more than a traditional commercial building and has been operating in the black since the date opens its -- opened its

doors. it is a most comfortable and rest list building in seattle. host: what happens there in the building? guest: we have commercial nos, the we have so wireless speaker developer and other companies. it is folks that are often kind of energy dense, who use a lot of computational power, that they buy the most efficient equipment for their needs. it is a building that was getting most of what it has achieved through good design. is not a lot of really heavy computer-controlled technology. 50 years ago, if i showed you a picture of a building in phoenix, in anchorage, and in atlanta you would know immediately where each of those located. was today, mostly rebuild the same

building everyplace and use a ton of electricity to dehumidifier atlanta, took cool phoenix, to warm anchorage. thousands of buildings around the world, and it has to become soon, tens of millions of buildings, is designed to protect them microenvironment they are in, to take advantage of natural conditions. host: is that what the bullet foundation does? guest: yes, we are focused upon what we call the emerald corridor, the northwest of the united states. basically portland, seattle, vancouver and the cities in to try to turn them into models of sustainable urban development. we talk about in college it -- , weogy, and urban ecology try to build cities that function upon our ecological principles. specifics,are the what do they look like? [laughter] regularhey look like buildings except portland,

vancouver and now increasingly, seattle have a really good public transportation system. seattle has the largest bus ridership per capita. we are trying to migrate into performance-based energy codes. you can do whatever you want to you can only use this much energy for your trait increase -- energy per year to increase creativity. they come up with rentable space. you can have an extra story if you make it this much greener and that much more efficient. these are building incentives and this incentives to cause our cities to function the way they could if they were a douglas for forest. host: what is an leed certification? guest: it comes out of an organization located here in washington called the u.s. supreme building council.

's leadership and energy -- is leadership and energy in development, is a think what it stands for. if you are a developer, there is a scoreboard of 100 points. if you get a certain point number, you are leed and the higher you go, you can get up to leed platinum. again, the bullit center uses half as much energy as a leed platinum building. host: and the top states for illinois, massachusetts, washington, new york and texas. if you want to learn more about the len:, you can go to the we go to jean.org in maryland. jean, welcome to the conversation. caller: thank you for your

efforts, sir. both china and india have enormous amount of coal reserves make to to use them to generate electricity. there will be a substantial problem. a team headed by george -- in normal laureate -- a normal california, has a method of turning the carbon dioxide generated by such coal-fired electric plants into methanol for our cars and trucks. is not proposing -- a team in mit's proposing a there is agine, version being used in china ,ight now, for cars and trucks eliminating diesel and gasoline. somebody, allow

m.i.t. and southern california to at least them a straight -- at least them a straight that can helphanol alleviate concerns with coal-fired power plants and car emissions? guest: this is a strategy i was actually enthusiastic about in the 1970's when i headed the federal government's solar .nergy research institute , which included by her energy at that time, we are it in you about global warming, but we had a long time ahead of us to start making congress, and this was a good transitional fuel. the problem with the particular technologies described, carbon dioxide out of the smokestacks of coal-fired power plants and is,g that form methanol, one, it gives that much more momentum to the coal industry moving forward, it typically grabs less than half of the co2,

so half of it is still going up there. the half that it. methanol.ends up in so what you do is you get a bounce, twice as much energy for that part of the commission, but you are still putting emissions out. it would be a step in the right direction if we had begun it 40 years ago, maybe even 20 years ago. today, however, we need to begin to produce less carbon dioxide total on the planet not slow down the rate of increase,, but produce less total on the planet right away. put outrt that the ipc last year saying that the 12 years, that is for the temperature of the earth not to increase by more than 1.5 integrated. to do that, they say we need to diminish our carbon dioxide emissions by 50% in the next 12 years.

to achieve that requires much more dramatic changes then what he is talking about. the technology, i agree, is ready and ripe. host: what type of dramatic changes? guest: they are sort of what i was talking about before, and electrify everything and get your electricity from renewable energy resources. this is why it is such a controversial topic. if you are leaving the coal, the oil, and the gas on the ground, then the companies that have 90% of their net worth tied up in those assets become stranded assets, and the company ends up in enormous financial difficulty, so they fight like crazy. and as we have seen in this country, so dramatically, campaigns that are misleading would be the polite way to say it. basically lying through their teeth about climate change. that is why some of your callers believe this thing is a fraud and conspiracy, is because the oil industry spent more than 10 years, just like the cigarette

industry ahead of it, with this campaign of misinformation. host: from springfield, virginia, you are next. caller: good morning. i am a grandmother, 65, and was part of the generation that helped to bring about earth day, but i don't believe global warming is the number one threat to the planet. .t still is nuclear it is for that reason i am concerned about what you said about national sovereignty because one of the reasons i support mr. trump is because his sane attitude toward the russians. it is regrettable that the democrats would not accept the results of the last election, because our system of government is so amenable to climate change, because it can change and is adaptable. i think people ought to do something -- people who want to do something about global warming should become a vegetarian myself. i have been one for 40 years.

i am a reader of james hypothesis and i think this is a generational issue. the number one thing we have to nuclear.ut better active today than radioactive tomorrow. host: a couple of things for you to respond to. guest: i am hopeful you can persuade your president to adopt some of your values. i suspect it is a relatively small fraction of the trump supporters who subscribed to the hypothesis. more power to you and your personal behavior. i certainly agree that the nuclear threat hasn't gone away. i grew up in a time when we hid underneath our desks to protect ourselves from a wholesale nuclear exchange between the united states and the soviet union. there have been a number of relatively close accidents. ts eliot said, there is no question whether we are going to

whimper, abang or a bank is still a possibility and i agree with your caller that we cannot lose sight of that. upset that some people feel there has to be a choice. i think we can wrestle with several issues simultaneously. the problem of nuclear weapons and that nuclear proliferation, i think, still needs to be high on the agenda. host: do we need to eat less meat to solve climate change? guest: one of the strange things is that as people become wealthier, and this is not happening in developing countries around the world, most notably in china, they tend to produce and each more meat. it is not just raising more animals, it is feeding them on and feedlots to fatten them up. so you are having an agricultural practice producing the number two corn, which is

for a cow very much like halloween candy is for a child. it produces fat cows, just like halloween candy does, we produce obese kids. is the kind of me to that is terrible for our health and our planet. i think the planet could survive if everybody had an occasional hamburger. like one of your callers, i prefer to move in a vegetarian tradition. but some amount of meat consumption, sure, you can handle that. to which we are choosing the worst form of meat and having it become a dietary staple has been in a loosely destructive. thomas jefferson used to say that meat should be used as a garnish. he was largely a vegetarian. that is sort of my idea, meet and fish as a garnish is attractive and very happy for you. host: and what is happening to fish across the globe? -- as anere is

environmentalist, it is really sad because the questions you ask tend to produce break answer after blake answer. millions of people around the planet use ocean fish as their principal protein within their diet and those fisheries are being overfished. and as a result, some stocks are collapse.to you can manage global fisheries in a way that is sustainable in the long run, and again, it is an area where international cooperation becomes essential. if every sovereign country can go to the ocean and catch just as much as it wants, you have a traditional problem. it causes a collapse of the fishery. we need to do sustainable fishing. host: what about the amount of plastics in a water sources and what impact is that having? guest: the amount of plastic floating out to see is stunning.

these kinds of projections are misleading but nonetheless, powerful. if you continue to look at the amount of mastech's that went into the ocean -- plastics that went into the ocean come and projected that to 2050, it would be greater than the weight of -- fish less marine mammals mammals.ne it is eaten and turns into these microparticles that are absorbed into the food chain. when the fish is faced by human beings, we give them ourselves, some of them containing things that are hormone disruptors. it has got to stop. we have begun to make progress here in the united states, but plastics have been spreading into developing countries rapidly. as kathleen rogers mention of the beginning of the program, a huge problem with india's rivers is they have these plastics and are carrying them into the sea. host: how have the recycling

contributed to this problem, or of melissaere of, polities, when china has said, we are not taking these plastics ,nymore -- of municipalities when china has said that we should not taking these plastics anymore? guest: i don't think we can fault china too much for saying we cannot take your garbage in perpetuity, particularly because much of contaminated. and they were thinking that they would recycle it and instead they had to bury it in landfills. one thing that comes with combining all your recyclables in single containers, if your glass breaks, then your glass shards that can't be supported and magnetics and other means from the rest of the recyclables, contaminate the whole thing. so the whole stash ends up in a landfill. when i was young, a guy was

elected mayor of los angeles on a platform beside, elect me mayor and you will not have to support your garbage anymore into recyclables. that was before the first earth day. i hope we are now sufficiently away from that that we will put our aluminum here, our paper here, our plastics year in other place, and will have a responsibility to do that, and the government will make it easy to do it and costly for us not to do it. host: bill in sherwood, oregon, your next. caller: thank you very much. what you have been speaking about is such a huge subject, it is amazing. the first thing i wanted to say is nuclear energy is a dead-end road. you can get rid of the waste. the waste can kill for 25,000 dead-end.is a the other thing is methane. all the fracking wells across

america, tens of thousands of wells are releasing this gas. this gas is 26 times more global warming than co2. worse.bad, methane is and the methane we are releasing is actually triggering all this bad weather we are having across america. this is obvious to me, i don't know why it is not obvious to others. perhaps they are using religion or politics, is set of facts. host: let us hear from kerry in springfield, florida. : no, it is harry. [laughter] host: sorry. go ahead. caller: these topics are just all over the place, it is mind-boggling. most of these scientists are making a lot of money agreeing

with each other. ok. my biggest fear is running out of fossil fuels. there is a finite amount of fossil fuels in the earth, they are very efficient. we are very efficient in the united states at cleaning them up. being in florida, i know people who have solar collectors on their roofs for electricity. it doesn't work quite to the efficiency that they talk about. i have solar collectors to heat my pool with water, but when we coal and oil, we are in big, big trouble. the one mills -- the wind meals, they are called eagle shredders. there are very efficient out in seattle, but that is one of the most expensive places to live in the united states. host: ok.

let us have mr. hayes take that up. guest: harry, i think it majority of my best friends are scientists and i don't know a single one of them who went into it for the money. scientists are not about getting rich, they are about pushing back the frontiers of human knowledge. it is of the most noble professions one can embark on in the hope that america starts producing more scientists than it is. if you happen to be stupid farm. to -- it went in the united states, it would be illegal, then birds would be flying through them and it would be bad, but we have very strict laws that make that impossible to do in the united states, and increasingly it is becoming commonplace elsewhere in the world. there is no energy source that can't have negative effects if you do it stupidly, but there is it enormous amount of fossil fool still on the ground --

fossil fuel still on the ground. if it were all to be pulled out and burned, we would be in the same climate that it was in before my logical sources -- that it was in before biological sources turned it into a fossil fuels. that was the period in which dinosaurs roamed the earth and we had swamps in the north pole. it is something we cannot let happen. the final thing is with regard to the efficiencies of solar collectors, there is no dispute on their efficiency on solar panels. they will tell you when you buy be,hat the efficiency will today it is typically between 18%-20 2%. of all thethat 22% sunlight the falls on it is converted into electricity. i believe in the future, we will be getting increasing efficiencies. what we have done in the last 10 years is seen the price drop precipitously. these technologies are beginning

to spread rapidly. host: to remain in wisconsin. caller: thank you for c-span. sir, it is a pleasure to hear your voice today. guest: thank you. caller: and i am coming at this from a very ignorant perspective . just bear with me, and i am really sorry for asking the question so bluntly, but i am extremely ignorant and i don't understand. theeems to me that conclusions of the late 60's had this dramatic influence. is that correct. host: i am not sure i understand your question about the heart and influence. caller: i appreciate your honesty. there is a gentleman named gilbert harding who wrote an article in the late 1960's on

environmental ethics, and it seems to have a major immediate influence within culture, immediately. host: jeremy, i will leave it there. mr. hayes. guest: his name was garrett harding in the university of california santa barbara. i don't think the impact was quite as far-reaching as you say. he published it in a publication of the american association of sciences, not a huge popular readership, but it certainly had some influence upon folks in the scientific community. a sociologist recently won in the nobel prize in economics for ofutting some of the aspects the article. is possible to conduct a very reasonable discourse on climate change without being pro-or

anti-garrett harding, who i will say was a great friend of mine and a person i respected very greatly. host: they go to kevin in el paso, texas. caller: hi. this is my comment on green energy, it is not green at all. first of all, it takes fossil batteries andcar windmills, and solar panels. solar panels have 13 toxic elements in them, if all this green energy that we have that isclaiming it is green, it not, because there are several dumps here in texas that have poundg but these 5000 that a reason windmills in them and solar panels that aren't used anymore, that are just sitting there and are not reviewed or rebuilt or refurbished in any way. what do went is,

really mean by green energy? question off the air. thanks. guest:. guest: i know nothing about the dump you are referring to in texas. however, it is possible to do anything wrong. most of what is in the current generation of batteries, looking at iron batteries and various -- recyclable.s, is i have difficulty understanding why anybody would throw away into a toxic landfill when it has a great market value. solar panels have a variety of compounds in them. some of them are themselves effective compounds and some are conductors. the nature of the panel itself, it can be recycled. they have life expectancies of 40-50 years, not because of the materials in the panel but the encapsulation over the top but tends to get cloudy or scratched

it, too,, and can be recycled. everything in the wind turbine can be recycled. but was you have burned coal, that is gone forever and the carbon is collected in the atmosphere. host: robert in virginia. caller: mr. hayes, i have a great admiration for your job, i really do because it is probably one of the hardest, harder than the president's. my question for you is, with all the technology and all the scientists that would have in telling us how global warming affects our climate, why can we turn that same technology to build something that actually reclaims high amounts of carbon in our atmosphere and put it to use? guest: well, we can and have.

some of it is natural. in our forests and in our agricultural lands there are ways to mobility away from industrial forestry into sustainable forestry, and from industrial agriculture to agriculture that builds up the amount of carbon in the soil. and there are a lot of those things going on, it is turning increasingly to make economic sense. in addition, i think what you are talking about our mechanical contraptions that would be taking carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere and fixing it, in a form that is relatively stable carbonate.m there are machines that do that, at least half a dozen companies are making them. it tends to make a huge amount -- it takes a huge amount of energy to pull carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere and even more to put it into something that would remain stable in perpetuity. vastly easier to keep it out of the atmosphere to begin with. but at some point, because we

have to have less of their than we have right now, and because we're not going to turn around on a dime and will continue putting carbon into the atmosphere for several years in the future, i suspect that if we are moving rapidly enough in that direction, some of that technology will catch fire. and as i said, there are at least a couple dozen startups around the world, some of which are getting funding from major financial institutions, energy companies, bill gates personally has invested in a couple of them . host: when this show concludes, we will bring our audience over to the national press club, where you will be talking about the 50th anniversary of earth day next year and the vote for the earth effort. tell us what that is about? some: people, at least large number of people tend to vote on the basis of one or three key issues, issues that a degree ofe intensity in public conscience.

there will be people who vote on , ontion, on immigration health care and don't care about anything else, they may care about something else, but they will vote on that. i know of only one politician, a republican congressman, who was a believer in climate change who was defeated because he has the right position on it. i don't know of anybody who is defeated because they have the it.t position on in 1970, we went after a dozen congressmen and defended seven out of 12 -- defeated seven out of 12 of them. the impact of that on political consciousness was enormous. we had made the environment including issue for enough elections.ilt the vote the earth is trying to do that. internationally, there are 60 elections going on around the world in the next two years. we want to mix climate movement towards a sustainable future in climate terms of voting issue

for enough people that it really resonant. host: our viewers can learn more about it. we went -- we will have it at 10:00 a.m. eastern time. mark in wisconsin. caller: yeah. i have a question, how many miles do you have a year. class, and first what type of gas engines do you have a new property? thank you very much. guest: you have put your thumb on my greatest personal mark, i fly probably as much as 8-10,000 , and it a typical year is a sin. i have no way around it except my job demands it. i do not fly first-class, i fly steerage in most cases because i run a non-for profit and we don't do first-class. the engines on my

property, i assume you're talking about my automobile, i have a chevy volt. i put solar panels on my house and that puts something up on the screen of your computer where you see how much electricity are consuming and how much you are producing, besides the needs of the house. we find ourselves driving the house against the solar panels and reducing this and reducing that. so all of our lives are now led lights. we have more and more daylight controlling things. i haven't used the close dryers since we bought the solar panels. we hang up our clothes on clotheslines during the summer and clothes racks during the winter. so it turns out we have a surplus. percent of my house is in electricity andand 100% of ms electricity. the whole thing is largely paying for itself within the first five years. we will be producing a surplus two years from now and we will

have some return on investment. host: thank you very much for the conversation this morning. up next we will talk to the co-author jake sherman and ana palmer -- and anna palmer. they talk about the first two years of the trauma administration from the perspective of capitol hill. >> for president trump on the perspective of fundraising, the news organization talking about how much money the president has raised out of florida saying the sunshine state is the third most lucrative state for the president's reelection bid. he raised more than five point 2 --lion -- $5.2 million this story also highlighting the

abouthat democrats raised $1.1 million. five democratic candidates featured on cnn tonight. in front of about 500 young people, a series of town halls that will take place. senator amy klobuchar starts it off followed by senator elizabeth warren, senator bernie sanders, senator kamala harris, and the south bend indiana mayor. websitefind more on the of the new hampshire and union leader. warren, thesenator hill posting a story taking a look at her lyric -- at her latest efforts when it comes to student debt,. she unveiled a plan today to reform higher education that would cancel nearly all student loan debt and create universal free public college.

the plan would cancel up to $50,000 in debt for 42 million americans, 95% of those carrying student loan debt. it would allow every american to attend a two-year or four-year college tuition free. the cost will be covered by her proposed 2% annual tax on families with $50 million or more, what she calls the ultra millionaire tax. she says we got into this crisis because the state governments and federal government decided instead of treating higher education like public schools, they would rather cut taxes for billionaires and giant corporations and offload the cost on to students and their families. if you are interested in reading about the proposal, the hill website is where you can read that. -- has a series of polls on his atsite, which take a look state activists, asking who they will be backing or would be

interesting in backing and who they would not want to see go forward in the primary. when it comes to those interested or backing already, the top of that list is senator, let harris as of april. 53% of those activists interviewed and pulled -- pulled -- polled. activists whoand may not want to see forward, topping that list, tulsi gabbard of hawaii followed by senator bernie sanders and though he has not entered the race as of yet, former bryce president joe biden. -- former vice president joe biden. -- it is the supreme court on tuesday, considering a question

about the upcoming 2020 senses and if there should be a question about citizenship. picture, to the big the supreme court will hear those arguments tuesday and whether it is unconstitutional if it violates federal laws or if the dispute belongs in court. section,y it matters the point of the senses is to figure out how any people live in the u.s. and where. decisions flow from that including how many seats each state gets in the house. it also includes basic demographic questions and a question asking if people are u.s. citizens. of the comes to issues supreme court, you may be interested in an event we are airing tonight at 7:00. it features an associate justice and washington, d.c. talking , whena variety of issues it comes to taxation and privacy

rights and those kinds of things. you can see that at 7:00 and find out more on our website. morning, the kaiser family foundation takes a look at the trumpet administration's mission to end hiv transmission. if you want to learn more about the initiative, you can go to our website at c-span.org. you can view this on c-span two starting at 10:00. -- c-span2 starting at 10:00. host: at our table this morning, anna palmer and jake sherman, co-authors of "the hill to die on." where does it come from? title beforee the we wrote the book which is a dangerous thing to do but we -- aht let capitol hill

lot of legislation goes to die. titlealso, we felt like a that makes sense because there are issues were members of congress are dying on, immigration reform. spending, butal no longer. host: what does it mean over the last two years of the trump era? jake: use all republicans died on the immigration hill. they shut down the government for 35 days. various other issues like health care and tax reform. those were republican hills to die on. host: anna palmer, when did you know you had a book? anna: we had talked about writing a book for a long time. we think capitol hill is the most interesting place in all of washington. 535 numbers of congress. you get an extreme amount of access to them.

we knew after donald trump was elected, he promised to come into washington and upend the way things were done. all the power was in republican hands. things were going to be interesting. we never would have protected where you had paul ryan stepping down, republicans you -- losing their majority. really interesting characters we have been covering for a long time but also this through line of immigration and these massive fights. we knew there was a book but we got lucky. host: over the past two years we have also had this special counsel investigation. now that it's out, when you look back at what you were writing, does it jive with what you were reporting, what you read in this book? jake: we stayed away from the special counsel's investigation because we felt like it was a book of its own. we did not feel like we could get our arms around it in a way that would do it justice.

we did allude to it. we did interview the chairman of the house intelligence committee and interestingly enough, he spoke about how -- we spoke about bob mueller in the book and how bob mueller would find no collusion and that is what he was there to look for. the politics of it we stayed away from because we wanted to focus on the way donald trump interacted with capitol hill. we wanted a book where if you wanted to understand how congress worked, both in donald trump's era and in others, this was a book you could read at any time throughout history and understand a roadmap to getting things done or gridlock. host: let's start with his relationship with paul ryan. jake: it is complicated. anna: certainly interesting. one of the things we found, that we did not really know going in was how bad their relationship

was throughout the entire two years of his presidency. we sat down with the president in the oval office and we were asking his feelings about different members and we reminded him paul ryan was there with you before the election. he said he called him foxhole paul. there were moments where privately, the speaker and the president were at each other's throats, yelling at each other over different policy issues. if you look at what donald trump stands for and what paul ryan stands for, they are two very different republican orthodox is. paul -- orthodoxes. paul ryan trying to get things done that donald trump wanted that were not the best policies. host: you write about how this tension began, right before the election happened. withryan was not on board electing donald trump to the presidency. jake: a lot of people forget that paul ryan was basically a

never trumper. he was not photographed once --h donald trump even after even at the republican convention which paul ryan shared. -- chaired. paul ryan felt like donald trump selection brought him to a fork in the road. his republican party has fallen away and he either had to get on board with the president or leave congress. he considered leaving congress for many months leading up to the election when he thought hillary clinton would become president but at that point he decided to stay in government. if you wanted to project they were normal people in government, if he did not believe he and many republicans did not believe we were about to enter a normal period of governing after republicans called for sober leadership in governing for a while. justryan said to us, if i

took my toys home, that would not be good for anybody which is an amazing admission from the speaker of the house, talking about a president at his own party. host: the book goes beyond paul ryan and talks about the relationship the president had with the freedom caucus. that name is familiar to our viewers. nancy pelosi, chuck schumer, mitch mcconnell in the senate, et cetera. if you have questions, we will take your comments as well, over the past two years. this is the book, "the hill to die on." before paul ryan gets to that fork in the road, he makes a phone call to mitch mcconnell about whether or not he can stay with mr. trump. anna: it is pretty stunning when you think about it that right before the election, he is not going to let his members say do

what you need to do to win, but he considered making a public announcement that he was not with the president. he was so offended by the hollywood tape and what was happening and mitch mcconnell said don't do that. it felt like that would have been the end of the republican party and it felt like they needed to be with this president because he was going to be the party nominee. host: talk about the relationship between mitch mcconnell and this president. how often do they talk. they spoke a lot and mitch mcconnell went up to trump tower days after the election. early decembers 2016, and convinced the president and discussed with him, his plan for that tradition -- judiciary, how mcconnell was going to work with the white house counsel to control all

nominees to the supreme court, lower district courts, federal courts. he wanted to remake the judiciary and mitch mcconnell stuck with donald trump and very kavanaugh through a tumultuous supreme court nomination. two delivered donald trump supreme court nominations and mitch mcconnell very quietly has reshaped the judiciary with donald trump, something he believes he will be known for for many years after donald trump leaves office. host: anna palmer, talk more about the role senate majority leader mitch mcconnell played behind the scenes during the kavanaugh hearing. for the viewership of those hearings, it was unbelievable. people watched it and they had no idea what mitch mcconnell was doing. washington, it was the tensest i have seen the

public in general around one issue. you did not see which mcconnell going up and making floor speeches but he was the steady hand behind the scenes that just kept pressing forward because he felt they needed to confirm judge kavanaugh. even when they had to stop things and have beat -- have the fbi investigation, he was always saying how do you get across the finish line? really just stuck with it in a way that there was a lot of fascination about who is mitch mcconnell. how he took on the kavanaugh nomination is how he leads. he picks where his goals are and then he might not get style points, but he always gets pretty much what he wants done. the -- jake: the interesting thing about that process was during the nomination, the

president and mitch mcconnell spoke and mcconnell told the president you better be ready to pop another supreme court nominee if kavanaugh goes sideways. during the hearing when ,hristine blasey ford testified mcconnell called president trump after the testimony and said we are at the halftime, let's see how it looks at the end of the game. the president in our interview, said we worked with a lot of people but mitch was really strong for us. host: talk about what did republicans accomplish while they control both chambers and the white house. anna: they clearly got a once in a generation tax bill through. that was the biggest accomplishment by far in his first two years.

the book sets up well and you forget so many things happening all the time. health care imploded quickly in the beginning of his first term. there was a real desperation on the republican side to get if theyg done because never get anything done, they would not be a message for the midterm. the tax reform, the supreme court. jake: the judiciary is a big thing and we saw a reshaping of the republican party, more than any single legislative accomplishment. the party has been remade in the president's image. i don't know what that means. we can't tell you what that means for the future of the republican party. we did not set out to write a book about what this would mean 60 years from now. we wrote a book about behind the scenes, what happened, how we got from a to b and how people

exercise power. we wanted to chronicle how people exercise power which is something we believe can only be done after the fact. we thought that was the best way. host: another character in this book is the freedom congress led by jim jordan and mark meadows. talk about the roles they play. leading up to the election, after the election and the first two years. anna: i think they see themselves as the keepers of trump's creed and wanting to press him to be as conservative as possible. notuse this president is care about deficit spending the way republicans did, they saw that impact on immigration and are trying to have this steely resolve of the shutdown, there

was a quote from mark meadows where he said he felt like whoever came out on top would be the person who was the most powerful force in washington. we got to that because the president is an unconventional guy. he talks to them a lot. a realadows has had stamp of his influence on these first two years. jake: jim jordan are the two most powerful people in washington from 2016 to 2018, hands down. mitch mcconnell and paul ryan were equally powerful but we have seen a small group of republicans, 20 or so, control the house of representatives which is unprecedented. jim jordan says we are conservatives but we are a union and that is how we exercise our power. it is amazing to see how two and the ie strategist

just -- ideological center of the freedom congress, worked -- warped congress to their will. it is something unlike anything we have seen in the 10 years i have covered congress. it whenr viewers saw john boehner stepped down as speaker of the house. paul ryan takes over. they had their eyes on replacing paul ryan. jake: the book opens up with a large scene of mark meadows and jim jordan hatching a plan to go to new york and go on fox news if ellery clinton had won and announced jim jordan was going to take on paul ryan because they did not believe paul ryan had been supportive enough of donald trump during the campaign and they were thinking if hillary clinton won, how could they continue with this leader?

donald trump won and they pulled back. they knew they had this ally in the white house and this relationship blossomed over six months to the point when the president felt abandoned in 2018 by mitch mcconnell and paul followede president jim jordan and mark meadows and shut down the government for 35 days. pointsthe larger staying , historic markers we have set, about how much they use their power. host: anna palmer, describe the text that paul ryan sent to mark meadows. in the house is a lot of whispers. very rarely do things stay quiet. he clearly heard that the freedom caucus was considering taking him out and so he said i think the exact words are if you are going to take me out, let me know, with some shamrock emojis.

they did not move forward with it but it was well known that they were considering and thinking about this. jake: they were gathered in mark meadows' apartment. gathered with reporters staking out. what happens then in the 2018 election, and how does the president react to the outcome and who does he feel -- hold responsible for it? jake: he holds paul ryan responsible. the evidence is overwhelming that paul ryan raised massive amounts of money and did what he could to keep the house in republican hands. he was not successful but history said he was not going to be. trump did not take any blame himself. he said people were not with him.

he said to us something remarkable, which was he was happy in a sense because they had too many nitpicky lettuce the demands -- ledges the demands. -- legislative demands. is goingnot much that to move through the capital. host: and here we are in 2019. withis his relationship the now speaker of the house pen -- nancy pelosi? anna: interesting because as fraught as a relationship the president had with paul maron, he seems to have a respect for nancy pelosi. one of the things he was very clear about is that he respected the fact that democrats stuck together. he said they have lousy policies but he respected the fact that

when she wanted to get something done, her troops stood with nancy pelosi. is -- he has a lot more in common with chuck schumer and nancy pelosi. host: in your book, you talk would evenhe even get some republicans to vote for her. jake: he thought when nancy pelosi was struggling during what appeared to be an insurgency from some of the younger members of her caucus, donald trump said to us he expected the house freedom caucus would support nancy pelosi because the president thought she deserved it. don't have a long-standing relationship with the president like some of his advisors do so we don't know when he is blowing serious, butg very you have to take him at his word because he went into detail about this, that the most ardent

members of the freedom caucus would support nancy pelosi. it is encapsulating of a very the people who stood up for the president for all these years and took huge political risks for him within turnaround and support nancy pelosi. republicans spent hundreds of millions of dollars trying to tarnish her over the last decade and a half. host: what is his relationship like with chuck schumer? jake: again, a long-standing relationship with chuck schumer and they cut a deal in 20 to keep the government funded. they are both new yorkers. in-laws lived in a trump apartment building in new york and were always taken by fred trump jake you limousines. limousines -- trump's

limousines. -- would practically be unstoppable. he was caught on a height -- a hot mic on the senate floor saying this. an interesting relationship but now it is not a good one. host: kenneth in arkansas, democrat. good morning. caller: good morning. what i'm going to tell your guest will bubbly shocked them. i called in about two or three months ago and try to tell the public what is going on. donald trump ran for president and had a couple things he wanted to do. he picked jeff sessions as his ag so he could cover up the criminal stuff. then he went to mitch mcconnell so he could not get impeached in the senate and once he did that, he had mitch mcconnell's wife as the transportation secretary. he has a check coming into his house, his wife works for donald trump and a lot of people don't understand what is going on.

i have been watching this whole thing, all the hearings and of donald trump -- donald trump does not play fair. once they picked that special counsel, he said he was effed. they were going to uncover all of that dirt and that is why he knew he was done. host: the house is coming in for a quick pro forma session at 9:30. i want to give you guys a chance to respond. are democrats going to go next with the mother report and what are the prospects of impeachment? anna: we wrote about this today. the prospects of impeachment are low. what we saw coming out of the mother report is no republicans in the senate saying it is time to move forward on this. i am seeing a lot of caution on

the part of nancy pelosi to try and give her troops room to breathe while there are some on the left that want to move forward with impeachment. there is a lot of wariness among democrats. is if bobone wildcard mueller testified publicly, what does that do to the political climate. i don't know the answer to that. it does not seem like 20 republican senators are going to try to remove donald trump from office. democrats see it as a fools errand and something that will come back and bite them instead of being a political plus. host: democrats will have a conference call later today to discuss this idea of impeachment led by speaker of the house pelosi. william barr testifying may 1 and second. what do you expect that to look like? jake: bill barr has been steely in his resolve. it seems like he said everything

he believes in that press conference, and he has testified already on capitol hill. it does not seem like he is going to vary too much. host: what is the reaction from capitol hill to this ag? anna: clearly democrats are upset and even some republicans have been surprised. host: when will we see robert mueller on the hill? jake: democrats want him by may 23. he has not given any indication that he will testify by then. there will be restrictions based on whether he is still working for the justice department. bill barr said he had no reservation about him testifying. i don't think there is any commitment. anna: we have seen where bill barr is on this. mr. mueller has been very quiet.

it would be the biggest zoo of reporters if he actually does end up testifying. host: we will wait and see. the house coming in for a pro forma session that we expect to last a few minutes. house and senate lawmakers are not in washington this week. they are on spring break and there will be hearings with bill barr coming up. you can go to our website to learn more details about that. we will come back after this pro forma session and continue our conversation with anna palmer and jake sherman. if you are on the line, hang on. if you had a question or comment, start dialing and now. let's go to the floor -- dialing in now. let's go to the floor.

-- back from the pro forma session of the house floor. here at the table we have anna palmer and jake sherman talking about their book, "the hill to die on."

we were talking about the relationship the president had with the key players on capitol hill. what has he or how has he reacted over the years to the big policy debates that you guys write about? let's take the wall and how that factored into the first two years. jake: there was no question thele were surprised from fervor with which donald trump pursued the wall. restrictiveed on immigration policies and putting a physical barrier on the border with mexico. it was his hill to die on at the end of the day and he felt like ,e was misled by paul ryan mitch mcconnell less so about when he would get the money for the border wall but to be fair, donald trump whiffed a few times

in his efforts to crack deals with democrats that could have led to the border wall being built, so there is a lot of shared blame but donald trump lashed out a lot at paul ryan and rank and file members and democrats about congress's inability to give him this money. anna: he cared about this issue in a way he did not care about others. wins and wanted to get this was something, he did not campaign on health care, he did campaign on the border wall and having a physical barrier and that is something he pushed for the entire first two years of this administration and through the midterms. host: what was his reaction to efforts of the republicans in the house and senate on health care? anna: very frustrated. it was one of the ways his relationship with paul ryan continue to be on a bad track.

paul ryan came up to trump tower after the president had won and said this is what we need to do. we want to do health care and tax reform and infrastructure. a lot of people disagreed with that strategy and thought they should do infrastructure first, i partisan or tax reform were you had more health care -- more republicans. health care is complicated as they found out and they got his presidency off to such a rough start. host: what do republicans think about his efforts to sell america on repealing obama care? the president said early on in his presidency, who knew health care could be so hard, and obviously everyone knew that , besides him because the president had spent his life in marketing and advertising and real estate, so his view on health care policy was uninformed but he thought it should have been much easier.

he called our colleague at the washington post and said we are going to have health care for everybody which was obviously not even close to what republicans have been advocating .or for the past decade or so the hill, house republicans, it was their first legislative battle. they were getting to know each other. paul ryan called the president and said that me take the arrows, this will be my last job and politics which is an incredibly telling moment from the speaker to the president. it was rocky to say the least. host: for our viewers if you remember the first two years of the trump presidency, those key debates, those discussions happening in washington and you have questions or comments, anna palmer and jake sherman are here to answer. bruce in maryland, independent,

go ahead. caller: thank you for taking my call. guests, to ask your they were talking about the freedom forum and how those 20 guys really had an outsized influence and control of a lot of things and i have not heard the guests mention, is not because of the has to rule that we publicans cannot pass legislation was there is a majority of every publicans behind it -- of republicans behind it? isn't that why the freedom forum has small numbers? jake: the hastert rule is more of a suggestion. the idea behind the has to rule is if you have the majority, you should use your majority to enact legislation that the majority wants because that is who the american voters entrusted with power, and you should not rely on the minority

to pass legislation which a lot of people would believe is a proper exercise of power. i think in our system of government, the fact that the majority uses its majority to pass legislation would lead to that small of a number of people being influential but i don't think that is odd in any way. he has to rule -- the hastert rule became more powerful that it was supposed to be. it was not just their individual votes but with the express purpose of blocking. host: we will go to john in virginia, democrat. caller: good morning. go ahead with your question or comment. we lost john. we will go to barney, independent. caller: in this most recent

introversy about the wall, -- not hear anything about that trump was on the telephone with the president of mexico and that the whole business about the wall was just for domestic consumption. i did not hear that brought up recently. do either of the authors know anything about that? host: either one of you? jake: it was reported he said it was a domestic political issue he used in his campaign but it , given whatorrect we know of the last two years to suggest the president did not want this border wall on the border with mexico, so yes it

might have been a domestic political issue but the government was shut down for 35 peoplempacting a lot of for this wall, so -- anna: it is going to impact trade as well. it obviously impacts the border but also billions of dollars of trade happening with mexico as we try to rewrite nafta. behindhat was happening the scenes during this government shutdown, during that 35 day period? jake: government funding was running out and the president was angry that there was no legislation that paul ryan or mitch mcconnell was putting through and paul ryan tried to explain shutting down the government is not going to bring you closer to getting this wall. the president did not believe that paul ryan and mitch

mcconnell had his best interests at heart and stuck with mark meadows and jim jordan who helped him down this path that led him to a 35 day shutdown where jared kushner, the president son-in-law who had been a real -- a -- thought he could get immigration compromises with very little evidence he could. andsaw the inexperience inability of the white house combined with a deflated republican party and emboldened democratic majority. blinked,onald trump did not get the wall, cleared an emergency later and believes he is getting the wall he wants at the end of the day. host: our next caller is in michigan, democrat. caller: good morning. i wasment is, so listening to the beginning of your conversation, you were talking about accomplishments

from donald trump. you were saying that the only thing he has done is past that tax thing and that is my point to republicans out there they keep saying he did all this stuff. all he has done so far is line his pockets, himself and his other rich white buddies, so to say he has done this country good, that is just a blind statement. he has not done anything. all he has done is divide this country. my other thing is i don't see him getting reelected, mainly because people don't like him. people realize that now. there are a lot of people realize -- that realize they made a mistake. host: i will take that point. is the prognosis of freight

-- of his reelection from republicans? anna: i think right now, the country is divided. his supporters are still with him and the economy is still he is doing pretty well with those who support him and when you look at where the house is, and the gerrymandering, there are a lot of republicans who go home and get asked why aren't you defending this president more? is a real there support for him and he has a lot of money they are raising to spend. there is deafly going to be a strong fight. jake: it'll be interesting to see if the president could pull out the same coalition of voters in michigan that thought he was uniquely suited to break the gridlock in washington and whether he has or still can.

a lot of republicans are looking at the dozen people running on the democrat side and think the party is being yanked to the left and they think it is not where the country wants to go. host: russell in florida, independent. and in i am a veteran retrospect, you look at our country and the only thing we need to focus on is how we can stop demonizing each other and throwing false allegations at each other as though it does not mean anything. if you continually do this in our nation, there is no saying -- there is an old saying that united we stand, divided we fall. it is not a joke. pennsylvania. to jean, democrat. caller: i have a question about a comment that i heard during the kavanaugh hearings and it

had to do with the supreme court justice meeting with both the president, ivanka trump without his stepping down and a comment was made by a reporter who son washat kennedy's the one who lent donald trump all of his money and was someone who worked at deutsche bank. i found this horrible and could not believe it. that is why i am asking you for clarification on that because if that is true, we don't even have any kind of integrity within the supreme court. i appreciate your answer. jake: there were reports that the president knew justice kennedy's son worked at deutsche bank at some point. justice kennedy was on the watchlist to retire for many exactand i don't know his age but was certainly of a normal age to retire from the supreme court. justice kennedy did give the that house advanced notice

he was, although not very much advance notice that he was going to step down. mitch mcconnell was very surprised. ,ost: don in pennsylvania republican. caller: i would like to know how the clintons are now worth $350 million when they left the white house broke. said aboutst there trump being inexperienced. i would like to know what eight years of obama did. give me some accomplishment there. we have universal health care and we know what happened with that. finally you talk about the russians? who was president during the election? who was president during the 2016 elections? whose responsibility was that? thank you. chicago, indiana,

independent. caller: thank you for c-span. my favorite tv show. --is wonderful to see i put all of this at the feet of mitch mcconnell. two weeks after obama was elected, he made the statement, we will not do anything to help this president succeed. the next eight years, they were the party of no. it stayed that way. when trump came in, he had no agenda of his own, he was just spouting what -- was saying but he thought republicans would bail him out with their plans. host: let's take your last point. did the president have no agenda of his own? anna: i don't think that is right. when you are the party in power, you are willing to work with your colleagues and they were

people who were here for 20 plus years chomping at the bit to get policies enacted. i think this president wanted to work with republicans. he can't do anything on his own. one of the things we have seen is the limits of someone in the presidency. he cannot unilaterally get things done. he has been successful on rolling back regulations. republicans felt like they were given a mandate, an olive branch. mitch mcconnell said they american people prefer a divided government because that is what is voted into power. host: jim in florida, republican. caller: good morning. everybody is talking about donald trump but i am wondering

what has happened to new york city? mr. trump was a part of the building up of new york again. his resume is second to none. the man is superman in my opinion. i was a democrat. these people are supermen and for anybody in their right mind to disagree or do not understand what this man -- just keep watching? this compliments, we are winning again and being respected as he said. there is no doubt. i don't know where these people are coming from. host: a question for the two of you, how do members of congress, republicans view the president's involvedhose that are in his inner circle in the white house?

anna: it is complicated. in some ways, particularly for they areftentimes trying to communicate with her as a way to get the president's ear. with jared, there is more frustration of somebody coming into washington thinking he was going to change the way washington works. he was stopped pretty quickly. host: you have one part where you talk about late senator mccain. jake: anna: john mccain -- jake: he is in the oval office with john mccain and mccain is talking about military procurement reform and jared kushner says don't worry, we are going to change the whole government and john mccain says good luck. there is an almost cartoonish idea that you could walk into -- and this is not just people in the trumpet administration.

barack obama thought he was going to come into the city and change the culture. each president does to a degree that no one does as much as they think they would because washington is not a city that is going to change quickly. there was a lot of money and everything -- there is a lot of money and everything. host: our next caller comes from ohio, democrat caller. iller: i was calling because think it is a bad situation that donald trump put all of his family in. is he doingis, why all of this stuff and trying to run the country? i think there should be a block on him doing so much. host: still having financial gain from his businesses. he clearly did not do what

some other people did in the senate where they put it into a blind trust and cannot see thencial information but president said everybody knew this and they should not be that surprised. sous trump organization elijah cummings to block a subpoena to obtain information on president trump's longtime accountant. no complaint argues there is legitimate legislative purpose and mentions the subpoena is from documents that predates the trump presidency. these are the same arguments his lawyers would likely make over his tax returns. jake: we agree on this point the president said anything about his personal business life is out of bounds and i think the trump organization people in his orbit

,an make a substantive argument congress is not the fbi. they can't democrats would say we are trying to understand what drives the president and to do that we need to understand his business. democrats realize there is political risk. host: george in new jersey, democrat stuff caller: good morning and thank you for taking my call. the first thing i want to say is a quick point that it took a special prosecutor to do the job of the free press in the united states. questioning the strawman argument of sarah sanders. possiblyif this could be considered a turning point. that we will now see the press question the strong