unique access to the senate chambers. it will look at the history, traditions and roles of the u.s. senate. >> please raise your right hand. >> sunday at 9:00 p.m. eastern and pacific on c-span. washington journal mugs are available at c-span's new online store. go to c-span store.org. check out the washington journal mugs and see all of the c-span products. jessica vaughan is back at her desk. she serves as policy studies director at the center for immigration studies. not a single democratic candidate thinks the current immigration system is working. president trump has called it broken repeatedly. if it were up to you to fix the system, where would you start? guest: i think i would start

nothing -- why do we have an immigration system to decide which immigrants we want to admit and build from there? we want people to be able to build their -- bring their spouses and other close immediate family members. we want our employers to have access to a global bullet talent, skilled individuals -- global pool of talent, skilled individuals. we want to continue to have a humanitarian admission program. how many people should we be offering resettlement to? we could probably do away with programs like the visa lottery and certain other ones that have outlived any useful purpose. host: what should be the goal?

what do you think is the right number of immigrants coming into this country illegally each year? guest: it should be based on our and not becountry disadvantaging americans in any way if possible. to make sure people can keep their immediate families together if they happen to marry somebody from another country and to be able to attract this global pool of talent -- it is hard to set a number on that. if you're keeping your standards , you're goingng to have to have a numerical limit. there will always be more people in the world who want to come to the united states. we have to be willing to enforce the limits that we have. if we don't enforce the rules, there's no point to having rules. host: immigration is a huge

topic. towards 2020, is it focused on the right topic as the candidates talk about immigration? guest: the president will end up focusing on two things. first, how he's dealt with the crisis at the border, which is foremost in people's minds on the immigration issue. it is an enormous challenge to community's around the country -- communities across the country who have to deal with this massive influx of people coming in over the last five years. solving that issue will be something the president is going to have to run on. i also think republicans are definey going to try to their vision for our immigration system and how they would like to see it and how we can build a

system that doesn't serve us well as a nation -- does serve us well as a nation and still offers the promise of becoming an american citizen to many people abroad. we taken over one million people in over one we take we take inople -- all over one million people -- we take in over one million people legally. trump hass president made from the obama administration, resisting this idea of a more moderate level of immigration. host: what would be the impact of abolishing ice? guest: they would find that to

be a mistake. already, a number of democratic candidates have shied away from that. if people want to have the rules everyonenforced, recognizes the real value that as not onlyn agency a value for public safety and addressing problems of that small fraction of illegal immigrants who come here who are committing crimes getting them off of our streets, but also addressing the problem of illegal employment, fraud and our immigration system -- in our immigration system. host: how much new wall has been built since president trump became president? has he lived up to his promise of what will be built? guest: he has not achieved his

goal in terms of getting more barriers at the border. some barriers that were falling apart, the fencing in california, that has been replaced. we saw the caravan pushing through that. it was obvious that that needed to be replaced. there are some new barriers going up now, but the big problem for the president has lawsuits,resistance, and frankly, congress getting in the way as well, being unwilling to appropriate funding for it. host: jessica vaughan with us until our program ends at 10:00 eastern this morning. republicans, 202-748-8001. democrats, 202-748-8000. independents, 202-748-8002. ontinuing this discussion the topic of immigration and campaign 2020 as we focus on

individual topics for each of our programs this week. jerry has been waiting in grove, oklahoma. an independent. thank you for waiting so long. caller: thank you. i agree with the lady. the talent pool we want to bring into america should be verified. it should be whatever meets the needs of this nation. one of my complaints about the whole immigration issue, no one looks back through history. ronald reagan started the program where you had to hire only american citizens. -- we his own e-verify had five forms of verification, forms of id. license, social security number -- you had 15 days to do that verification. if you couldn't verify in 15

days and the employee was still fineded by you, you were $5,000. i was managing a store near the tijuana border. within the first three weeks, i terminated 30% of my employees. hrhad personnel people from in our store each week. they would pull the personnel files and look in it and check out each employee to make sure verification was done, but there was a copy of it in your file, they would look at the hire date and they would say this employee is to be terminated right now. host: you think that system works better than the voluntary e-verify system we have now?

caller: god yes. you don't have an e-verify system now. sheriff was down on the from phoenix, arizona. he went to the city government and he was arresting illegals and 10% of the city government were illegals. host: jessica vaughan? guest: you've hit the main point here on addressing illegal immigration. the main reason people are coming here legally is to work -- illegally is to work. when we have a robust system for from hiringmployers illegal workers instead of americans that share a zone a is one of the places that succeeded arizona is one of the places

that succeeded in that. they had a system to verify employees already on the payroll. they were able to reduce the number of illegal workers by 13% in just the first year. that's according to a study done by a california think tank. decline in the illegal population that occurred when a number of other states required e-verify when the federal government was doing more work enforcement in 2008 in 2009. it is one of the most effective ways we have of deterring illegal immigration. mark was on this program two weeks ago talking about the e-verify issue.

ont's available www.c-span.org. carrie in las vegas. a democrat. good morning. caller: i was just wanting to call when the last guy was on -- i don't like it, these lawyers profiting off illegal immigration, continuing to speak from their pocketbooks. this is about simple economics. the people coming here are good people but they come here with little education, they land in the most expensive places in america like l.a. where i lived for 15 years -- how are they supposed to survive? they don't. it results in terrible schools, housing inflation -- half the class doesn't speak english and your kid is stuck in that. places like brentwood, they send their kids to private school. every ballot measure passes.

sales tax goes up -- your vote becomes worthless. open borders when you have a welfare state. you have to pick one. when they say these people don't get benefits -- yes, they do. as soon as you have a child in america, you qualify for everything. to havere getting paid their own grandparents watch their child. what we are doing is insanity. guest: this is the reason illegal immigration -- one main reason why illegal immigration is such a problem for our country. that's not because the people who are coming are such bad people but because on average, they tend to be less educated than americans are and are not well-equipped to succeed here, are assigned to jobs that pay

less that have little upward mobility, and so, they depend on public assistance programs to a great extent. is because there isn't access to these programs because they have children here who are american citizens. 63% of all immigrant households, including legal and illegal households, are accessing some form of public assistance. that's because there is this disconnect in the education and skills they have and what our employers are requiring a people to support yourself. people in order to support yourself. host: can you remind viewers what the public charge rules change is? is that something you support? guest: yes.

this is a long-overdue thisation to better define concept in our immigration law that dates back to the 1800s, 1882 to be exact, that says the showrants we admit must they are able to be self-sufficient before they can be admitted as a public resident. evaluated one their ability to support themselves. we have so many people in the world who want to come here. we have 4 million people on the waiting list to been sponsored -- who have been sponsored waiting to get their green cards. we need to weed out those applicants who can't support themselves and the next people in line can step up and take those valued green cards. host: texas. david, a republican.

good morning. caller: thank you for taking my call. guest.y love the last the caller called out the fact that he's a sellout that is been bought off by somebody. i live in what used to be a mostly black community. it has been taken over. when they come to our communities, they step on us, theydon't care about us, with cars andks parties until 4:00 in the morning. host: are you talking about illegal immigrants? who are you referring to?

david. we lost the other problem with illegal immigration is because employers are still able to get away with hiring workers who are here illegally, that means able-bodied and willing workers who are legal immigrants don't have access to those job opportunities. they are displaced and they see their wages decline. we have four or 5 million people who've dropped out of the labor market. there's millions of americans who have given up looking for jobs. we have something like 12 million illegal aliens living in the country, most of whom are working, 8 million of them are working. you can see how this

displacement occurs. that's another reason we need to get a handle on immigration. that's a reason we need to look at our legal immigration system and make sure it is not disadvantaging americans. host: dominic in new york. an independent. good morning. caller: i'm a union worker, a laborer, local 79 construction. i remember when the housing crash happened, the only people who are working were illegal immigrants. hourget nine dollars an and we get $37 an hour in benefits. that's why chrysler went to mexico, they want to pay three dollars an hour down there. 75% of these illegals coming here are young men. they're coming here to be construction workers. they are nice people, but they

are taking our jobs. host: do you blame the employers who are willing to do that or the folks who are coming here illegally? caller: something has to be done. it has to stop. we are going to lose all our jobs. you're talking about 12 million people? it's 30 million people. that was figured out already. it's no 12 minute people. guest: he's hitting the nail on the head with the displacement of workers. the construction industry is done largely by americans and some legal immigrants. it's not that we need more illegal immigrants to do this work. we have enough workers who can do it and we have other ways to get things done. this is all about profits for the builders.

those homes that are built by illegal alien labor don't get any cheaper because the builders are using illegal labor. americans are getting displaced from jobs that they can support a family on. these are not jobs americans won't do. that's why states like pennsylvania focused on the building trades industry to require e-verify so that those employers cannot get away with bypassing american workers. host: the number cited most illegal 11 million immigrants. guest: we think it's more like 12 million. the 11 million figure is a few years old. this been this influx at the andhwest quarter deportation levels have remained flat. the population is growing.

host: jessica vaughan with us for another 20 minutes. if you have questions on the topic of immigration, a very broad topic, especially in the context of campaign 2020, republicans, 202-748-8001. democrats, 202-748-8000. independents, 202-748-8002. john in herndon, virginia. a democrat. good morning. caller: it is sad that every time there's an election, immigrants become a sticking point. if you've seen every home care the peoplemerica, taking care of older people are immigrants. they are the same people who clean the roads and pick up your trash. you have to understand one thing. immigrants are not all perfect.

some of them break the law, some come illegally, but if there were jobs here that's warrant jobs here -- if there weren't jobs here, they wouldn't be here. rules and sayome we will bring people every year, people would have come illegally. -- come legally. guest: i agree. people are coming here to work for the most part. if we have americans and legal immigrants who also need those job opportunities to support their families and the level of immigration we are getting now is not lined up well with our -- not's economic needs everyone who comes here

illegally is coming over the border. we get about 600,000 people a visa andenter on a sta over stay that visa. they don't go home when the submission period expires. there are about five countries that have the worst overstay rates. india andde china and mexico as well, brazil and have highespecially numbers of overstay's right now. the worst overstay rate happens to be in the student and exchange visitor category. people on short-term visas, guestworker visas -- that's another aspect of this problem that cannot be addressed with a wall. host: how is the trump administration trying to address that aspect?

guest: if we could deter illegal hiring, that would help a lot. the administration has started a pilot program to contact people to remind them that the visa is expiring, they are looking at are problems and are decreasing the number of visas. way to to find a encourage people to leave when their period of stay has expired. host: is some of this just forgetfulness? guest: most of it is intentional. i think a lot of it happens because people think they can get away with it. nobody is paying attention. if you come in on a visitor visa and you stay six months -- we probably shouldn't admit people for six months, it should be a

month or so -- when they get an email from the government saying we want to remind you that your time is up, it will be interesting to see if this program result in people saying, ok, somebody is paying attention, i better go home. host: eva in georgia. a republican. caller: good morning. we arert of the matter, doctor.i am a medical doctor. i come into this perspective in the intersection of where we just spoke about the overstay -- we have the five countries, mexicochina, venezuela, -- i'm here at the hospital,

most of my physicians, colleagues are from india and iran -- thesen, are the older physicians. the younger physicians, surgeons, our cardiologists, orthopedic surgeons, this is in this country, they are foreign, not american. my two young people, adult children, just finished at duke and harvard. their roommates were from china and africa. the form i-94 -- as a medical physician, i'm intersected as i teach and i practice, so i know -- if anybody is going to the doctor,

you can see that they have foreign doctors. that has happened for the last 20 had been 30 years. we have not been producing. cis -- i think c-span --thank host: you are going in and out. i want to give jessica vaughan a chance to respond. guest: she has pointed out that our educational system attracts people from all over the world. we should be proud of that. allowing tooare many people to come in through bogus educational programs or people who are not likely to return home. we need to find that balance between allowing the best and

brightest in making sure -- and making sure a student exchange visa doesn't become an excuse to stay here illegally. a lot of these countries need the people live educated and -- they have educated and invested in to return and help there. host: how much do we need to trim or add to the student visa process? guest: for the student visas in particular, we need to make sure rigorous,utions are accredited institutions where people are going to get a real education and not allow these diploma mills to bring in people under the guise of an education. host: is that where most of the students are coming in? clear,not most, to be

but it's tens of thousands of people who come in under these programs. they have a program called the optional practical training program that allows people to stay on and work for a couple of during and after the conclusion of their studies. we need some better regulations to make sure that program is really training, the people are going home at the conclusion of notand that employers are using that program to bypass american workers. website torg is the check out the center for immigration studies. brian in michigan, an independent. caller: i'm working on the lake here. if i go out 50 miles, i'm in canada. we don't go out 50 miles because

it's disrespectful to canada. we have a bunch of politicians, mainly democrats, but enough republicans who don't respect our own laws. --are feeling as a country we are capitalists with $22 trillion in debt. we are becoming enablers for southern countries. they need to stay in their own country and fix their own country. it's not about being prejudiced or hateful -- i've been to 26 other countries. i would never dream of disrespecting their laws. host: how do you feel about legal immigration in this country? is that the right number? guest: the right number -- caller: the right number will go up and down. if you look at a broad-based number of one million, if you

look at the visas who overstay -- you make them buy a round-trip ticket. when theyil to leave are supposed to, that money is forfeited. that money is used to track them down. our most vulnerable spot in this country is the southern border. it's been that way since the iranian hostage crisis and before -- it's not about hatred. fix your own country. we cannot fix your country. host: that's brian in michigan. guest: he's right in the sense that many people are coming because they know they can get away with it. that's part of the problem right now. there are so few consequences for showing up at the southern border and asking for asylum and

getting released into the country or coming in on a visa and overstaying. risk inno real sense of doing this right now. sometimes, people will do this as long as they can get away with it. -2009 when the laws were enforced, especially at the realized iteople might not be a good choice to come here and stay illegally. this is where we need to move with our enforcement. we are doing a great job enforcing the law against those arrested for local crimes, people who are a public safety threat. we need to create more of a culture of compliance so that people follow the rules.

people will have more confidence in our immigration system overall. host: you think detaining families for longer periods helps create that system? guest: there are a couple of purpose for family detention. one is to make sure they go through the process and complete their proceedings so that they can be moved if they don't qualify for asylum. this didn't work in the mid-1990's when we had another asylum crisis. people are taking advantage of the opportunities to come here and get released. more than half of them aren't even filing an asylum application. many who do are not found qualified. if we release them into the communities, they just stay on. a new regulation that would enable them to keep them in custody a little longer to

complete their cases more quickly will go a long way. host: ohio. bob, a democrat. caller: good morning. my question is more of a factual question. you've already dispatched the notion that there are 30 some plus million immigrants in the country. the question i have -- two. number one, how many illegal immigrants are voting in our public elections? that seems to be a real political hot topic. this family, under case management system, exactly how many people actually appeared for their immigration or asylum hearings? thank you very much. guest: you are welcome.

on the question of illegal aliens voting, we don't know because it has been very difficult to figure that out. thatoting process is one is largely controlled by states and local government. to try tochosen not figure that out. we don't know. we do know some people do. the greater problem might be having voter registration systems that get a lot of unqualified or ineligible voters on the role that fraudsters can take advantage of. that might be a bigger legal problem. registration is a bigger one. with respect to the family case

management program, this was a program started under the obama administration that provided intense services to some of the families who had arrived to apply for asylum. the results are not entirely known. a lot of these cases have not been completed yet because there's this huge backlog. many of these individuals showed up for their first hearings. it did not tell us what happens when the process is complete. that of the agencies support this program don't take any responsibility for making sure people actually leave the country when the judge orders them removed. we have one million people in the country now who have not gone home. laredo, texas. ricardo, an independent.

good morning. caller: thank you for taking my call. for taking my call on this public forum. to make fundamental decisions about this, we have to understand the immigration system. i have some questions you can clarify for the viewing public. host: give us one or two. unaccompanied minors that come from the three countries that have little funding from the world bank, when they come over here, we , when contract with them they turn 18, we receive moneys from the world bank for these individuals. they are not coming in here for free. the hearings, we

created instabilities in their nations. guest: he's addressed a problem that is separate from the family issue, the unaccompanied minors who are arriving. 2012 innomenon started south texas. parents who were living in the country illegally started sending for their kids who had been left behind in central america. because of policy changes that had been made, these kids were usually held for a certain period of time in u.s. custody and then reunited with their families. we saw a huge influx of people coming. the contractors who cared for these kids until appropriate

placement can be made -- it is still a big problem. it has caused some problems in many communities. bad actors started to take advantage of this policy, including gangs based in central america like ms 13 and 18 street. now, we are cleaning up some of the problems that were created. host: anthony in richmond, virginia. republican. good morning. caller: i'm in my 30's, i was hearing the 11 million number when i was in grade school. i think it's much higher. hearing democrats saying we have a lawless president -- doesn't the law say all illegal immigrants are subject to deportation? wouldn't it be appropriate to say if you are in the country illegally, they should be

deported? guest: that is what the law says. not,er you are a felon or anyone here illegally is potentially subject to beep rotation. deportation. up somber hasn't gone dramatically because there's been a lot of amnesties as well since 1986. it's been easier for politicians to say let's launder the status of people here illegally and address the fundamental problem that results in illegal immigration and enables illegal immigration. we probably are going to have amnesty for some of the people here illegally. we shouldn't take that step without first addressing the problems in our system that facilitate illegal immigration,

also adjusting parts of our legal immigration system to make up for the number that would be admitted in any amnesty. host: cis.org is the vaughan wo, she serves as the policy studies >> i never met her, i never heard of her. we got emails recently that they tried to seal. and weoenaed emails finally got them and in the emails, she admits that in 2011,

9 years after she claimed she had sex with me several and then shees came into my house. we have video surveillance. emailshe writes in proving she never heard of me. -- you should put him into your book. .e will help you sell the book so then, she puts me in the book someone she did not have sex with. she said she had sex with george it,hell, sex with you name but she said she did not have sex with me, she wants met me

with jeffrey epstein and then she needs her lawyers, a few years later, suddenly, she remembers. >> that guy i never heard of, i had sex with him several times and now anybody who believes this. i hired the former head of the at who is a former federal judge and i said here, you do this. of not going to talk to you, be involved. here are all my travel records. you do an investigation. >> he said there was absolutely no truth to the charges. >> he also talks about the mueller investigation, freedom of speech and o.j. simpson. you can watch his entire appearance here on east main -- c-span.

this week, we will showcase our weeklyraptures -- lectures across the country. tonight, we examined the revolutionary era. jane ellen smith explores how interactedington with his contemporaries, how he views himself and how he is remembered today. watch tonight beginning at 8:00 eastern on c-span three. c-span3 --weekend on every weekend on c-span3. >> the u.s. senate comes back in session on monday with two important issues on their agenda, avoiding the government shutdown and anti-gun violence legislation. get a behind-the-scenes look with c-span2 cerise program this sunday. here is a preview. >> it was created in the spirit

of compromise. >> thomas jefferson questioned the need for senate. >> let's follow the constitution. >> they are to protect people from the rulers and as a check on the house. hands ofs in the congress and the united states. >> the senate, using original interviews and unique access to the senate chamber. a look at the history, tradition and goals of the u.s. senate. >> next, criminal law and chiefs from all five branches of the military talk about sexual assault during an advisory committee mee.