was the number of people she's inspired. so that is the catherine johnson story, and it is my hope that young men and women of all races and economic backdrops will take more time to learn about this incredible american icon. our cities tour staff recently traveled to charleston, west virginia, to learn about its risk rich history. to watch more

video from charleston and other stops on the tour, visit c-span.org /citiestour. you're watching american history tv. all weekend, every weekend, on c-span3. [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. visit ncicap.org] >> what a continuous process of reworking the transition policy. of the seen movement institution into a more concentrated discussion around the role in advancing health security, and promoting stockpiles and advancing hpv vaccine. at immunization across the lifespan. institution has been graded at various points with very high marks in terms of gender equity, transparency and accountability.

its ability to shape markets effectively in order to bring prices to within affordable levels but also to expand the pool of producers which has more than tripled in the course of the tenure. the notice states remains very strong, and congratulations that last week the administration on the 10th of this month announced a pledge of $1.16 billion for the three-year time fy 2320 three. that comes up to 290 million dollars per year which is a significant increase if you look back over the earlier years. andgn of the high regard the strength of rotation across gavi and landscape for the work that it does. it has become a strong partner with others within the global

universe. it moved onto the campus in geneva. we see strong alignment with the global fund, with global polio eradication initiative. these are just the high marks sethe are delighted that has chosen to take time out of a very frenetic schedule to come and be with us this afternoon to help kick this off. and when to invite him to come forward and do his presentation. please join me in welcoming him. [applause] you for thatthank level introduction. thank you all for coming to hear this presentation. were together at the munich security conference just a week ago when we had the chance to discuss some of the things we're talking about today which is becoming more relevant

given the news that we have in front of us. i will try to touch on that and i suspect we will have a chance to talk about it later on at the panel. you have heard that gavi is 20 years old. this picture on the top is the original panel. you see a much younger bill gates. it is a different leaders in the multilateral institutions there. the question when it started was, is this going to succeed? there had been a children's vaccine initiative which failed miserably before this. it was an experience -- experiment that we have to agree was a successful experiment. since gavi began, we can immunize more than 760 million additional children read the number that people don't know is close to one billion additional children have been reached by campaigns. we have supported 50% to 60% of we global board -- birth --

have expanded the vaccines now to cover a whole range of diseases. thisnk we can see that private public partnership is working. more importantly than the numbers of process indicators, in development of course we use how the mortality as one of the key indicators. we can see during this time, this is still 2017, if you carry this out until now, a 50% reduction in child mortality. it is really extraordinary. if you ask the question what components of that are vaccines? you can see a 70% reduction in vaccine presentable -- preventable mortalities. we know that we can get the vaccines out and it really works. if we look at this over a timeline, what you can see is the improvements that have occurred in being able to reach

people. , top, ucb birth cohort growing. it is growing slowly because we are talking about a more global number. africa and increase over this time. you can see the number of immunize, we have gone up 22 dpt3entage points for bpt because it is working to deliver 1, 2 and three doses. into the number of immunize going down then zero does, the number of children that have not had any contact with a routine immunization system. this will become a much more important indicator for us going forward and i will come back to it. white was gavi set up originally? the idea was an equity agenda. --re were new and popular powerful vaccines available for they were not reaching the people who needed them the most. you see hepatitis b in green.

this is not only a virus but the main cause of liver cancer. you can see in high income the blue is influenza type b, you can see where we are today. more developing countries have access to these then developed countries. this is a dramatic change in equity. the poorest countries have had such good access, the rich countries have access and sometimes someone's of the middle do not. that is something that we as an alliance are discussing about what role he can play. -- we can play. we started getting with 77 countries before we got formal programs about sustainability. you can see china is the big one . it was specific around hepatitis 365,000 deathsd per year from liver cancer because they have 10% of the population infected and we were able to show that you could get

vaccines to the population and today, less than 1% are infected and those deaths are going away. we started with 77. we then went down with a formal policy of transitions down to 72. this is where the 60% of the global corporate comes from. we had 15 countries transition out of gavi. i will show you how that works in a second. now that7 countries are gavi eligible that are left behind. i show syria because it was the only time gavi ever included a country that was not included for economic reasons. it was included because of the situation there and tragically, two years after it was included for fragility region -- reasons, it became gavi eligible because of the economic disaster of the years of warfare. 57 countries plus syria. here is the eligibility policy.

the way it works, it is a pure economic policy. $1630, you are no longer gavi eligible trade if you're below that, you are eligible so we don't choose countries aced on politics we do .t purely based on economics we start off with the poorest countries paying a little bit. $.20 per dose. as they move into the preparatory transition, they increase their expenditure 50% per year until they cross the threshold. then, they have five years to take on the full cost of their vaccines. our pharmaceutical partners have made sure there is no shock after this. they have allowed countries to keep gavi prices for five to 10 years afterwards hurried now, we are at the process of having graduates, how do we make sure that there is a smooth landing? the good news is, the 15 countries who have transitioned are all continuing to finance their vaccines and we expect 10

more countries to transition during this time. what does this mean? this means that countries are putting more and more of their finances on cost-effective interventions like vaccines. you can see her the cofinancing that is going up over time. dramatic increase now, 36% of the financing is going to this and in the next time it will go higher than that. thing that is about vaccines that i like to tell people is a little dirty secret. vaccines are great tools but they don't deliver themselves. what we need to do is figure out how do we make sure that we have vaccines available? one of the things we do is try to innovate in making vaccines available. we do that often working with the private sector. here are some examples of the innovations that have been done. everything from better vaccines to drone deliveries, temperature

monitoring, ecological solar powered chains, digital health records. this is a process to try to bring private sector into the effort to deliver these vaccines better. which is going to be absolutely critical as we move into the next phase of leave no one behind. stevee already heard from that we are doing more on outbreaks. it has been an evolution of happy. -- gavi. so far 1.3 million people have been protected against preventable diseases. you can see big gaps. second dose of measles and -- another vaccine, we need to make sure we get these out ahead of time and not just wait until outbreaks. i think measles is an example of a disease, it is a cheap vaccine it has been around more than 50 years, we know there is a global resurgence of measles. there are issues around vaccine

hesitancy in the west but we are also seeing problems in the south with fragile countries, countries that have disturbances created if you look at drc, more people have died there of measles and ebola so far. as an example of why we have to make sure we are paying attention to the routine systems. tragically in europe, 47 of 53 countries now have measles. vaccine that is this effective and cheap, this is something the world has to pay attention to. going back to the global health security, we managed to finance the stockpiles that are used globally. for yellow fever, meningitis, cholera and ebola vaccine. we have had a good track record. it more than 100 40 million people have been protected with more than 170 million doses since we started the program. we have become much more systematic in doing this. unicef, the supply

division which does the procurement of vaccines, we have worked to make sure there is adequate supply of vaccines in case of emergencies hurried i think in fact, the ebola situation is the alliance operating at its best. when the african outbreak occurred, people realized everyone was piling in with your technologies woman thought it was a global outbreak. who was going to pay for this? how can companies scale it up and sustain it? the board made a decision because we had innovative financing mechanisms we could do this. we announced we could put up to $390 million available to create a marketplace for ebola vaccines and distribute those. we did an advanced purchase commitment for any company very at merck stepped forward. part of that agreement was both to make sure that the regulatory systems were moved forward, that merck would submit an application to who they would

also move forward to regulatory approval. also important that they would keep 300,000 doses available just in case there was another outbreak in the interim time before a licensed product. think of this for that because there have been three outbreaks, as you know. two of which were rapidly controlled and another outbreak in which the vaccine has been remarkable. we vaccinated more than 280,000 people in that and it has kept it at bay traded captive from spinning out of control. the challenges in governance has been the outbreak has continued hurried today, we have a licensed product and license not only in the west, the ema and fda but also for african countries have licensed it. we are working with merck to create half a million does global stockpile so this will not be a problem again in the future.

steve mentioned the importance of working on polio. we have been working with the polio group for a long time. where we really stepped up is when they decided to announce a polio vaccine. that was the most rapid scale up of a vaccine in history. we tried to do it in more than 70 countries over the course of a year and a half. that is -- that has now occurred. it was independently financed in the past. the last two years, the gavi board agreed to step up and pay for it given the outbreaks that are occurring in the regular program to free up some funds. assuming we have a successful replenishment, the gavi board has agreed to pay for ipv. one of the importance and this is to lift up the routine average but also to move from pet the valence a hexavalent vaccine. those are supposed to be ready in this next. in thed it would be

alliance to move forward to a better product. this looks at pricing which is an important issue. as we purchased vaccines for 60% of the population, what that means is we are able to negotiate better prices. that is very important to shift the mindset from low volume, high cost to high-volume, low-cost. not just for true industrial country manufacturers but as steve mentioned, we brought a lot of new -- new manufacturers. five to 17 -- we have gone from five manufacturers to 17 and that means we have a healthy vaccine market. you can see today, they are not exactly an old apple comparison so we don't use the same vaccines in the u.s. but approximate u.s. price around $1100 for the vaccines the who recommends and you can see the gavi price being $27. to give you an idea of the power

of market shaping. that is critical of countries are going to dust let's talk about where we are pivoting to. new strategy goals and you can see on the top, leaving no one behind with immunization. this is really the kind of big change that is occurring because you will see in a second, at one point when gavi started, a little more than half of the world's kids were getting vaccines but today, we're up to 90% received at least one dose of a routine vaccine. how do with you that you there's a lot of things affecting us right now. we have talked relation growth and organization. by 2050see an increase of 2.3 billion people of which 70% of the global address global population will be in urban settings. numbereeing the largest

of displaced people in history most of which are in developing countries. we're seeing dramatic shifts in climate which is causing movement of people with also affects the way they are. these are more macro things but they expect -- affect the strategies we need to take. going to the concept of zero importanthey very concept. if you look at where we started in 2000, there were close to 30,000 on immunized children. we have read the -- reduced that i have. if you ask the question who has not had any contact with routine immunization, that has gone from 18.9 million down to 10.4 million. those zero dust children are the criminal -- pivotal priority where moving to. from the neck weak point of view, two thirds of those children, those families are below the poverty line.

from an equity point of view, this is critical. iny are often today not just an isolated or rural area but in urban slums, refugee camp. people moving because of climate change. that is why we have to change our strategies. if you reach zero dust children, they are the families that have no access to any health intervention. if you are missing vaccines, you are missing everything. this becomes the platform for primary health care or universal health coverage as you move forward. finally, we need to think of this as a global health security. we are lucky coronavirus occurred in china where they have a good public health system. you can make critiques if you want about some aspects but china was able to jump on it quickly. they had the tools. they were able to work on it. that was not true in 2014 when ebola appeared in africa.

for three months, we were unable to note it was ebola. that's why it spread so widely and it turned into such an explosive epidemic. if we want the world to be safe, we have to have no communities left out. we have to think about this just as a development issue and equity issue and also a global health security issue. the other thing is, if you get sick when you're in one of those communities because you don't have any health interventions, you are more likely to die or have side effects. for all of those reasons, zero dose are a good priority. where are they? 75% in 13 large and fragile countries reacted we are going to get very granular. we are going to come up with a metric on reaching zero dust children create it we will try to take away about but we will also have a metric on how those children get incorporated into a help system. that is really going to be the

critical metric because what we would like to do is build a resilient help system for everybody. -- health system for everybody. we have to be more differentiated and targeted. we have to go subnational. there is a reason why communities are being reached. how do we reach them? we have to tailor responses and pay attention to it gender issues. many of the barriers have a gender component. we have to focus on demand. we will have to deal with the hesitancy issues that are beginning to spread. we have to think about this not just in a traditional alliance that has worked so well of unicef, the gates foundation, the who. how do we bring in the humanitarian players who have not been involved that might have a specific role to play. lastly, we changed in vaccination.

it used to be just about children. someone said years ago that public health is like a sinking ship. women and children than everyone else comes last. that is not true and what we are trying to do is build a life course platform across all of the different vaccines. this is going to be important again for all of the concepts we talked about. you can see here, some of the advantages of working across a platform. you can work with different groups and with other interventions to try to have integrated approaches. this is ay that particularly good place to do it because the we have more than half a billion contact points with the health system each year as a part of immunization. in terms of again going to scale this is a great way to look at it. let me finish by talking about the replenishment and resource needs.

in berlin, we ended up asking for them -- $7.5 billion. we agreed that the replenishment would be less than that. we also ended up absorbing the big ask on polio. we have squeezed our health systems funding more than we like. the board has said we are looking for at least $7.4 billion. we see that as 7.4 as a minimum for being able to do this. if we have more finance, we can use that for the equity zero dose and differentiated approach to hss agenda. what is interesting is that you begin to see the changes that have occurred with countries self financing. here's the resource chair, 71% donor financed. now 54%. i will show a slight about the market shaping savings in the second. have 8% of the funding coming from countries.

ins going to be a full 41% 21 to 25. that number which is $3.6 billion, if you add in the cost of paying for the health systems which is another $6 billion, the poorest developing countries are investing close to $10 billion in their immunization systems which of course is the most cost-effective intervention you can have. i have already talked about the price reductions. this is looking at our three core vaccines. you can see a 50% reduction over .his time one of the important things to say is that we are reaching an asymptote. there will be a point where we cannot lower the price anymore because we have to make sure that companies not only are able to make adequate profit to but they have r&d

to continue to invest in their facilities as well. we get expect the same dramatic changes we have had up until this price going forward but where there are changes, it is good for countries. this savings it turns out to be $900 billion. the donors love hearing that. they say it's great. we couldn't do that ourselves if we bilaterally purchased vaccines because we are doing a globally. what is more important is that this is for the countries to be able to afford their vaccines going forward. what you see here are the examples of the vaccines we have and the coverage levels. this is what we are trying to do is shift out coverage with all of the vaccines to try not just to deal with zero dose and under immunized but to get people fully immunized. that is obviously difficult to do but it is something that we as an alliance are continuing to prioritize.

on replenishment, we did the launch in august. in japan, we did it there because traditionally, japan has been a g7 country that has been the least largest supporter of gavi. we wanted to give them whipped gavi and you on can see the prime minister and foreign minister at the time both spoke. we had six african heads of state speak tempering usefully about how important this was to their countries which was fabulous. the replenishment this time is going to be in the u.k. june 3 and fourth. we have started building up for that. while around for a the global fund replenishment to support them but we have picked withtion again at davos the 20th anniversary celebration. we are having a high level meaning and march on science in the u.k. than the pledging

conference in london. steve has already mentioned this. billion for your commitment from the u.s.. this is actually the second commitment we received this time. we are proud that the u.s. increased 16% from last time and they came out early and made the statement. this is going to be very important to set the bar for other countries. i think it is a particularly strong statement given the fact that the rest of the budget was showing fondness for increases for global health programs read i think it does show the value they place on this alliance going forward. just to finish, where are we going to be from this? by the end of this time, we will have immunized more than 1.1 billion children. prevented more than 22 million deaths.

this is talking about scale at its best. can help countries protect themselves and as importantly, making the world safe from infectious diseases. with that, i hope i have given you a view of what gavi is doing in its past. what is trying to do in the future then about the replenishment. are we going to do questions now are afterwards? thank you all. [applause] >> go ahead and read. come on up. >> go down to the end.

why don't i sit here? you can go over there. thank you. thank you all. seth, thank you so much for the presentation. theill get back to many of issues you touched on in the course of the conversation. what we are going to do now is to hear from our guests and quick sequence to get the conversation rolling. we will come to the audience as soon as we can and hear from you. story of the the marvelous successes and progress made. we are to ask our three speakers to offer their reflections. there are still plenty of tough challenges. some of which he singled to us in his presentation. i am first going to introduce our three speakers and we will ask irene to lead off. she is the acting -- you have

their biographies. we met her in indonesia where she served as the health attache >> still does everything. >> we met for a four-year period. she has been very integral while globalbureau for verba health. driving the global health agenda. the acting assistant administrator and senior advisor on a broad spectrum of issues. she serves on the board of gavi and has done that since 2016. so, irene, thank you so much for joining us. robin came from new york. thank you so much for coming down to be with us today. and chiefnicef advisor of immunizations at

unicef headquarters. we are thrilled to have you with us today. your boss is my boss. cis foren connected to over 35 years. she has been extremely generous to us. we don't miss any opportunity to praise her and to have unicef as part of our program so thank you so much, robin, for coming with us, to be with us today. catherine, you have the new paper that she authored. you have this which i would urge you all to read. it is an extremely well-written and well thought out piece around u.s. national interests in supporting gavi. and verypowerful eloquent statement. catherine, congratulations on that. ,n the website for this, csis

there is a short five minute video that is an explainer than t catherine put together which i think is very helpful. we have a commission on strengthening american help security. it will be two years. we have put out a final report at the end of last year to contain the number of recommendations. we will talk about some of those. catherine was at the very center of looking at issues around immunizations. how do you protect those infrastructure and programs and places of this order? and, how do you build a local capacity and how do you be better predictors of where there will be interruptions and gaps and the like. we are very indebted to catherine for all that work. she is one of our most versatile senior scholars who has led our work on water policy, on

venezuela, and many other topics. thank you all for being with us. irene, robin, kathryn, collect your thoughts. seth, i will give you a chance. then, we will talk the conversation from that point forward. irene, thank you for being with us. irene: thank you for hosting this event. it is such a terrific panel. happy birthday, gavi. it must be very exciting. as you heard from steve and seth, we are so excited to be able talk about the u.s. government's commitment to gavi. this is indeed not only increase over what the u.s. had done over the last replenishment period, but to do this early on is pretty exciting. i think the kinds of things that seth talked about in his presentation that gavi not only has this phenomenal impact of reaching three quarters of a billion kids, but also the cost

sharing with countries all the way through the cycle and engaging private sector and others really makes gavi a strong selling point. one of the things we are not only excited about the replenishment, but also excited about the kinds of issues seth talked about in the gavi 5.0 strategy. this is the partnership between usaid and gavi has been very strong. we have been part of the alliance into the very beginning. the issues of equity, the underpinnings of the neck ids isgy, reaching those k very much in line with the priorities that we have in our child health program. we see that as the life s ource of immunizations. it touches on a lot of issues we are trying to engage with through usaid. when we think about trying to

engage on the equity issue, that is really -- talking about reaching other partners, but really try to scale strategy and do them in a sustainable way. we talked a little bit about coronavirus, but the investments that come through immunizations and how that touches primary health care systems is very much related to what we need to do on global health security. the foundational work that has been done for a number of years, but that we help lays the foundation for addressing coronavirus and other outbreaks. the other piece i would note briefly is the life course approach to vaccination that we see in 5.0 does touch on a lot of the other things we do in usaid. not only from the health sector across the board, but also the education and other sectors we work on. i think that is where other links in the future really gives us lots and lots of opportunities to move forward.

we have talked a little bit about already in hearing from seth and from steve on this, the alliance partners. unicef has been one of our core partners. key to work not only with our u.n. partners but civil society partners to move forward on this agenda. i think the kind of progress we have seen, the tremendous impact gavi has had already in the 20 years will continue moving forward as we look forward to be part of that alliance. stephen: thank you. robin: thanks for having me. i will convey your greetings when i get back. gavi, inding member of would also like to wish a very happy birthday, 20th birthday. the point here is that the gavi

alliance is now a mature alliance. i will talk on it a little bit perspective of a multilateral partner. i hope i could speak for my colleagues at who as well what i say this. keep my remarks short, leaving time for questions. seth said all the important bits, but i will touch on four specific points. i start with partnership. i think what the gavi alliance has successfully done is partnered the advantage of all the partners. we had bilateral relationships. we were working parallel sometimes to each other. worked together to work the common vision towards the common goal. this has been a huge achievement. the question is what is gavi? we are all gavi.

everyone in this room is gavi. the united states government, usaid, cdc, multilateral civil society. a number of our alliance partners are here in this room as well. thealk about gavi 5.0 and challenges we face. i think the partnerships are going to be even more critical. we can no longer rely only on global level partners. we need to go national. we need to go subnational. it has been provok exhausted. it is much more difficult and things need to be done differently and we need to grow our partnerships. the second point is i think what the alliance has done very well is promote accountability. talked a little bit about forbut it's accountability

delivering results. alliance partners holding each other accountable. again, mature relationships. we can agree, we can disagree. move towards the common goal. very importantly, accountability of governments. i think that is extremely good critical that governments are responsible for the health and well-being of their population, children, mothers. the alliance comes together to promote this sort of accountability. the first thing i would like to say is -- third thing i would like to say is in terms of innovation. seth touched on this. he showed to the kind of innovations the gavi alliance has been involved in. i don't one us to leave the room thinking that an ovation is all about -- innovation is all about

shiny, bright objects. innovation is a mindset. innovation is the way we think. when we stop talking about achieving equity, achieving a high vaccine coverage in conflict affected locations, noban slums, there's one-size-fits-all anymore. you could do it to a certain extent with one-size-fits-all, but now you have to go context by context. address what the barriers are and take it forward from there. my fourth point is the gavi voice. this is the most powerful thing that we have. have agencieswe engaging with heads of state on a regular basis and advocating for immunizations and advocating for children, advocating for mothers. i think this is a huge potential that we have going into gavi

5.0. highlightingaying, one of the last points seth made as well. immunization has reached higher coverage than most o other viral interventions. if a child is not vaccinated, we can pretty much be sure they have not received any other survival interventions, water sanitation, nutrition, whatever the case may be. it provides the entry point and we are committed to working vertically and horizontally for greater primary health care. thank you very much. stephen: thank you very much. catherine. catherine: i will say a few words about the report and what i was trying to outline and understand about the relationships between gavi and u.s. global health security and development interests. i really wanted to focus on three aspects. one was to look at this long

relationship over 20 years and really know that particularly the strong emphasis on equity, improving access to and uptake of vaccines and the link to primary health services is connected along with the efforts around vaccines are very much connected to the u.s. global health security strategy which identifies immunizations and strengthening u.s. engagement with other countries around immunization as a key component of that strategy. time one of the aspects of the gavi model that resonates with u.s. development models is the emphasis on the country's path to fully self financing immunization programs. the current focus around the journey to self-reliance and the emphasis on really helping countries identify and envision a path towards fully supporting the vaccine programs in the

short-term and long-term is very much consistent with that. then, the third area of that really strikes me as very consistent with a larger set of u.s. diplomatic objectives, throughout the private sector into the alliance. the integration of countries, multilateral agencies, in particular, the private sector. the long-term partners that have been part of the alliance from the beginning but also the newer startups and innovative companies, and other areas that in particular the united states through its diplomacy, larger diplomatic outreach seeks to showcase the best of u.s. innovation and entrepreneurship. the innovation of those partners into the model help show the way. in terms of the recent commitments and the longer-term was verytionship, i

interested to hear -- i think we were traveling in london for some other meetings when i heard about the u.s. commitments and this multi-year commitment, which was very exciting and interesting to hear. and, i feel that it is important important to it's maintain a bilateral engagement around immunizations as well. gavi should beo part of a larger u.s. commitment around immunizations. not only usaid, but the centers for disease control and prevention play a strong role in supporting global immunization programs. there is quite a bit of overlap cdceen usaid, countries, priority countries and gavi eligible countries, but it is not complete. there are differences and it is important to maintain those long-term bilateral relationships, both in order to

reinforce support for countries as they move towards transition otheraged in relationships and work around immunizations, but also in particular, in some of those middle income, not eligible countries where the u.s. has had historic relationships and can be supportive as gavi works its way trying to understand how it can engage over the long-term term with those countries as well. stephen: thank you very much. recently ateasure reporting of the munich security conference. at that time, there was great interest on the covid-19, the coronavirus outbreak. we will get to that at some point in the course of our discussion. there was also a health security roundtable. a dinner with the norwegian prime minister.

across all of these activities, one thing that came through very powerfully, two thigns -- one is the degree to which gavi is operating closely with the coalition for epidemic, pandemic preparedness innovations, ceppi, with the wellcome trust, with the bill and melinda gates foundation -- it was very impressive how mature those relationships have become and how central they are in thinking through the response to this new challenge that covid-19 poses to us. the second point is just how much intellectually seth contributes to this debate. the quality of the contributions made and interventions that all of those different points in time, it was just very striking. now, we want to shift to some of the sort of tougher enduring challenges that are out in the

environment in which all of this work is taking place. one issue we have given the enormous focus to recently in the course of our commission is disorder, it's insecurity. it is the rising danger level and the spread of disorder into many more places. where in fact, we are talking about these low income countries, we are talking about the demand of being very high. the unmet need and where outbreaks are in fact often times situated. obviously, drc has become a big focus in the last two years. not just because of the ebola outbreak, but also as seth mentioned, measles, cholera. other outbreaks which reveal the problems. the discussions we have had and the question of what kind of capacities are going to be required to operate

in these environments safely and effectively, without militarizing the response? we cannot fall back on unrealistically high risk intolerance. we cannot sit on the sidelines. we have to have our skilled personnel there safely and effectively at the hot zone, at the front face of the outbreaks, and meeting the demand. we need to be investing in our partners to cope in those areas. we need a kind of expeditionary mindset, different timeline, a different set of expectations. seth, you have already pushed gavi to lean forward and think differently and put a policy together and begin operating. tell us a little bit about what you think is needed further right now, both in terms of the way gavi operates but also what you look for from the other partners you are operating with, in meeting this demand.

seth: thanks. this is one of the greatest challenges. if you look at immunization in fragile countries, it is at least 10% to 20% less than it is in non-fragile countries. that effect is clearly there. i think the first thing we have to do is we have to get the world to think that is the norm to provide your basic immunizations systems for your populations. now, why do i say that is if you come in on a disease specific epproach and say, gee, i'm her from the polio program and i am going to keep immunizing until we eradicate polio and we are not going to do anything else, eventually, you see pushback from the population. how does that work? we need a norm that is about doing this for everybody. of course, innovation is the

most cost-effective intervention. for every dollar you spend, you get a $54 return. even more for a poor country, this is where you should be putting your money. if you get to that point where we all agree this is a global public good that countries ought to be financing, you begin to ask the question how do you work in places that are fragile and have problems? how did you make sure that immunizations are available to both sides? when we are working in yemen, how do we make sure not only the government but the north is engaged in immunizing their kids, or in some allea or drc. we have been able to do that in many places. what i would postulate is what we need to do is build out those systems so that those systems are available for all of the other activities. not a greatt is place to have any bul ebola outbreak given the years of fighting, but one of the things that set it off is when they decided they had to stop the

election because there was ebola. the local rumor was the reason was to stop the election because a place the opposition would win. this is why getting the norms are so critical. the last thing i see about that is prior to ebola, but going on now, we have worked with the previous administration, with the current president to create the mishoka plan, named out of the own leaders. it is excited because they just met with the president two days ago. i couldn't go because i was on this trip. but, the president has taken leadership. he has called all of the state governors together. they have signed an immunization declaration. we are trying to get a healthy competition going at a local level to try to get better coverage. to me, this is the way we will get there. it hasn't been done in the past, but it has to be normalized. in a world that is now becoming more national in its focus, kind

of going back to making this the norm and helping countries do it will be critical for success. stephen: let me ask you on the question of the communications crisis that we face in vaccines, around weaponized social media, around distrust in industry, governments and public health. so disinformation that is pervasive these days. how do you combat that? how do you bring quality, trusted science to a public that is confused, disoriented, anxious, not sure who to trust in this period? what have you learned in terms of that? seth: it is a complicated question because it is a different solution in the industrialized world than the developing world. the industrialized world, we are complacent. you all except if you have a child, that child is going to

live, it is going to be healthy. it is going to live up to its full potential more or less. that's what you expect. as a result, this idea of you are going to go and inject people with things that make pain and make them cry and maybe they have not organic and maybe they have things that are not good in it, that sets up the possibility for rumors. we didn't have that problem in developing countries. you would walk a huge distance to get these vaccines because you saw auntie had a kid that died, your neighbor was sick. you saw these diseases. that is now changing a little bit because we are being successful with immunizations. but slightly different mindsets. what's interesting is they have now come together. it was not like that 10 years ago. today, if you are in nigeria and have questions about vaccines, you on the internet. you can see the same misinformation. what the alliance has tried to do is first of all think about demand as a continuance. in one end, there is people that

will not immunize under any circumstance. on the other end, there are people that will go at any length to get immunization. and then there is everybody in the middle and you want to move people forward. we are trying to work with governments and local leaders to do that. the second thing we have been doing as an alliance is to reach out to the social media companies. we've had two requests. one, get rid of the fake information because that obviously, if it is fake information, it is killing people. that's not enough. when a mother is looking for information, how do you then steer that mother to get good information? frankly, sometimes they don't want to go to the cdc website or the who website, maybe they don't trust those. how do we make sure there are voices that are there that can help them do it? lastly, and this is more in your line, how do we get rid of the disruptive things like the usingn bots that are

vaccines as a source of misinformation? this is a broader problem, integral problem for our elections, etc. this idea of misinformation more broadly. the last thing i say about this is it is mostly about local trust. what's the country that has the lowest vaccine confidence in the world? it's france, for god's sake. what is the highest confidence? it's rwanda. very interesting. the really important thing we know is that people trust their local health care providers more than they trust governments, more than they trust pharmaceutical companies or others. how do we make sure they are prepared with the right information and help them with that? stephen: irene and robin, both of your organizations are very active on these issues. tell us a bit about what you are doing and how you address these. irene: first on the information piece. i agree with everything seth said. i want to congratulate gavi on

setting up the demand hub. recognizing information and getting good information out and addressing the issue, whether it be misinformation or anything else, is really a critical piece. it is critical to the objectives of reaching every kit. as seth, what's really important is getting that good information into the hands of health providers and those who are trusted in the community. global health, we have a long history of knowing how you get those messages to communities and to people in a way that is trusted so families can act on those good messages. n familyose techniques i planning, child health and other areas for immunization is the way to go. that is something we have been working on for as long as i can remember in usaid and partnering with gavi. going back to your previous point, you were talking about the issue with emergencies and

others. i think that is the reality we are living in. the overlap between countries and crisis. and whether they be man-made or natural disasters, and what we do on the normal developments side is becoming the overlap. it does mean, and i think seth made this point before, that it's tailored approaches. it means doing business differently. people who are living in a very unsafe environment may not be able to use the same set of partners we used before. looking differently and how to tailor your approaches that can work within those kinds of settings. stephen: thank you. robin? robin: in addition to what seth and irene said, seth referenced it by saying it is complex and it is complex. i think just to draw on two

things that has not been sea seth's but speaking on comment on france, i don't want to describe what it takes to get a kid vaccinated inference. you take the kid out of school. you take them to the pediatrician, get a prescription. the kid goes back to school. you take the prescription, go to the pharmacy, get the vaccine. you get the vaccine, put it in the refrigerator at home, wait until you get your kid out of school the next time. take him to the pediatrician and then get vaccinated. ladies and gentlemen, this is not vaccine hesitancy. [laughter] robin: this is vaccine inconvenienced, right? the bottom line is as we talk about vaccine hesitancy, i think we need to talk about convenient, context specific delivery of services that is

easy to deliver and to facilitate in the communities. urban,on't work in conflicted areas, delivery strategies will be different. both parents work, it is difficult for them to go out and seek vaccinations. the other aspect is the way services are delivered. often times if you are in a marginalized humidity, minority community, you get treated really badly by the health workers. ere linkage here with broad primary health care, health workers' attitudes, it is all about trust. you read many things on the internet you would not believe if you have trust in the source of information that you have.

eroded,en the trust is you will believe in all sorts of other things. the other issues that have already been said. it's not vaccine misinformation, it's misinformation about a host of other things. let's remind ourselves vaccines have had misinformation as long as the vaccine itself. it goes back to england in the 1800s. anti-vax >> thank you. seth in his remarks mentioned the middle income countries can become problematic. transitionedhave into middle income status. ini has been assiduous attempting to be supportive and revise their support for this there are risks for that population of countries and it comes down to a question of

motivating leadership there to pick this up. doanted to ask, what do you in this context to lower the risk that these countries fall back, because it is too expensive or too difficult, they are not committed in the same way. what can be done in order to lower that risk and have more success in that transition process? katherine: well i think there are two things we can look at. ways forentifying countries to access lower prices for a longer. of time, whether it is through the revolving friend which some middle income countries in the americas have access to eared or some other scheme that might developed in that sense. the other is a comment i made earlier about the importance of strong bilateral engagement, whether by the united states or

other developing partners, to help countries really start looking ahead to transition, whether it is gavi are something else, in advance. they begin to get notifications that they are approaching the thresholds. to start thinking many, how can the finance and health sector work together? and to support those kinds of dialogues through bilateral engagement. andhen: what can you do your office to motivate leaders and middle income countries to step forward in the ways required, for there not to be regression but for there to be continued in man's? of answers is a set to this. first of all, the countries transitioning about katherine's when we started working on transition we were late to the game on preparations. now that we have gotten experienced on it, we understand that and we are now preparing every country for transition way out. that is important. for the countries that have not

is agavi eligible, there really interesting challenge here. there are two sides to the challenge. if you go to the countries, they are fine with what they are doing. at the prices are too high for them to have access. introducedt do not new vaccines. if you go to the companies, they say well, you know, it is too risky for us. in these communities we have to charge more. the question is, is there a sweet spot that could be done? could one provide some type of guarantees, that companies would say g, here is a market that is not being currently filled. new countriesof we can engage with at valium, that is guarantee for us? so we can now make the -- at volume. so we can make the investment to scale up. in doing that we're willing to put it at a slightly lower price point. and then going to the countries

and site maybe it is inconvenient for you to work through a mechanism of having full procurement, but if you do that, you can get a better price point. and this is what we are looking at now, as an alliance with the partners. i think if we do not make either of those sweet spots, it will not happen. i use an example, egypt is just a little bit above the gavi threshold. they have 95% coverage. they have not introduced the any of the pneumonia, diarrhea or cervical cancer vaccine because they have to pay five times to 10 times the copy price. they are willing to pay more but five toi price, 10 times is too much for them. so the question is, how do we help them do that? it is a mature conversation. the industry initially was i'm not sure we want to do this but let's discuss it. countries were, i'm not sure we want to do it. now we are trying to figure out a win-win strategy that makes sense. what we want is every child in

the world to be immunized, not just oppressed, not just the rich, but every child. , nott just the poorest just at the risk, but every child. particularly on the lowest end of the middle income strata. stephen: thank you. we will turn to our audience momentarily. i want to ask one more question. does this create an opportunity to reanimate the g7 are the g20. we have and many other critical global health issues lower visibility, lower prioritization in recent years. emergingve a situation that is looking increasingly dangerous and long-term. what is your view? seth: certainly there is an opportunity. whether it will be taken or not is a different story. if i go back five years ago, it was funny i did attend talk. bill gates did attend talk at the same time, the same year. they put us back to back.

intalked specifically about, the military context, we go out and do rehearsals all the time. we go out and try to see what is happening and have preparedness exercises. why don't we do that in global health? that was his talk. my talk was about g, we need some type of new mechanism to go ahead and make vaccines to prepare for new diseases, to have platform technologies. and low and behold, why was that happening? that was around ebola. and here we are. and we do have exercises that have been done so we are better prepared. but either we are now on a very severe dress rehearsal for the very big one, or we are in the beginning of the very big one. and we are not perfectly prepared. the answer is, we a lot to be talking about it and this was the conversation we had at the munich socratic conference. because all of the generals -- at the munich security conference. all of the generals, all of the intelligence people, all of the

nuclear weapon people were all there talking about things that were much less likely to happen than the evolutionary certainty of infectious disease outbreaks. but we were not talking about it. so i think this is an opportunity now. of course, we could end up exactly where we were with ebola. dust as a side story, one we a sidethat, -- just as story, when we said we would put that through hunter million dollars on the table, the government said we do not have to set our budget you go raise the money. problem, we will do what it takes per it i went out and raised money. i got one government to make one commitment. that was the u.s. government made a commitment of $20 billion. [laughter] that was it. nobody else. everybody said ebola was yesterday's problem. they went back to it. the challenge is, we do not do that with the military. we keep the nuclear submarines under the polarized caps. we keep all of these systems going all the time.

even if we are not at devcon, at a raised level. the question is, can we do that for global health security? and we must get there because this is an evolutionary certainty. stephen: thank you. you're going to bundle together several questions. i would ask each person, be sick a singlesuccinct, intervention. you catalysts for the interesting presentation and for theon -- panelists interesting presentation and discussion. to bring up the elephant in the room, there's an article posted from the atlantic in which a harvard epidemiologist predicts that up to 40% to 70% of the worlds population would get the coronavirus. any idea how to handle that? ok.phen:

hold that from moment. right here. thank you. on the others. >> high, thank you. i work with a group called global water 2020. thank you for these insightful remarks and it is great to see this commitment toward a more horizontal as opposed to vertical approach to achieving gavi's vision. with that and color in mind, i would ask how should the wash community work with gavi to ,uild out wash infrastructure in light of the campaign for the next vaccine. stephen: thank you. >> hello. the technical director with john snow immunization center. a few of us around here are 20 years and this, long enough to have seen the birth of gavi so, happy birthday.

weanted to ask about how address the twofold issue of financing. first come around the operational realities most immunization program service delivery is financed at a subnational level. there are challenges with sustaining that. morethe second part, around the centralized vaccine procurement that global and .ational budgets control but often they create the mortgages or financing challenges then for the sustainability factor. with that, thinking along the lines of what we have seen that does work, for example small doable actions with champion communities in madagascar enabled them through usaid and other funding to sustain prevention during outbreaks. michakoy shock plan -- plan named after a former minister of health who was a leader in getting the program moving, how do a match that to address these operational funding issues? stephen: thank you.

i hand in the back? the global fight against aids, tb and malaria. thank you for the presentations and wonderful work. we are invested in the fight against aids, tb and malaria. glad to hear you are grappling with the relationship between gavi services and building out stronger health systems in general and helping move that helping countries move toward you hc. i wonder what you are learning about that work, the bridge hctween vaccine delivery and u without compromising the urgency and effectiveness of your vac teens -- your vaccine programs. up the effortng and energy in fighting those diseases but also thinking broadly about health services. onphen: i suggest we hold

carl's question from moment. i want to invite seth to respond and invite our other speakers to jump in. we have the wash question. the financing question. question. the uhc we are going to get back to covid after we have had these others. seth: in terms of the question on wash, this is an important question. when the board began to look at working on cholera and similarly on rabies, we began to say, the solution for these problems are not the vaccines. the vaccines are interventions, temporarily to help. but the solution has to be for example on the rabies side, animal rabies control. obviously wash side, it is about clean water and sanitation. not being said, we should

not use tools that we have. the challenges coming together. the board agonized about it, we mandate that? if we mandate it and can negotiate it, how to we move it forward. what we hope to have is a gentlemen's agreement with groups working on it. and i have become a champion of w.a.s.h.in many places, talking about the lack of investments going on in w.a.s.h.critical to move forward in cholera. we have to be synergistic in these approaches and keep in mind long-term development. example,alk about for in pakistan, how do we enhance the interventions to win hearts and minds around polio, not just give them all vaccines but other things. of course we would love to give them water and sanitation but that may take longer. so don't make that the only barrier, but make sure you continue to work on it. issue, i thinkg

this is, we did not talk about it but as part of the fdd three , the global gavi fund, and the world bank are working together on the finance accelerator. the purpose is to do two things, first, make sure there is more money for health, trying to move toward the 15% abucha commitment. the other side is more help for the money. that allocative efficiency is even more important for the poorest countries. one thinks about it in rich countries which have more resources, they can waste more. where you do not have the resources you have to be focused. that means we have to get local communities to understand the importance of financing these very basic services which cover 85% of the health interventions of the health results will come out of basic primary health care.

we need to make sure people are putting that money in. that is part of the conversation at the national level, at the regional level, and at the local level. we are working with the communities to think about that my own view is, you start with uhc and say we are going to do uhc. i know what it means for brazil or thailand, but what does it mean for the central african republic? the challenge is to get concrete. it is going to be about building out basic services, not just for vaccination but for malaria. it is different for some of the other interventions that are disease specific. we have to take those lessons and work together. katherine: on the financing piece, thinking about the discussion earlier around how do you address immunization coverage and conflicts and disordered settings? we talked about this directly. having to wait for

emergency funds until there is actually an outbreak can be too little, too late. where is being able to think about flexibility with contingency or emergency funds that as becomes apparent immunization coverage is lower, and there are problems likely to happen, if there were better ways to be able to release funds quickly for that kind of setting as well. irene: building on a couple of things seth said and on the w.a.s.h.question. it has been part of the conversation on how to be go from immunization and connect to broader issues and is related to the covid-19 point as well. you need to look at delivering water and sanitation but also primary health care.

it has been, a bit of a debate. to just go after, and it is a long-standing debate. to get everybody with measles or do you try to build into the system and you need to do both. you need to get those targeted programs and build into the system as well. thecannot only work in immunization program at the country level you have to touch the bilateral partners working on these issues. strengthening the water and sanitation and go beyond the immunization folks at unicef and it is really reaching up water array of partners. at in re's to the question, so much of what we are talking about his political commitment and that is where a lot of the financing comes in. nigeria is a good example. it is happening not only at the national level but at the state level. gavi as works with that full array of partners, it has been a phenomenal example of bringing

partners to the table at a country level, pushing not only the national governments but also state governments to take action and put money on the table for what they need to do for immunization. think w.a.s.h.on the issue and the wider issue, the only thing i would add is it can never be one or the other. whether we talk about cholera or is at someif there point a vaccine against covid-19 , vaccines should not lure us into complacency, that we stop doing other basic public health interventions. the public health interventions are extremely critical. there is a risk here. if you are talking about the future of vaccines, you talk about the malaria vaccine. you are talking about vaccines with lower efficacy that will not be able to operate alone in the way that measles vaccine has. you have to go in combination. the second point is on systems

strengthening and horizontal. again, it is very important to manage expectations here. gavi alliance resources will not be adequate to build out health systems everywhere all the time. i think we have to identify where the entry points are through immunization. i think zero does provides a huge opportunity because if immunization can focus on these unreached communities and make them visible to the health system, that is a huge point of convergence. then take the individual parts of immunization, the supply chain and how can it treat contribute beyond immunization. the demand-side be on the quality of care. andrpersonal communication so on. and finally on resource allocativeand efficiency. a lot of resource decisions are being made at subnational levels. a lot of these countries are highly decentralized.

one thing we might not have done enough is gone to the subnational level for advocacy and resource mobilization. polio was eradicated in a country like india because it had the commitment of the district magistrates in the various districts. that is the kind of granularity and engagement we need. stephen: thank you. let's come back to covid-19. i want to see a couple of things and then i'll ask seth to answer. in the last few days we seem to have crossed a couple of thresholds. people are talking a lot less about the containability of this and much more about this is globalizing and we are moving into a strategy of mitigation. in around outbreaks and italy, korea, and the last several days. the geographic spread within china itself. prisons, a couple of hospitals under lockdown in beijing.

are getting out of the case isolation, case investigations. the scale of this is moving ahead. we have reports that the u.s. administration is preparing an emergency supplemental to present to congress, which is a signal of something very important happening there. we see the economic-the projected economic consequences being tabulated in a new ways. the g20 finance ministers issued -and the imf issued an harrowing imf sorry the imf issued a harrowing estimation today. carl is referencing modelers at the imperial college and harvard and elsewhere coming forward and putting out well, this is what we might imagine, in terms of spread. a pattern of globalization and what that may mean. so, seth, given where we are today, how should we be thinking about what lies ahead?

seth: first of all, a modeler can say whatever they want about the percent of the population that will get affected. we just do not know. there are differential mortality rates in china and wuhan than there are in countries outside. we do not understand that. is that a case reporting issue? so we need a lot more information. we also do not fully understand the virus. are you fully transmissible ring and a symptomatically? is that true for everybody or a subset of people? we do not know if there is seasonality, which would be important. and we do not know the spread and tropical regions are given all of that, the more i learn, the more worried i am about this because of reasons stephen has talked about. under the best case scenario, you want time to hold it down so we can develop countermeasures.

there are a series of drug develop into going on. clinical trials have been started of existing drugs that could be ready to go. no idea whether they work or not. they have been used in compassionate settings. until we do controlled studies we will not know. vaccines were launched within a few weeks of having the actual knowing what the genetics of the organism were. those are started. there is a lot more work going on on vaccines. the interesting question there is, how far could you accelerate that work, if this truly is a global pandemic? we do not know the answer to that. we have to keep in mind, for guns roaring. all it took us five years to get a licensed product. we did a clinical trial quickly. the reglet tour issues as you stepped forward. heroically worked to make the vaccine available. could we do it in a faster time?

doing an adaptive trial design? moving forward with everything in parallel, you could move it. the other problem is some approaches being used now for vaccine development, are attractive because they are quick. but they are novel. they have not been in humans. so reglet tour agencies will ask questions about the safety, the distribution. agencies wouldy ask questions about the safety and distribution. so are we better off with something that takes longer but is easier from a reglet tory point of view? or a new technology? if this is a big one, we should be running those in parallel. at the end, where do i think we should be? driving forward as if this is the big one, as if those number's are as bad as they are. but try to control as much as we can, so we can get the interventions out there. the biggest problem is if this this, thenking like all of the health system will be overwhelmed with the need for

intensive care, ventilators, all those other issues. whereas if you can flatten it out and do it over time you have a bigger chance for other interventions to be there. but you also allow the health system to take the brunt over a long time. . if this becomes the big one and we have a vaccine come online, and er half into years, what is going to be the biggest -- in a year and a half or two years, what is going to be the biggest constraint of getting that produced and in the hands of people? seth: the good news, i showed you the data. we know how to get vaccines out. the alliance is good at that. the scary part is, let's say this vaccine is now produced in the united states. are we going to make it available in other countries before we vaccinate the 350 million people and the u.s.? issue.eu it is the same now let's say we produce it in india for developing countries? if india has a big epidemic of

covid-19 are they going to make it available or are they going to vaccinate their 1.3 billion people? the thing now that is different is how do we produce vaccine specifically for the developing world if this is truly a global epidemic? that is the conversation we have not had before. it was different for ebola where there was no market. the issue was how do we pay for it to be produced. it and theyoducing made eventually move it to eight about the country manufacturer. in this, where there will be unrestricted demand, it is going to be a real challenge. that is what we have to think about. do you want me to use this? what others like to weigh in? would agree with seth. there's so much about this we do not know which is one of the

biggest issues we have. that said, a lot of the investments we have been making in laboratory systems and work referral systems and in information systems are all extraordinarily important now. that is where we can continue to put resources. one of the things we are doing is putting resources to beef up the labs. to make sure there are good infection prevention control practices in place. is there good information out? even though that information is changing dramatically as we move forward. those are things we can do to mitigate as much as possible. we did not talk about this innovation but it is important. innovative financing. m, have already used our ifi the innovative financing facility for immunization. for does not engage in this countries that do multiyear processes, countries have given us guarantees a long time.

seth: with those we can go to the market and raise money. we immunized 80 million children before we had the money from donors. it is that really exciting mechanism. we have already done one ifim round to help a donor spread out its innovation. this would be something that could be done if we had to come up with a very large amount of money quickly to produce vaccines to finance research, if we could get governments to make a long-term commitment because no government has billions of dollars just sitting there with nothing to do. tocould, though, get them guarantee out and then raise that money and use it for this. so these are other innovations we have to think about now in these unprecedented times. stephen: so there's going to be a financing-if we get to the point where we are trying to produce 300 million or 500 million doses, there will be the distribution equity issues. seth: but we may be talking

about 15 billion doses if we are talking about the whole world, to dose vaccine, as a whole different ballgame than hundreds of millions. stephen: that raises all sorts of manufacturing capacity issues as well as financing and we are nowhere near that. we are getting to the end of the time here. robin, any last remarks? robin: i meant to say in my opening presentation, with gavi 5.0 there is another fantastic opportunity. agenda 2030 isn being developed at the same time. this has not happened in the past. strategy andf gavi the global vaccine action plans happened at different times. together, with seth's team and you hoa and all that apartment in the room, and alignment.

2030 is going to address a lot of the middle income countries and even high income countries issues as well. common identifying what monitoring and evaluation mechanisms are and so are. basically, the focus of both of these strategic vision documents if you like are focusing on similar things. approaches,zontal and all the things we discussed. stephen: thank you. have the, you last word. katherine: just to reinforce that, i think the u.s. involvement in this alliance has been very strong since the beginning. as this conversation has really highlighted that involvement both at the alliance and partnership level and to sustain

long-term involvement at the community level is fundamental to the preparation and work that is needed to address the importance of improving immunizations, but also being ready to address these kinds of emergencies we have just been talking about. stephen: thank you. i want to again thank michaela for all her work in putting this altogether and to natasha in the gavi office here in town for all the work they provided us. them. thank me in joining [applause] thank you. [captions copyright national cable satellite corp. 2020] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. visit ncicap.org]

[indiscernible chatter] twitter areand legitimately probably the biggest threats we have. we at the state level are doing everything we can to harden our systems. to larry's point, we often talk about not just security but resiliency throughout the entire system and holistically. but when we are talking about the security, when we look at -- in order for democracy to work my people have to show up and vote. we are seeing decreased voter

turnout year after year. some of the polls we are seeing, similar to what am was talking about seeing a lot of people that do not believe functionally their votes will be counted appropriately, correctly. i was at devcon last summer. we were on a panel. i am saying this as not just an administrator, but we were in a room full of engineers. the moderator asked, how any people -- they first asked the panelists actually, how many of you are confident your vote will count in this election? everyone on the panel raised their hand. he turned to the audience and asked the same thing, everybody laughed. >> penn state brought together current and former government election officials as well as researchers to compare notes on how secure the 2020 elections will be across the nation. tom ridge is one of the participants. watch the discussion tonight at 8:00 eastern on c-span. tonight on "the

communicators," from the state of the net conference, justice department associate attorney fbi councilformer james baker on encryption technology and privacy. to endfacebook end ot en encrypts its platforms come of the company will lose visibility what is happening on its platforms. 75% will go dark. think about all the children who are being abused as we speak who we will not be able to track down. >> my view is that what enforcement needs to rethink its approach to encryption in light of the fact that there are these significant cyber threats actually embracing encryption to trying to find ways break. in other words, it needs to embrace encryption as a way to

enhance the cyber and therefore the security of all americans. >> watch "the communicators" tonight at 8:00 p.m. eastern on c-span two. there are a lot of ways to follow this highly competitive election season on the c-span at work. but probably the fastest and easiest is on the web at c-span.org. we have among other things our campaign 2020 interactive calendar with the result maps of all the upcoming primaries and caucuses, including super tuesday. there is the event tracker. this is a tool for a quick and easy search of the 2020 candidates. our coverage based on the candidates, topics, events, and locations on the campaign trail. of course, the state-by-state results broken down by the candidate and county and district not only for the presidential candidates but also the upcoming senate, house, and governors races, and our scle