announcer: c-span flynt campaign withcoverage continues democratic presidential candidate senator cory booker from the university of new hampshire law school. watch live on c-span, online at c-span.org, or listen live on the free c-span radio app. >> this week, american history tv is on c-span three every day with primetime features each .ight tonight, the forgotten battles of the civil war in the submitted anniversary of the battle of the bulge where adolf hitler launched a surprise counteroffensive against allied forces. watch american history tv all this week and every weekend on c-span3. kid's day six of our annual office week series on washington office where we feature

from all sides of the political spectrum on key public policy issues. joining us today to talk about her book is an african-american studies professor at and where university in atlanta. why did you write this book? >> the book emerged out of two things. one was the 2016 election. there is what i heard the pundits talking about how you know black people just did not show up. hillary lost because black people did not show up in hillary lost because my people just were not feeling hillary. and i looked at that and he didn't make any sense because this was the first election in presidential election in years without the protection of the voting rights act. and we have had a series of laws coming targeted at african-americans, so i want to begin to lay out how actually vote or suppression works. because it is legal to democracy. >> so what protections were in place before the 2016 election

under the voting rights act, and what happened to them? remind our viewers. passed,65, congress president lyndon johnson signed the voting rights act. was the kind of massive disenfranchisement that was happening particularly in the south. where you had counties that had a majority black population zero african-americans were registered to vote. what the voting rights act did was to have a provision in their called free clearance. free clearance meant that artain jurisdictions that had documented history of discrimination against its citizens, the voting rights for its citizens, had to have all of ok'd by the laws u.s. department of justice, or by the federal courts in d.c., and it worked. mississippi, in

before the voting rights act in early 1960, only 5% of african-americans were registered to vote. two years after the voting rights act was implemented, almost 60% of african-americans were registered to vote. free clearance, it stopped racially discriminatory laws from being able to be enacted and doing a wicked dance on the american electorate on our policies. court3, the u.s. supreme gutted the provision of the voter rights act. that, within two hours after the decision, texas implemented a racially discriminatory for id law. north carolina was not far behind, nor was alabama. the states just went wild. figuring out, how do we suppress the votes of these key

constituencies? they went after hispanics, asian-americans, as well as the young and the poor. >> and it wasn't just mississippi. you write in your book black registration went from less than 10% in 1964 to almost 60% in 1968. in alabama, the figure rose from 24% to 57%. whole,region as a roughly one million new voters were registered within a few years after the bill became law, bringing african-american registration to a record 62%. what evidence do you have that in 2016, the voter registration was down, or there was suppression of the blackbaud? -- the black vote? part of what we see is in wisconsin. there were 60,000 fewer votes cast in wisconsin and 2016 than there were in

2012. wisconsin had implemented a racially discriminatory order id law among other things, a targeted milwaukee were set in the state's black population lived. that 60,000 decrease that happened in 2000 10, 60 8% of that drop happened out of milwaukee alone. election, the 2016 lack of voter turnout went down -- lack voter turnout went -- down.voter turnout went african-americans turned out early to vote early. and removed those days. is any emailed that goes around republican circles where they are celebrating in 2016, the 8% decrease in early voting

turnout for african-americans. so, this is what we are seeing across the board. >> the house controlled by democrats, as you know, has the voting rights advancement act. it has been approved and sent over to the senate. davis talking about this voting rights advancement act on the floor. .ere's what he had to say >> what we have debated today is not a reauthorization of this important, historically bipartisan legislation, that has prevented discrimination at the ballot boxes because it does not need reauthorization. sections two and three of the the ra that are currently in effect are continuing to help safeguard the public from discrimination at the ballot box. every eligible american who wants to vote in our country's elections should be able to cast

their vote. this bill is only about free clearance and the democrat majority giving the department of justice and the federal government control over all election activity. jurisdiction under preclearance cannot move a polling location, expand vote by mail efforts, nor properly maintain their voting rolls without a partisan department of justice clearing everything they do. this is about control and taking power away from state and local election officials who they don't like and putting it in the hands of the federal government. >> the voting rights advancement act establishes new criteria for andrmining which states political subdivisions must obtain preclearance for changes to voting practices in these areas may take effect. what section two actually does is provide for the kind of litigation that eventually will

that up to a jurisdiction has systematically discriminated against its electorate. it hurls us back in some ways to the 1957 civil rights act, where you had to have a voting rights violation, then you had to have somebody sued, then you had to have litigation. all of that is going on. months, years are going by. had elections going on based on the disenfranchisement of american citizens and politicians being elected on a tainted electoral basis. in order so that they could continue to implement policies to continue to disenfranchise. it is not like the federal government had not tried over and over to allow these states to honor the u.s. constitution in the 15th amendment. looktates systematically

at the 15th amendment and said, how do we get around it? that is why you have the voting rights act. what we saw with the gutting of section four of the voting rights act is that the states went wild again. this isn't about control and the federal government trying to take control, it is about honoring the constitution and the 15th amendment that says the state shall not abridge the right to vote on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. i want to invite our viewers to join in on this conversation. republicans, (202) 748-8001. democrats, (202) 748-8000. independent, (202) 748-8002. you can also text us with your first name, city, and state. carol anderson, you write in your book about the motivations. did notinority voters just refuse to show up, republican legislators and

governors systematically blocked african-americans, hispanics, and asian-americans from the polls. the impending democrat collapse of the republican party was overwhelmingly white constituencies becoming ever smaller shares of the electorate and the gop extremist inability to craft policies that speak to an increasingly diverse nation. the republicans opted to disenfranchise rather than reform. guest: yes. it is sad. in so many ways, it explains where we are right now. where you have a party that has moved so far to the right that its policies just don't resonate. trumps why you have the point person in wisconsin talking about in a closed meeting that the way that we do it, republicans suppress the votes, that's how we win. because it is voter suppression

of traditional democratic and graphics. you have this key urge for the republicans to stay in power, but it is only by not resonating with americans as we understand democracy, as we understand the vote, as we understand elections, but by keeping key constituencies in that electorate from voting. to keep them blocked from the ballot box. and that is what the policies have done. -- it has book is at been updated to talk about what happened in 2018 election. preview that. guest: in the 2018 election, this is where you saw this massive voter turnout and it was the highest voter turnout in the midterms since 2018. and so, one of the things you

will hear, how can there be voter suppression when you have this massive voter turnout? because of, it was in spite of. and so you have this massive rogue wave of civil organizations, civil society organizations that were getting 'd, driving people to and from the polls because of the massive pull closures, that were providing information, that foruant, suing the states closing down poles, for not having enough machines in minority precincts, for scrapping away absentee ballots because of so-called signature match. it was civil society doing the heavy lifting, and the energized public that understood how our democracy was at stake, in so

they were willing to stand in line for hours in order to be able to vote. that is what happened in 2018. organizations working with that engaged electorate in order to make this democracy vibrant and real. florida,e in miami, dependent, good morning. i would just like to know how requiring somebody to show an id is inhibiting or probing. i don't understand that. i mean, do you think that people thatdon't -- you think people who are not citizens should be allowed to vote, like the rest of your constituents do? hillary lost because she lost. get over it. have a nice day. guest: that was a wonderful independent talking. let me walk you through how the idp's works. the idp's, one of the reasons why it works so well is because it sounds so normal. it meets our middle-class norms.

everybody has an id, so how hard can it be? everybody has one. well, that's not how the state has crafted this. what they've done is they've identified, by race, certain types of ids that whites have, and that black people do not have or that latinos do not have. and then, they've made the access to the ballot box based on the prevalence of those types of id's. alabama,nstance, in alabama says you have to have a government issued voter id. so, your bank card is not going to work. so, a government issued photo id. what typesdecided, of government issued photo id? they decided that public housing id, for example, does not count as a government issued photo id. but doesn't get more government issued that public housing?

inl, when you realize that alabama, 71% of those in public housing are african-americans, and for many, it's the only id that they have, this becomes a way for alabama to begin to carve out that electorate. what alabama did was it shut down the department of motor vehicles. for fiscal reasons, to be fiscally responsible, shut down the department of motor vehicles in the black belt counties. requiring them, people who don't have a drivers license, and you don't drive, to go to the next county or 50 miles away in order to get a drivers license. so that they could be able to vote. that is how it works. that is how it works in texas, in georgia, in north carolina, in alabama. so, the voter id sounds reasonable except it's not. and what we also have happening

here is this mixture, this wild mixture of the systematic denial of rights or the right to vote for americanwell, we have had cf

slavery. that is unpaid labor, followed sharecropping. endemic in the african-american community. so endemic that the poll tax was going to require somewhere 6% of the annual farm income, family farm income, in mississippi. of the annual family farm income. that is no small fee. that is where you are making a choice about, can i vote or can i put food on the table? reasonable andso race-neutral. fast did -- as did another test that said, we believe we ought

to have an engaged citizen rate that understands our foundational principles, so we don't think it is too much to ask for them to be able to read and interpret a section of the constitution. well, when you systematically swathseducation to large of the population and then you put a legal document in front of them and tell them to read it and interpret it, it is designed again to say, we don't want black people to read, to vote, without saying, we don't want black people to vote. u.s. supreme court in fact, saw that the poll tax and literacy test were rates-neutral enough that they did not violate the 15th amendment. of thewo pillars mississippi plan of 1890 were so 3%erful that by 1940, only of african-american adults were registered to vote in the south.

3%. just as the state is getting ready to do right now. that tells you the power of this. now you move this to where we are. so, you take things like, you have to have like a drivers license to vote, but we are not going to put driver's license bureaus anywhere near you live or anywhere near public transportation. same for polling stations. they a study out of the -- did a study here that found within number of polling stations that have been closed in georgia alone that have increased the distance from where black communities are to where there polling stations are, increased them so much, somewhere between 50 to 80 thousand votes were not cast -- between 50,000 to 80,000 votes were not cast. crow 2.0.

host: let's go to cathay from los angeles, republican caller. caller: you are completing so many issues, in my opinion. i'm a black american woman, and i can see there may be differences in the south and the needs urban cities,, but six decades of ideology has destroyed black america. in these urban cities. conceivably, maybe black americans did not vote for hillary clinton because of blades it because they know the data of how six decades in these urban cities has destroyed black america. homeless in los -- right after slavery, we owned one half of a percent of the wealth of america. today, we own one half of 1% of

the wealth of america. we are not progressing moaning democrat, we are -- we are not progressing voting democrat, we are regressing. the median income for black women in boston is eight dollars, so maybe -- i guess you are not on social media, but as in academia, you have to know the data. host: let's get a response. and i i know the data, know that we cannot begin this conversation with the rise of lyndon johnson. i know that we must begin this conversation with 1619. we have to look at centuries of policy, and understand that when i talk about voter suppression, i'm not talking about black people didn't vote for democrats. i'm talking about black people did not vote because republican

governments have targeted ensure thaticans to they could not get full access to the ballot box. i want people to vote. that is my concern here. people must vote. they must engage. and the parties must engage all of those constituents. when we have a party that decides he cannot engage in suppresses abode, that does the dance of joy in north carolina because it targeted the days that african-americans, from church -- come from church to vote at the polls. when you have in florida marking out the days of early voting one have looked at the chart and figured out when african-americans go vote, that is a problem. problemwe get to not a is that when we have laws on the , thenthat are enforced

recognize the rights of all american citizens. i,t whichot about blex is fake. this is about american citizen'' right to vote, period. states thatanderson far too many policymakers believe the right to vote is something to be earned after perhaps paying modern-day poll tax or walking miles to the nearest polling station to cast a ballot. a major legal and political paradigm shift is taking place. the responsibility for upholding the right to vote is moved and has play squarely on the backs of individual citizens. carol anderson, what are you saying here? guest: what i'm saying is you

ofe a secretary of state out alabama saying that voting is a privilege, and so it needed to be earned, so that meant that you had to stand in line for hours in black precincts, but you're able to get in and out quickly in white precincts. or what is happened in georgia, where you had four in five hour in the 2018 midterm elections. and people had to leave because they had to go to work. so they are making a choice because, i got to put food on the table. we understand the kind of economic deprivations that happen when you miss a day's work ok because you're trying to stand in line to vote. so, but what you hear is, if they really cared about democracy, they would stand in line. so, we are putting the onus on the individual to see this

through, to jump through all of these obstacles, to jump through all of the hurdles in order to have their right to vote honored. but we are not putting that same responsibility on the state to uphold the 15th amendment of the constitution. and that is just fundamentally wrong. host: on the supreme court what hasin 2013, happened now legally? is there a case that could go before the court to put back what was, as you say, as you argue, coming from the voting rights act? sost: not that i have seen far, but i cannot quite speak to that. i know that women, the court has had an opportunity, for instance in the extreme partisan gerrymandering case, and gerrymandering was also covered under the voting rights act.

when the court has had the opportunity to do that work, the court has backed off and said for instance that that extreme partisan gerrymandering, like in wisconsin, where the republicans sequester themselves in a hotel room for months, drafting a map with software, looking at who lives where, and they had two goals. one was to reduce overall voter turnout, and that is what a string gerrymandering does. by doing ital was by competitive districts. the other piece was that regardless of how many votes the republicans get, they would always have a majority power, the majority of seats in the

legislature. think about that. regardless of the number of votes, always the most, and that is what happened in the initial election were democrats received 52% of the vote and got 32% of the seats, and with each subsequent election, has gotten worse. the u.s. supreme court looked at that and said, that looks like a political issue, and there was nothing here that we can do about it, and just punted on that, so this work will have to do in the state courts. we saw that with pennsylvania, where the state court of pennsylvania hopped in and said, this map is gerrymandered to the extreme. re-draw it, so we have one person, one vote enough this beastf lopsided horrific that has been drawn here. host: let's go to marianna, georgia. an independent. good morning to you. ander: good morning, greta

ms. carol. north of metro atlanta. my personal feelings is when i first moved here from indiana, the first thing i did i found out what i needed to do to vote. when i moved to georgia, i had to have my birth certificate or passport, or some other information. voting is so important to me, so i'm going to make sure i have whatever is necessary. here in georgia, we can also go on a website and it will let you know if you are registered so you can keep up with it. it also gives you the opportunity to update your mail, and so, i do these things because voting is important to me and i understand the issues

-- and i understand the history of how they try to keep us from voting. but i still think as african-americans, we have, it is import for us to find out. thatg is not something doesn't just come up. you need to be proactive and find out what it takes to vote, and if there are some people who cannot afford it, there are organizations. you should have things in place to help them get there so there was no excuse. america ist being in not fair and it will never be fair. when we talk about gerrymandering, gerrymandering just don't happen and like in georgia. it happens in massachusetts, and places were democrats are gerrymandered.

this goes on with both parties and it is not right, but this is what they do. but as far as african-americans, you need to take voting important to have find out what is necessary so you can do that, so people cannot do this to you. host: ok, caller. carol anderson? guest: two things. one is that we have a kind of narrative. but the narrative we heard in 2018, that black people did not show up. that is not the case. black people were blocked from showing up. we have to be clear about that. and so, we also understand, from the data, that african-americans stand in line the longest amount racial group in america. so we have black people showing up, standing in line longer than

anyone else to vote. this isn't about effort. power, about the kind of the state power that is being used to dismantle the black vote, and we have to understand that. the second thing, absolutely with gerrymandering, and that it is, it is a bipartisan issue. see validy you initiatives, -- you see valid initiatives, like in michigan. they are doing the work of drawn the legislative boundaries after the 2010 -- after the 2020 senses. what you also don't have, in new jersey, in 2018, late in 2018, grube democrats in new jersey tried to draw an extreme partisan gerrymandered map. the constituencies within the

democratic party rose up. look at those politicians who were trying to say, stop this. this is not what we are and this is not what we do. we want free and fair elections. and gerrymandered maps don't do that. i have yet to see that constituency within the republican party. that is what we also have to take into account we are looking at this. from tuscaloosa, alabama. good morning. caller: greta, good morning. have not talked evening years. i have seen a lot. i'm an african descendent in the united states. i'm not an african-american. i am not a citizen of america. i am a citizen of the united states based on the data. so much hypocrisy is in this government. you know, the two things that this government, not all --

there are two groups, europeans and african-americans. europeans, many of them don't want african-americans to have two things, and that is the right to vote in the right to a good education. this has been happening ever since his country was developed. descendents, i'm a citizen of the united states, i don't, so an american. i'm a citizen of the united intes because i cannot vote venezuela or canada. if the system wanted to allow african people to vote, it would registered as when i for the draft in the service in 1954 at 18 years old. all i had to do was have my name. so, if they want to african people to vote in this country as europeans do, they could make it everywhere you go to recruit, like in the schools.

host: ok, robert. lf carol anderson japan. guest: in fact, you have some states that are really thinking through and working toward, how do we open up this right to vote? oregon began with automatic voter registration so that whenever you went to the department of motor vehicles, you are automatically registered to vote. you had to say, i want to opt out. what happened in oregon was that their voter registration, they already had one of the highest voter turnout in the nation, but the number of voters increased, as well as the turnout increased in a diverse three of the electorate. in california, look at that. 42% voter had a turnout rate and say we got to do better. we must do better. and so, california implemented

automatic voter registration as well, but then they went one better and said, we will pre-register our 16 and 17-year-old so that when they become 18, they will be automatically registered to vote. it is that process of opening voter registration, which is one of the key ellen to bring about a more robust electorate. host: caning in westport, massachusetts, republican. caller: how are you doing? host: good morning. caller: good morning. i don't understand really all of this voter stuck here because -- voter stuff here because i went downtown to register to vote. -- when i register to vote, everybody stand in line walking into the high schooler. you give them your name, they look it up, they give you your

valid, you go into the box and you leave. i don't understand why people cannot vote. go down a town to vote. host: carol anderson? guest: again, one of the reasons why this looks so easy is because it feels -- everybody can go, it is america, except that is not the way that it works. georgia,of, let's say georgia does have automatic voter registration. that is good. georgia also has a program called "exact match." wind exact match was being run -- when exact match was running, the courts found was a discriminatory because it privileged anglo names. the secretary of state at the time brian camp worked with legislators in the legislature to pass a law for exact match.

how would works is you take your voter registration. if there is a discrepancy anywhere between what is on your voter registration card and what is on the state's fivers license database or the social security database, your voter registration doesn't go through. it is put into an electoral limbo. you write your name, your last name garcia-marques. on your drivers license, the-is not there or there are two separate names without that. that can get you kicked out of your voter registration. if you have an accent on your name, like with renee, but it doesn't have the accent in the driver's license, then it is kicked out. what happened in the 2018 election here is that secretary of state -- the secretary of state removed 53,000 voter

registration cards from the electorate because they did not match exactly. 70% of those that were removed were african-american. fewer than 10% were white. that is part of the process. it is this quiet, silent, bureaucratic violence that is being done to american citizens posturing to vote. host: waterford, maine, leonard is watching, an independent caller and you are next. caller: good morning, professor anderson, and a for writing this book and grateful this topic is finally being aired. two things i wanted to comment on. what has been driving me crazy since 2016's election is russia, russia, russian narrative.

i think that has been championed by the democratic party leaders where there is little evidence for russia meddling. there is overwhelming evidence of voter disenfranchisement of minorities. for example, rhett joe maddon liberalism has been pushed for several years now. i had to stop watching it because she will cover russia for much of her broadcast, but yet, ignores the 70,000 plus mostly minorities that once the polls in detroit only voted down ticket in the presidential election. the other item is the more systemic election fraud that has been going on that has been going on -- that has been going on.

where anin ohio, author wrote a book where ballots were tampered with in the wee hours of the morning and though sensitive servers in tennessee corrupted that election. machines, where the codes are private in the public doesn't have access to them. in theisenfranchisement context of those events in 2004 in my examples. thank you for covering this. guest: thank you. there is lots going on. we like to think that our voting system really works, and it gives the appearance of really working. we have debates. we have polls. we have so and so going up

against this candidate and so and so. and we have elections and we have accounts coming in, 70% of the voting is in, so it gives this veneer of a really thriving, functioning democracy. one of the things we saw in 2000 in that 2000 presidential election was that something was really off the rails. hangingda, we had chad's, police who were acting as the checkpoints into the precincts in the black neighborhoods in jacksonville. we had a massive voter role purge of 20,000 voters overwhelmingly african-american and hispanic. hadnsibly, because they

felony charges, so they were just franchised in florida -- they were disenfranchised in florida, except the roles were inaccurate and people were illegally purged and wrongly purged off the list. we had so much go wrong. people looked up, and then we had the recount where the supreme court weighed in and stopped the recount as the totals began to get closer and closer to george w. bush. we have had voting machines are hackable, easily hackable. here in georgia, the voting machines that we used in 2018 ran on windows 2000. they were proven to be easily hackable in a series of events. so, we got all of these things

happening, and russia is real. weean, that is part of what have to understand. russia is real. the attack on american democracy was real. -- when weust that are finding for democracy, when we are fighting for our voting rights, we are fighting a multi-front war. part of that war deals with getting voting machines, hand marked paper ballots that cannot be hacked, so we have to do a recount, we can do a real recount. --ted that is we have got part of that is we have to have the rules in place to honor and protect the voting rights of american citizens, so we don't have an exact match that is focusing in on your non-anglicized name that can remove you from being put onto the voter role. it means we have adequate

numbers of machines, adequate numbers of polls so that people are not in line for five and six hours. it means we don't have these voter id laws that were put in place based on the lie of massive, rapid voter fraud -- massive, rampant voter fraud with those heralding the lie cannot straight rapid voter support the lie cannot them rampant voter fraud. feed means we don't have what we had in ohio -- it means we don't have what we had in ohio, saying if you want to do an absentee ballot, it has to be on this kind of paper stock in this grade, but did not provide that kind of paper stock within the 80 counties in ohio. so, it made it really easy to then throughout the ones that you did not want.

feed means that when we have early voting, we don't do what they do in any matt -- it means that when we have early voting, we don't do what they do in indiana. earlyublicans realized voting was coming out of certain counties. where they canaw have only one early voting site. counties with less than 325,000 residents can have more? 2016, let mew in be clear, in indiana, only three counties have more than 325,000 residents. lake county, which is where is, wasdiana county

accounting for 70% of the black population in indiana. countyoting in marion went down by about 26% or so. because one early voting site. in hamilton county, because they had -- they were able to get more early voting sites. it went up by 62%. multiple,is a multi-front war on democracy that is happening here. and we need to become a sent of all of it. and fighting on each of these fronts, so we can get the democracy we deserve, not the one being forced upon us. host: let's go to michigan, i democratic carl or. -- democratic caller. caller: i have a huge disagreement with what this lady is saying. and i am a white person. line two to in

three hours to vote. so, that is not a black thing. i did not start screaming about being oppressed. is, the super drivers license that we have to have. and our secretary of state's office, which by the way, was consolidated in the area i live intond it was consolidated the minority area, so the minority you will could get there easier. waiting to beurs able to get my super drivers license. i brought all of my paperwork with me. it was not acceptable. this is the same paperwork that

i had from the time i was 16 years old to get my original driver's license. live anywhere near the county. i asked at the secretary of state's office how to get another copy of my birth certificate. -- to get online to order it through the state of $122, and i thought, this cannot be right. i did not start screaming oppression, racism, misogynistic, nothing. i called over to the county i was born, and they gave me the information to get online, and i ordered it through the county.

it did read me $14 for the service -- you did run me $14 for the service online, even though the actual birth $3.25, and only cost because i'm a senior, it is $2.25. host: professor anderson, your response? when i talked about what is happening in our system, african-americans do spend more time in line. it doesn't say that whites don't. but african-americans do spend more time. i will step back a minute and talk about lee atwater and the southern strategy because i think it will clarify this. lee atwater was ronald reagan's strategist, political strategist, and he explained in

an interview how the southern strategy works. he said, you know, in 1954, you could say the letter in word, but by 1968, after the civil rights did so much work here, .ou cannot say the in world it hurts you and it backfires, so you have to start getting abstract and have to start talking about busing, taxes, economic things. but he said, the whole point is that blatz get hurt worse -- is that blacks get hurt worse than whites. here blackspeople get hurt, but worse than whites. when we have, for instance, this countiesn rural

closing down the polling stations, whites live in those rural counties as well. in randolph county in georgia, randolph county is 61% african-american. whites lived there as well. when they are closing seven of the nine polling stations, whites are going to feel that. so, it doesn't mean that whites don't get hurt. and so, whites need to be hollering. they need to start shouting because all of the rigmarole it put an extrahat id burden on you that wasn't because of thely lie of voter fraud. that is what we have to

understand. is that the threshold that whites are willing to endure to have this democracy come under siege has to be breached. we have to fight together to make sure that the 15th

since 1972. first of all, be careful what you wish for. has helped to ensure that minority communities have representation. second of all, sorry, south florida. we have had voter fraud. we have had individuals who are not american citizens attempt to vote. we have had individuals try to cases, even try to vote more than once. having an identification card to prove that you are voting in the areunity, and that you where you are supposed to be in regards to voting is a the parte request on

of responsible government. i cannot talk about what is going on in the united states that is reasonable here in florida. in the are 2000, finally, i would like to point out that a recount in the state of florida and threethree times times, the republicans won. the supreme court finally stepped in and put a stop to it. one was an attempt on democrats , andve it a fourth count they were trying to take the election, inappropriately. heard your point. we will have the professor respond. fraud is not the massive, rampant beasts it has been conjured up to be. that does not mean it does not happen. it means that we already have

in order to catch it. love professor out of california found -- a law professor out of california found that out of one billion votes cast in the united states, there were 31 cases of voter identification fraud. 31 out of one billion. that is one thing. the second thing is we have to be really cognizant about is with gerrymandering, be careful what you ask for, that is called packing and cracking. packing is where they draw the district so all the minorities are in this one district, or in two districts. then the other 11, 8, 9 or so or districts that are predominantly white and conservative. and so, it looks like be careful what you ask for, but you are

getting in their the political voice. there is a way to deal with gerrymandering. and that is the non-partisan redistricting commission. we have got to figure out how to make this democracy work for everybody. host: carol anderson and the book is "one person, no vote." thank you very much for the conversation. guest: thank you. [indistinct conversations]