our mission continues -- to provide an unfiltered view of government. we are brought you primary election coverage, the presidential impeachment process, and now the federal response to the coronavirus. you can watch all of c-span's public affairs programming on television, online, or listen on our free radio app and be part of the national conversation through c-span's daily washington junior programs -- washington journal programs or our social media scenes. as a public service and brought to you today by your television provider. coming up this morning on the washington journal, dr. ali khan , dean of the university of nebraska medical center, college of public health, discusses his book "the next pandemic on the front lines." and oklahoma city national memorial and museum executive

director, kari watkins, discusses the 25th anniversary of the oklahoma city bombing. washington journal is next. ♪ host: good morning. it's sunday, april the 19th. ahead, the number of confirmed cases of coronavirus has surpassed 700,000 in the u.s. and the death toll in our country, nearly 39,000. a number of states are beginning to bend the curve, leading to a new debate on how quickly can or should reopen. that is the starting point on this sunday morning. join in on the conversation. if you live in the eastern or central time zones, (202) 748-8000. .ut west, (202) 748-8001

is your state ready to lift restrictions? tell us where you live and what you think. you can always send us a text , onage, (202) 748-8003 twitter, or on facebook. look at the numbers around the world, courtesy of johns hopkins university with total confirmed cases at 2.3 million and deaths around the world in excess of countries.ths in 185 yet today at the white house and the daily briefing the president at this about states trying to reopen and his recommendation. [video clip] him the we released guidelines, a number of states led by democratic and republican governors have announced concrete steps to begin a phased opening. texas and vermont will allow

certain businesses to open on monday while still requiring appropriate social distancing precautions. tell you that the governor of texas, greg abbott, he knows what he's doing. he's a great governor and knows exactly what he's doing. montana will begin lifting restrictions on friday. ohio has advised nonessential businesses to prepare for a phased opening starting may 1. host: we are posting all of these briefings not only at the website,se -- on our but on key websites across the country. what should happen in your state, clara? caller: we should stay where we are at this point. because there isn't testing. i went to the store yesterday,

grocery store and i asked people , you look around, you think to yourself no one knows if you have it or don't have it and until that happens, you can lift all the restrictions you want, i'm not going to a hairdresser or a restaurant. it doesn't make any sense. for the people in the other states that are protesting and want everything open, good. all of you get together and get sick, don't expect us to fix it for you. that's how i feel. some of this makes no sense whatsoever. it's so illogical. and there are people who have died. we are talking about not winning a football game or something. we're talking about people's lives. trust me, i'm not wanting to check out yet, i'm 72. that -- inr instant north carolina is doing a great job but they recognize it is a

step-by-step process and they are working diligently to get the testing up. if we can test and know who is a carrier, who has had it, who hasn't had it, it allows to know where we are with the virus. without that it's like you are blind. so, i don't understand that at all and i think the people in new york city would tell us point-blank they don't get it either. that's run coming from. headline fromthe "bloomberg news." "deaths in los angeles hitting a new record." michael, watkins glen, new york. what should happen? here's what i think. i think the governor has taken the right step, governor cuomo stepping up to the plate, not political games. they are trying to push our state to go back to work, i get

it, i know that the economy is hurting, ok? sense,have to be common people. we have to get some testing going for everybody. people should know when we do have it or not because you could be walking around with it and not even know it. i'm going up to the store to get something and i'm noticing families walking in with their kids and everything and no one it's likeon arrogant they don't take heed to the governor's warnings and something needs to be done about that. it's just promoting spread. if it spreads, it's a nondiscriminatory. it will spread to anybody. andrew cuomo, you are doing a good job. keep up the good work. stay the course. don't let these people tell you, because it is going to costless lives, as it already has. he's in a tough spot and as far as mr. trump goes, he needs to be helping our country more.

he's not doing enough. that's the real truth. i see him get up on his pulpit and tell the american people that he is the greatest and everything is great, it's going great. it's not. that's a delusional lie. enough said. you guys have a good day. stay home, stay safe. from the sunday magazine, there is this. "the epicenter inside new york city's hospitals as they face the pandemic." this is from dwight kirkpatrick.

host: that from lizzie on the twitter page. another facebook comment from jane, saying it's time to begin the process of reopening the states. host: more of your comments, coming up, but first harley from dryden, new york. caller: i just got a couple of questions, maybe they aren't even questions. comments. for those people that think the country should open today, i wonder what would happen if they were on their beachfront property and the thunder and

lightning storm came up. i wonder if they would take cover. think it's not safe to be out there by the water during a thunderstorm. their chances of getting struck by lightning are probably in the area of 100 million to one. yet they are concerned enough to where they are going to get to a safe place. the other hand, if you are one of these people that think the government should open right now and the beach should be open and you are out there on that beach and there's a number of andle on the beach with you then you leave the beach and you ,o over to your mother's house maybe to have a drink with her , i meanlunch with her that is pretty stupid. host: thank you for the call

from new york. stephen has this from the pit -- facebook page. from "usa today," there is this from the governor of georgia, ryan cap. -- brian kemp. joining us from oakland, california. good morning to you. a pleasure to hear from you. i'm saying no, it's not ready. its data, data, and the other word is testing.

we all need to be tested. but iny in california, the rest of the united states of america. it's as simple as that. no political games. it's about health. michael, thank you. this from jeff in tennessee. host: the cover story of time , they are looking for recommendations on what to expect as they return to a new sense of normalcy. bill those inside, senator fritz, former doctor, from tennessee, who will be joining time onp.m. eastern wednesday night.

josephine is joining us, next up from livingston, new jersey. good morning. caller: i think at this point until we can test everybody, my answer is no. let me just say, i have to give up going to mass. i know how hard it is for me to look at people dying and people protesting. it's like they are stamping on their graves and saying get out of my way, go die, get out of my way, i've got to make my money. what about older people? 40% of those in hospitals that have died were young. , greed, greed is taking over this country. being our brother's keeper. there's no question. die, getthat people go

out of our way, we've got to make our money and that's it. lisa has this on the twitter page host: we are asking you if you think your state is ready to reopen. many of the stay-at-home orders have been in place for well over a month. phil murphy, the democratic governor of new jersey had this to say yesterday. [video clip] >> there is an absolute evident and natural pent-up desire to begin to get back to normal. that is shared by everybody, including us, right? this is not like we don't see that. but we have to continue to make our decisions based on the facts

and based on data and science. we have to have a plan, you know? if you saw our lives behind the curtain, you would see a number of parallel tracks being run at the same time. the most important of which is to put the house fire out. you would also see, i was on a call earlier today about the elements that we need to have in place for our economy. i mentioned it with leadership were last night and with other members of the federal side of theledger, talking about urgent need for financial support. judy, and me to some extent, talk about what the health-care infrastructure needs to look like to be in place in new jersey, to give us the confidence that we can begin to open that up. that is the reality that we see.

we want to get back to some kind of normal. who wouldn't? we want to do that. but we cannot do that if it means we put lives at risk. we just can't do that. so, we will continue to call the shots based on the facts. host: the debate continues this sunday morning. "usa today," from florida beaches reopening amid .he coronavirus crisis "people in louisiana -- people enthusiastically flocking." this from governor desantis of florida. caller is from florida. fort lauderdale. tom, good morning. these people seem to be

thinking that trump wants to open the spigot without restrictions. have they read the phases? there's nothing unlimited about what they want to do. tok, donald trump is trying tell this nation don't live in fear. i don't blame some of these people. the media is teaching us that we are supposed to live in fear. the thing about grieving? -- greedy? gimme a break. everybody is greedy in some way. don't tell me that everyone who calls and doesn't have their own form of greed, money or power. how much do they donate to charities, when they talk about greed? the thing that i fear is the economic collapse of this country. you know, there is an implied value in money.

when you give money to somebody else, you are extending value that you created for value that they created. when the government just sends money out to people, there is no implied barter value for the money. falls to being able to pay it back. we are not paying back out that. the debt we are running up, i don't know if it is ever going to be paid back. it means the barter value of our money increases or actually disappears, which creates inflation. what happens is somebody who has goods that you want, you say well i have the money for it. the guy that has the goods says everybody has got a lot of money . you don't have enough. that's how inflation takes over. mentioned the debt. david lynch of "the washington

post," has that story on the front page. "record debt load driving the economy to the tipping point." host: also from "the new york times," they have what the next year or two may look like as scientists foresee a long road ahead with republicans aiming to make china a scapegoat in the coronavirus. fred is next, from perry, ohio. good morning. you are on the air. yeah, i was thinking like myself, where i work, i'm essential, so i got to go to work. say, i'm in defiance of social distancing. we didn't do a ballet around each other.

i would say maybe technically we were in violation lots of times. but i was thinking, people talk about data. i tell you right now, locally, i would never volunteer that because i would be afraid they would shut us down. if you repressed data, you don't have all the data. i think my story kind of lens weight, how dangerous is it? i don't know, but i think there is a lot of data not being considered for political reasons, you know? i can lose my livelihood? host: was your job? caller: i don't want -- what is your job? caller: i don't want to sound paranoid, but i don't want anyone to figure out what i do, i'm afraid it will shut me down. you know, it's like little tidbits of history. fauci says he doesn't want us to shake hands. i remember mussolini outline that in italy.

people,it, 10 congregating 10 people? syria. that was from if 10 people congregated in place, you tell them to disperse. i see a lot of bad signs. this is from a viewer in massachusetts who says "hello from massachusetts." host: this is the headline from "the wall street journal

go to octavia, joining us from georgia. good evening. good morning -- good evening i should say. -- good morning i should say.

caller: our governor about two weeks ago just realized it could be spread without symptoms. he clearly didn't have a clue as , no onewas going on takes anything that he is saying seriously, but i want to make the point that most of the major companies in the area have taken .he lead number six --eek it will be week number of six of me working at home next week. most companies are taking a case-by-case to do what's best. host: thank you for the call. samuel with a text message saying that no state is ready to reopen and the only reason cases are down is because the states are closed because we are practicing social distancing. they are down and if you want them to rise again, they sure to

reopen. inside of "the new york times," exploring antibodies as a way back from lockdown. next up is hat, joining us from miami, florida. good morning. you are on the air. think that any state is ready and part of the issue is the economic struggle that some folks are facing and that's because the state and federal governments should have instead of replacing the income ,hat was lost by businesses debt and mortgages and so forth. not to cancel them, but with health restrictions coming in for businesses and individuals, they should have been similarly a temporary moratorium and all of that was kind of focused on keeping the food supply chain

open, keeping utilities functioning and health care. that is the extent of my comment. thank you for your time. host: a viewer in charleston, west virginia, with this text message. the associated press has this story dealing with the disparity among minorities and those lower income americans. virusacial toll of the ." ws even starker

host: good morning, bill, from chesterfield, virginia. i think we should ignore the statements the presidents makes, he's into self-promotion. my opinion is that the weaker governors make decisions based on fear of the president and not

for their constituents. i caution people against doing that could do themselves harm as well as others just to be on the bandwagon. one more thing, if you look at the companies across this country that have closed and sent people home, i don't feel that they did this just to hurt the president for political reasons. they looked at the situation for what it is an decided to do what's right for the majority of the people. bill, thank you for the call. this remark on the facebook page -- host: andrew cuomo have these remarks yesterday about where and when and how new york state will reopen.

[video clip] dictate thers strategy and you have different numbers in different parts of the state. raised the countervailing point, yeah, that is someone who drives from place to place. i understand that and we are trying to balance that regional approach. i don't want people going to new jersey and connecticut versus new york and how do we coordinate that, but you have different situations based on numbers. that from andrew cuomo in albany. paul is joining us in uniontown. caller: i know that we are not ready to open. in southwestern pennsylvania and we have had people dying over the weekend. [no audio] host: are you still with us?

you dropped off, i apologize. we would love to hear more about what's happening in uniontown. ray, laconia, good morning. caller: how are you this morning? host: fine, how are you, sir? caller: i'm so tired of hearing ignorant people on the right saying that we should reopen, worried about a damp a check and a job and they don't worry a damage about lives. all of you people protesting, god help you if you get sick. you are not going to appreciate it at all. for them to point at old people, they can die, what the hell? i'm 69 and have suffered two strokes in last month and i still want to be around for a while. i'm not about people being stupid and ignorant. wake up, america. get rid of this white house, we are all in trouble. thank you, ray.

governor abbott was asked about reopening his state and how that process would work. >> i'm issuing executive orders today that would begin the process of opening texas. , opening texas must occur in stages. obviously not all businesses can open all at once. some businesses that open without standards would be more open -- more likely to set us back rather than propel us forward to. a more strategic approach is required to make sure we don't reopen only to have to shut down once again. first, there will be openings announced today that include activities that should pose minimal or no threat to expanding covid-19.

openings willonal be announced on april the 27th after further input from the advisors and the medical staff. third, even more openings will isannounced in may, when it determined that the infection rate has continued to decline and that hospital capacity remains available and when testing capacities are significant -- sufficient to contain outbreaks. host: that from friday with governor abbott of texas. this is the headline inside of "the washington post."

host: gary is joining us from georgia. good morning. good morning, steve. how are you doing this morning? host: good, how are you, sir? in.er: hanging

i think this should be a decision that people make on their own. if you feel that you need to go back to work and you can and you are able, that's fine. if you don't, you don't have to. but to sit around and wait on the government to come rescue , remember them people that was sitting on the bridge in new orleans? that's what's going to happen to you. ,he media have one thing going they have got this narrative about testing. everybody thinks testing is going to be the answer. if you get tested today, that don't say you are good for tomorrow. unless they are going to mandatorily test everybody in the united states, testing is only good for the time that you have got it. don't tell you what everyone else around you has done. people, stop playing politics with it.

this wasn't president trump possible virus. he is trying to fix it. let's work together to see if we can't come out of this before it really does ruin the country. host: thank you for the call. this from new jersey. note from inside of "the washington post," a remembrance on what happened this day 25 years ago. 168 deaths, 15 children, the 25th anniversary of the oklahoma city bombing. happenedack at what and the legacy, 25 years later. 6:00 for you on the west coast. bob is next, from michigan. good morning.

caller: good morning. have you changed your format permanently, now? no more democrat, republican, independent? host: no, but during the -- epidemic we have divided the poem -- phone lines regionally. do you think it is a political issue? as ar: seems as though conservative looking at this, 90% of the calls, everybody sounds like a democrat with their hand out asking for stuff. we can't open up, we can't go back to work. we've got to go back to work. if you put your hand out there's nothing to put in it. we have to stop this. people bringing up the stuff about the knee grows and how it and how it disproportionately affects them, but they brought it on themselves, out having parties and setting off fireworks.

in my small town appear, people tell me about this stuff. they were in and out, tickets left and right for these people. the police were given tickets to these, these black people that were throwing these parties. said they were having barbecues in their backyard. 30, 40 people at a time and shooting off fireworks. the police were told where they were shooting them off. and now disproportionately detroit has been infected. who lives there? you know, they brought it on. they caused a major problem in this country and it has to be said. somebody has to say it. the 800 pound elephant in the room no one wants to talk about. host: with all due respect, don't you think that seems racist? racist,if the truth is then the truth is racist.

but that's what happened. we have to talk about what happened. and that's exactly what happened . now if michigan is shut down, they screwed me. i can't go to work. i got to tell you, i don't appreciate it. i'm pissed. these people should have listened to what they are supposed to do. i only go to the supermarket and the gas station. i go to independent foods, i take care of elderly people and it's all i do. i can't go anywhere. i can't go and have a meal, can't go and have a beer. nothing. host: this is the story this morning from "the new york times," governor gretchen whitmer. what?: she's an idiot. that woman is bonkers. you can fish in a kayak but not a motorboat? there you go, she's worried

about fossil fuels in the middle of this pandemic? what in the devil is this woman thinking about? she's a blithering idiot. host: thank you for the call. this from nancy host: from tennessee, this from governor bill lee on friday. on the plans to open his state. [video clip] his think the president and team are headed in a good direction. a key aspect of his land involves stage three openings of low risk areas around the country. that is certainly something our team is looking at and has been, now, since we started the economic recovery group to determine just how it is that we will phase the opening of our economy right here in tennessee. tennesseans and the way they have conducted themselves during the crisis and this will begin to open things back up in the near future and

it will be no less important to continue the practices, habits around social distancing that we have, that we have done so well as a state for the past weeks that have gotten us to the place where we are today. the more that we stick to those social distancing practices as we open up, the more robust our opening can be. in combination with the health and safety of our people. make no mistake, we are ready for the people of tennessee to get back to work and as the testing and health care capacity continues to improve we will be better able to open up more parts of our state. open up thee must economy while encouraging tennessee businesses to prioritize the health and safety of their employees and of their customers. our economic recovery group will be giving guidance to industry,

to companies, to businesses across the state on just how they can do that. that from governor lee, tennessee. barbara, virginia, good morning. i get to thee topic, i want to say how much i appreciate brianne and you hosts with a straight face, i don't how you do it. i'm in virginia. one day this week we learned that the number of cases had doubled overnight and i think the same thing happened in new york. hundreds of cases that doubled the very next day. we are a long way from being through this. i keep hearing a lot of people calling in and talking about me, me, me. i want to go out, i want my our own we need to make decisions. this isn't about you as an individual. you can infect hundreds. you can basically kill me. i did have an ancestor that died

in the flu epidemic. city.dn't live in the big she lived in a rural area. people thought of themselves well, i will live here but she died right there. in virginia, governor northam is so professional. he has his briefings, he stays on the topic. he gives important information. there's no politics. he doesn't laugh about anything. he doesn't attack the media. he doesn't blame anybody. he does a professional job and i am so proud of him. i have seen governor cuomo do the same thing and it is such a contrast to what trump does. he has a campaign rally every day for hours and is so mean and political. so out to get the media.

i mean i wouldn't have a man like that in charge of a chicken coop. involved,the money they are getting government money? government money comes from the taxpayers. it all comes from the taxpayers. we are right in the middle of this. it's want to take a long time and if it is too inconvenient to stay home, that's too bad. it's worth it to save your life and other lives. host: we will extend your best wishes to brian lamb, he's a national treasure and started this great network. this is from steve, who said -- host: front page of "the new york times," gop aiming to make china the scapegoat when the

president was asked the source of the virus, if it could have been created through a lab. here is what the president told reporters yesterday. [video clip] >> the question was asked could you be angry at china. the answer might be yes, but was this a mistake that got out of control or done deliberately? it's a big difference. in either event, they should have let us go in. you know? we asked very early and i think they were embarrassed. from the president yesterday at the daily briefing. mike is on the phone from harrisburg, pennsylvania. suddenly the right-wingers and republicans are talking about deficits, which they didn't give it five minutes thought to rich folks that baked in the deficits for the next 10 years.

the only reason all of these republican governors and the president want to get people back to work is because this shutdown has been caused because the government told people not to go to work in order to deal with the epidemic in this country. republicans hate giving this pretty much they have to because they are the ones that cause the economic distress. they want to wash their hands of get the economy back on again because there is an election coming up and they are afraid they are going to lose the presidency and maybe even the senate. that's what's motivating them to hurry up and get people back to work. i'm here in pennsylvania. the order on new jersey and new york, where the cases are still going up, it wouldn't seem to me like it's time for people to go back and huddle together in the

workforce. host: mike, thank you for the call. cnn.com has this breakdown on where everyone stands. douglas, washington, good morning. caller: there are some areas like ours where we had one case that was positive and it was a tourist and it was over a month ago. we have no cases in our town. we are just one of the areas that i think should be able to be careful but go back to work. on the front line with seattle and king county being initial hotspots. caller: we are about 180 miles away from there. i think the next town is port angeles, with 20,000 people. 10,000, 12,000 cases positive

there in the next five weeks. like we say, we haven't had grandkids or kids over. but the kids need to go back to work. they can't just sit around and do this anymore. living our mother-in-law with us, you know, we won't let the kids or grandkids come over now. i think that if everybody stays safe at the younger people should be able to go back to work. that's my opinion. host: how many cases in forks, washington? two, but they were tourists from out of town and they were flown right out as soon as they checked into the hospitals. one less thing real quick, i'm kind of a right-winger and i hate our deficit. i think it's terrible. but i don't know what we are supposed to do in situations like this. to go up $4oing

trillion in one year. .tay healthy, good luck let's go to william in eldon, missouri. good morning. caller: i love your show, kudos to you out there doing your job are really brave. and to the medical workers on the front line. governor parsons is doing an outstanding job, got be with him. i believe americans need to stop, drop, and roll at this point. while as aaska for a child. we were quarantined under a did. help break. we knew what did. was. we were inoculated properly. that wasember what like, staying in for like three months in my room as a child. what i would like to find out,

when the cdc, especially dr. adams and the other doctors that have been appearing on tv, what are we dealing with with this covid-19? is it a military biologic that has gotten loose? did china get mad over the trade deals and just decide to spread this to shut the u.s. economy down? because that is what they have done, with aircraft carriers pulling in with sailors set, it can be looked at in a lot of ways as an attack. which would be wrong to attack a country. this country is more powerful than a lot of people think, militarily, with their weaponry. my question is for the doctors. andthey please get on tv tell us, can this be spread through the mail?

can bird droppings spread it? air?can we get fresh the allergy seasons, can this come into the window into the house? we need to know how this can socialjust from average distancing and being around someone infected. leave it there. thanks. this from john in ohio -- host: this note from colorado springs, colorado, the graduation ceremony from those air force cadets, this photograph is from "the washington post," the vice president delivering the commencement address, no family members or friends were invited, just those from the graduating class and they were all seated

six feet to eight feet apart. that photograph from "the washington post." good morning, indiana. person i wantrst to thank, facts. keep those conspiracy theories out, it's a science of facts. people who are misinformed of the most dangerous. workers, as aital judge recently tested a citizen in the united states, i'm some of the medical ethics and codes of conduct and the way that race, religion, social status, money, greed, nothing to do with it. when you are in the doors they don't know your insurance, where you are from. they don't ask and you are treated like you have the black plague before they even know your name.

not allowed to spit dispute them into the trash cans because there is no tissue paper or paper towel in the emergency room. appalling to me. first, get the government together to fund hospitals and get medical expertise. people with compassion on the frontlines. accordingre treated to your statute in the economy, it's a breakdown of society and america. i came back negative, but i will never feel safe -- i will never feel the same. i have a college degree in therapy. i would never treat anyone the way how was treated. they didn't know anything about my insurance or things like that. i'm broken as a human, i was just broken. the people they're saying that you can catch it from this and

that, if we know the facts, get the facts out there. that's the best line of defense. host: thank you for sharing your story and good luck to you. we appreciate it. jan, one of our regular tweeters, who had this to say. more from governor phil murphy, democrat of new jersey yesterday, outlining plans to reopen his state in coordination with neighboring states, including new york, and connecticut. [video clip] be careful with statements like this, atlantic county officials need to reopen new jersey immediately without trust american freedom, ingenuity, and the u.s. constitution, untie the hands of the private sector to rescue new

jersey from this nightmare. by the way, 19 persons have died in atlantic county from covid-19. i would say this, folks. that is he responsible. if we quote unquote untie the system right now, there will be blood on our hands and i want folks to understand that. this is literally life-and-death. what we need now is responsible leadership. we don't need irresponsible leadership, we need responsible leadership. now, i'm open-minded. have you thought about this? constructive and i will say polite back and forth with people about why we are keeping the parks closed. golfers wanting to golf. examples,g those as but those have been good back-and-forth's. we believe, strongly, that what we are doing on both of those do to is what we need to

keep people safe, keep them out of hospitals and ultimately the them alive. we wouldn't be doing it otherwise. why the heck would we make you not go to a park if we didn't think we were trying to protect the general public health of the state? it makes no sense. we didn't run on an anti-part platform. thing to keepght people safe and keep them alive. anybody out there who thinks we should just open the place up and that will lead to lower infections and lower hospitalizations with lower fatalities is being completely, utterly responsible. trust me on this, trust us on this. ok, folks? try to keep this to infections as low as we can, keep hospitalizations as low as we can and please, god, keep fatalities as low as we can. we will continue to do just

that. the minute we think, you have my word, and by the way you are all doing a great job on this. for those irresponsible actors, just are many more, not with elected officials, but folks in their living rooms right now watching this, every day new jerseyans doing the right thing. we need you to keep doing that. i promise you from the bottom of our hearts, the minute that we see data, have the health care infrastructure that allows us the scaled rapid testing, to allow us to do the contact we have ahe minute window into that, i promise you we will be telling you that, the second we have got the confidence we will between king and reopening parts of new jersey the minute we have that confidence. that from governor murphy of new jersey. inside of ""the new york times"

sunday review -- host: richard from minneapolis, good morning. yes, good morning. on your own c-span3 on your network they showed a 116,000 people died from the flu. back in 1918, the government cut it up -- covered up the fatalities because they didn't want to stop the war effort. and then obama didn't shut down flu.ountry when we had the we are quite overreacting. we should have safe distancing and close the nursing homes. but you are wrecking the whole economy and it's going to be worse than the depression.

host: thank you. harriet says that states with good records, 14 days of no new incidents, they should regard their order and wear masks, opening up gradually. jeanette joins us from maryland. i have a first, a comment about the michigan caller. the racist michigan caller who actually said the n-word. i had to rewind because i wasn't clear if he actually said the n-word and he did. in the future could you please shut that caller off immediately after that. he ranted for a while. all, my governor, hogan, is doing a pretty good job, considering. i do know that they were protesting in annapolis yesterday.

if people want to go back to work, i understand that. there are people, you know, they need money to live it etc., but there is a pandemic going on. when those people want to go back to work and get infected with covid-19, it's going to overwhelm the health system. that puts doctors, nurses, and other patients in the hospital at risk. then what are we going to do? because the doctors and nurses already don't have the proper equipment that they need already. so i mean you have to keep that in mind. there are some jobs where people cannot practice social distancing. what are we supposed to do then? like food processing plants and things of that nature. there have been several that have shut down because the workers have gotten covid-19. schools andeel like

people that do those type of jobs, sporting events, concerts. movie theaters. definitely should not open up until next year. that's my opinion on that. thank you. for the call.u lee, stockbridge, georgia, good morning. caller: how are you doing? host: how are you, sir? caller: doing fantastic. we are considered to be essential business but we have had to cut them a lot. host: what is your business, by the way? caller: septic tank, water repair. people have to have water. ,y governor, governor cuomo president trump, all of these governors are doing the best they possibly can with limited information. this is a new virus.

military, it could be something that happened in nature, they don't know yet. host: ok. paul is joining us from minneapolis. good morning, paul. in minnesotaere the governors doing a great job. everybody is being calm, cool, collected. being calm about all the family time. being cool about the restrictions the governor has set for us. and we are being very collected about social distancing in stores when we go out. everything here in minnesota is going very, very well. i just wanted to speak to the three-phase rollout that the president has put out. with theeally wrong

three-phase rollout. it's supported by the physicians. the only thing is that it just seems like so much propaganda has been attached to it, for whatever reason that may be. some people see it this way, some people see it that way. psychologically, we have to get back out to america. dealing with this from a psychological point, personally me, not a doctor, but talking about myself, i have psychological fears about going aboutairs and i have going too fast and i have psychological fears about going to slow. o. to eating a citizen in the middle of this, you guys are giving us the best information you all can.

when you try to get in between those, what do i do? the psychological aspect of it is how we transition back into society, how do we go about doing it? in minnesota, everton is cool, collected. larry in richmond with a text message. coming up, dr. ali khan will join us as he discusses his research at the university of nebraska. in our final hour, we will take you to oklahoma city.

the executive director discusses today, the 25th anniversary of that deadly bombing in oklahoma city. cuomo in albany with an update on where the state stands in terms of reopening. numbers arezation down. good news. we went to 17,000, now we are at 16,000. that is good news. we are down for several days. the statisticians will say are we passed the apex? have we hit the plateau and flattened? off theow on the way plateau and on the dissent? if you look at the past three days, you could argue that we

are past the plateau and starting to dissented. again, it's only three days. that's what the numbers would start to suggest. you can see that basically across the board. the emergency rooms have fewer people in them. they were at max capacity for long. of time. we increased capacity but i 50%. that capacity was overwhelmed the icu admissions which i don't think is reflective of anything anymore, we can't -- continue to include it. incubation's are down.

that is very good news. aat means you been put on ventilator. sobering news on the other hand, happy days are not here again. peoplel have about 2000 who were new admissions to a hospital for new diagnosis. overwhelming an number every day. if it wasn't for the context we've been in the, this would be devastating news, 2000 people coming into the hospital system. at thenotice, we are not peak. abouts where we were just late march. we started to go up.

plateauot at the anymore. we are still not in a good position. >> washington journal continues. host: joining us from omaha is dr. ali khan. he is the author of the book the next pandemic. departmentean of the and a professor at nebraska medical center. thank you for being with us. newst to begin with some from the washington post. contamination at the cdc lab delays the testing rollout. here are some of the details.

there is a lot there. can you unpack what that all means in terms of testing and the lessons learned from these missteps. guest: thank you very much. premier health agency in the world. any countries have renamed their public health agencies cdc,

itluding in china where doesn't mean ending. this is highly uncharacteristic of the agency. it does appear that something ,appened with the testing kits 47 days after this was announced by china, that's how long it took until we had testing in the united states. what we probably should have had was widescale testing starting almost immediately. i would say that the fact that we didn't have widescale commercial testing very quickly at the end of january like some countries like south korea has defined this outbreak for us at this point. it continues to define this outbreak. testing is going to be necessary as we think about

reopening america again. do isre thing we need to decrease transmission. the first thing we need is widescale testing, quickly isolate cases, the fine their context. host: the failure as you mentioned with the testing, keeping the labs from performing the surveillance that can minimize the harm before the virus became established in the united states. to expandt been able the availability of testing. guest: absolutely. we had had enough testing, there would not been limits on who was tested. by the time we had closed the border to the u.s. from china, there would have been hundreds of thousands of individuals turned back from china.

there was already community transmission. have already been testing in the united states, finding those cases of community transmission and doing what we are now going to do, identify those individuals and isolate them, find their contacts and quarantine them. host: there has been a lot of reporting on this. people seem to have recovered from covid-19, only to see it come back. can you explain why? guest: that has gotten a lot of headlines lately. this point. to 160 south korea is doing a lot of testing. the most likely reason is it's a function of the test.

it's not clear that on the second time around people are necessarily sick. we have a lot of experience in the united states that when people get tested at the end of their illness, they may be negative for two or three days and then positive because this is a nucleic acid test. it truly is a reinfection, a third thought is its reactivation. thenow it's dormant and comes back out again. investigating these options. hopefully, we will learn more from their experience. people are seeing the same things. we've been talking about when states should begin to reopen. from this headline where you are at, the owner of the mall is

planning to reopen this month amidst a pandemic. is that a smart move? guest: this is the million-dollar question about reopening america. it's going to be a rolling reopening across america. it's going to have to be in conjecture with what the local conditions are and if there is low enough transmission to allow the opening. the president has outlined his plan. wait two weeks to make sure you have decreasing transmission before you open up a little bit more. i think we all need to be honest, it's not going to be what it was back in january. you should expect the continuing social distancing. it's going to be very different. mall andalk about the

, thesech in jacksonville are individual situations and individual states. host: the book is called the last pandemic. in the book, you write the following: can you explain? guest: we are seeing that now. one of the things that people don't ever appreciate about pandemics is the social, political issues. it's very easy to talk about this is what happens in an individual's help. america,all of us in

we realize there are significant political implications. to multiple conversations about recognizing the implications. you will spend more time and more money on preparedness. in hindsight, every country in the world wishes they had put money into preparedness. efforts to beobal where we are today. prepared,been better we would recognize this disease earlier. we would've had different strategies in place. here inn't be sitting our living rooms today. following:rite the

as a result of this pandemic, you think we will see more of that? guest: we have to see more of that in the coming years. i don't think it's a choice anymore. the cdc is a brilliant agency in atlanta. we need to make sure that in nebraska, minnesota, kansas, wherever you are, your state public health department needs to be correct. and need to identify cases quarantine them, make sure your

health system is ready. make sure you have the right preventive measures in place. that's going to happen locally. that's not happening in atlanta or washington. counties, they need to do that work. read think time to what public health looks like in america and have the resources for the work it will be necessary. even before this pandemic, we had other outbreaks in our communities. we spend a lot of time talking about superbugs. that is going on without the adequate public health structure. >> we are talking to dr. ali khan, the dean of the department of epidemiology. thes a graduate of

university of michigan and emory university. he spent 20 years at the cdc. now, his new book the next .andemic let's get to your phone calls. karen is joining us from michigan. caller: good morning. i just have a question. if trump and his family and the this, anddent had they can get a test, why can't our nurses and doctors and police and everyone get tested? pelosi said we need testing. getting mad at a low c or our governors, which trump gave us, he is not taken

responsibility, why is it is supporting trump won our governors are doing the the that they can without leader of the united states? he's not doing anything except sitting on his ass, guest: you are spot on in your question about testing. there is no doubt that we need to increase testing in the united states as a prerequisite to reopen. we need to get transmission down in our communities. if we don't, we will see a flare up again within the community. we can't have that happen. originally, we thought this

wouldn't be so bad. 5% of people who get this disease die. we know from our experience in , ityork what this can do can overwhelm the health care system. some people say that's the second wave. we really need to get cases down. that requires testing. the good news is we are up to about one million tests per week. march, on march 3 we had 102 cases. 12,000 people had been tested. we are testing about one million people per week. we probably need to test 5 million people per week. you are spot on. we need to massively increase testing. that means test kits, machines,

swabs, people. the people who need to follow up on the test results and the contact tracers. it's a whole system that needs to be put into place to make this happen. host: the president has put a halt on funds for the world health organization. your reaction? there is no doubt there have been some missteps by who in terms of how long it took them to call a public health emergency. however, in hindsight, there been missteps on lots of agencies and institutions. that weit's unfortunate would be not funding or halting

funding for who in the midst of a global pandemic. they have a leadership role worldwide to help us in this pandemic. low and middle income countries. the guidance that comes from who, this is the biggest range in the world. they analyze information. they have guidance that has been excellent. i rely on it every day. the science has been spot on. i hope this is a temporary pause in funding. we really need to be supporting who. a caller from burlington, new jersey. caller: it's a pleasure to speak with you, doctor.

food for thought for all of us in this country, especially the people in government and medicine and epidemiology. pandemic in this world for centuries it has not been addressed sufficiently. wordpandemic is a one pandemic called cancer. cancer,to have a war on similar to the war we have declared on virus. it has to be done. i'm 83 years old and i have lived through many deaths in my family caused by cancer. we have the biggest industry in the world dealing with cancer, no success in eliminating it. concentration on that pandemic and eliminate cancer. thank you for listening to me. host: thank you for the call.

would you like to respond? guest: it's an excellent comment. , one are numerous experts of the leading causes of death in america and worldwide to address cancer. there are a multitude of reasons why people get cancer, including advances. take that. as the dean of the college of public health, i would look at the prevention of cancer and what we do to prevent it, not just treat cancer in terms of preventable leading cause worldwide, diet, exercise, but only we can do to decrease the incidence of cancer. host: in your book, you write the following:

guest: i would take the audience back to december. that's when this was unfolding in wuhan. that's exactly what happened. these are brilliant clinicians who were seeing unexplained ammonia. something triggered for them that these cases do not make

sense. we are used to seeing people come in with fever and pneumonia. say oneg triggered to too many cases. then they start to combine them with health care workers getting sick, suggesting transmission. samesay we work in the market. all of a sudden, they are sending these samples out for sequencing. they were correct. severe acute respiratory syndrome virus. that was what the trigger was for public health agencies. we have a disease here, a new sars. we call it covid-19. by a studentered

clinicians within their community identifying those first few cases and the link between them. host: could this of been developed in a lab? lot about the a various conspiracy theories and how i have cognitive dissonance on which i believe because they don't always agree with each other. this virus was not created in a lab. there is great homology between this fire us. -- virus. are caused by animal borne viruses. they are very happy in what animal they are in. they can move into humans. up residencey pick in humans and cause a pandemic

from person to person. these viruses live in bat. sometimes they affect other animals. a wet market is where people by animals. humans andectives of we had sars back in 2002. had wass year what we probably these bats infected a small animal in a wet market. thatfected some humans and cause this current pandemic of covid-19. when you look at the genetic sequences in these animals, it's very close to what we find.

mother nature is the worst bioterrorist, very creative. there is no evidence that this virus was made in the lab. host: dr. ali khan is the dean of the department of epidemiology. this is the president talking about china yesterday. >> would you be angry at china? the answer might be very resounding yes. was it a mistake that got out of control? was it done deliberately? they should have let us go in. we asked to go in very early. i think they were embarrassed. i think they were embarrassed. host: that's from the president yesterday. let's get back to your phone calls. good morning. caller: thank you for taking my question.

reading an article from 2018. the basic take away from the article was there's a large difference in the delay from the detection of disease to the response. iny pointed the differences the delays. plan -- question for you is how can you better act on the advice that officials give us ists the novel virus apparent. early january.

assume that should community spread is occurring even though they report china denies that. we should've been prepared to act on it. i think the public should have ,een run along in this process as a matter of public health messaging. we should be prepared to act on these urgent situations. i wanted to get your opinion on that. regarding testing and knowing precisely the logistics, how many tests do we need? what percentage of the population has to be tested? let us know the progress so weekend see when it is safe to begin to lift the mitigation

procedures. host: that's a lot there. we will get a response. guest: those are excellent questions. let me do the second when first. we probably need to test approximately 5 million people per week. we will continue to refine those estimates. , the numbers are so high. the testing is about showing you have decreasing transmission in the communities. it's not so much the testing data you can show in your community, we are having fewer link,because the isolating them, quarantining the context. to,testing is easy to point

how much testing you are doing. it's about your community. it's a way to get to decreasing cases. remember, it's about the number of cases. you want to drop those in continue to drop those carried the testings where you find them. going back to your first question, there is no doubt there is a lack of imagination in the united states about what sars, i called covid-19 new sars. there was a lack of imagination of what to do to the united states. we were fortunate during the last outbreak that we were spared. canada was not spared. they took it very seriously.

outbreak ofhad an middle east repertory syndrome. it caused big problems in their health care system. they also took this very seriously. the moment they heard this new covid-19 coronavirus had shown up in china, they started ramping up testing so they could start testing the south korea. south korea is opened up because they were so aggressive. the united states and many countries did not take it seriously and should have. i want to remind people of the flipside. the caller will go back to the swine flu. there was a concern that maybe a was aflu outbreak, there national effort to make a vaccine.

in the end, we did not have a pandemic. we had a number of people who got serious convocations from the vaccine. are you staring people about a disease that doesn't happen? are you comparing them for disease that may happen? case, it was not the chinese had managed the disease in country. i was one of the individuals who thought china has an excellent public health system. clusterey did get this in a wet market. unfortunately, they were not sharing the data very well. they have not captured that cluster. we should've been a lot more concerned. they were not good with the information.

i think if we had known all of that information earlier, we would have been more concerned. host: when the president said this will disappear and wash away, was he accurate? guest: i miss that. host: when he said it would away,ear, it would wash was he accurate? this is the two sides of the coin where you need to encourage people that there is a solution, the chinese were doing the same thing. lujan,re locking down they were going to get to zero.

they were telling people they couldn't go anywhere. i can't speak for the president on how you balance those messages to the community, that you need to take severe action and hope that you will be able to see this again. host: we will go next to albany, louisiana. caller: thank you for taking my call. guest: i was listening we were talking about how the virus did not -- was not genetically manufactured. i think they said it naturally occurred. the thing that has most of us worried and upset is the fact that china did not let people know what happened, neither did the world health organization.

the fact that it might have occurred in the lab, that is a plausible theory. they weren't doing research on bats in the lab. worried we didn't get notification from the people that should have been notifying. the early doctors you talked about that noticed it in china, they are gone. we don't know where they are. why would you take out the doctors who might have the most information? you are spot on. i will anybody would disagree that the chinese government, the chinese people are amazing. they have gone through a historic -- horrific event. clearlyese government was not forthcoming with the information they provided us.

disagree with you that they could of been more forthcoming. the early whistleblowers were called in and told not to disseminate the information of what was going on in their hospitals. meandoesn't necessarily that they disseminated the virus in their community. numerous labs worldwide that work on it coronaviruses. they should be working on coronaviruses. leadingone of the threats. viruses can cause pandemics. labs workingerous on these viruses. the negative.rove

could someone have gotten naturally infected and then gone out and infected other people? absolutely. it's always hard to prove the negative. it's a lot easier to understand what we see with ebola and these diseases, people get naturally infected in the wild. there are lots of examples of that happening naturally. host: >> we will go to daytona beach, florida. the beach is open in your area? caller: no. what temperature will the coronavirus be killed if you steam it? guest: that's a great temperature.

it will die at that temperature. there is also some research being done whether or not you ,an look at reusing material protective equipment and steaming it using heat. readilyormation is available if you are thinking about using it for decontamination purposes. host: m.i.t. in coordination with the well -- will health organization is looking at state uses. you can see from this research that covid-19 is spread through respiratory droplets. a sneeze can travel up to 26 feet. like thealways experimental data and the data.iological

there is lots of information including doctors here at the university of nebraska medical center. dr. has gone out and looked at contaminated rooms of people with covid-19. he could find it in the whole room. that datao couple with where do people get infected based on their proximity of the patient. from that information, it looks like most people get infected because they have direct contact with another person. is talking to somebody. what we don't see a lot of is someone who has no association with anybody.

they walked into a room and they got infected. you see that very rarely. you know most of it is droplet transmission. host: if you have a standard sneeze and you spray in an area -- area, have a can be exposed? out, is theu go third power of the radius, the concentration gets lower and lower as it gets further out. the closer you are, the more likely you are to get infected. tell people,e we one of the reasons you wear the mask in your outside his of people are sneezing or coughing, you don't want that to get into your face and nose. int: we will go to roger

ohio. good morning. caller: first of all, i appreciate the job they are doing. i want to thank the president for saving my life. i'm 86 years old. that so many people are calling and condemning the president. the government has got the greatest doctors. thee are thousands behind president, all of these people that are working on it. i went to the store last night. kids people with their with no masks. people die from this thing. work if you go back to work and you can separate yourself from people, fine.

else, take it to somebody they take it to their families. the poor people in these nursing homes who didn't have a chance. think of the sadness their family is going through. think -- if they would have spent the money they spent trying to get mr. trump out of office, we are talking of billions of dollars they wasted that could've been spent on cancer. they are spending hundreds of thousands of dollars a day to try and get mr. trump out of office. he's got too many brilliant people behind him. guy is space he. host: we will leave it there and get a response.

guest: thank you for the question. let me make two points. best.tion is always the health, if iabout want to prevent you from getting best by,t's always the it's always less costly. on of the heroes of this outbreak, whether it's health care providers, public health people in your own communities. the person stocking the shelves, the ones driving the buses around. a lot of people out there are heroes. thank you for recognizing them. they don't have a choice to be at home.

host: after hurricane katrina in louisiana, you wrote the following in your book: let's go to north carolina. good morning. caller: good morning. i'm glad that i could speak with you. i wanted to ask a scientific question. froma hypothesis i have reading i've been doing. onre are millions of people inhibitors. they conversely stimulate.

virus has a predilection for the receptors. i wanted to ask you in your colleagues, would you consider of then analysis study millions of patients who are going to ards after being in hospital for week. their lungs just collapsed. question i think needs to be looked at. it needs to be studied by you as an epidemiologist. i just wanted to ask your thoughts on that. virus it's no doubt this

uses an enzyme to connect and get into your cells. the american cardiology saidiation and others have please do not change the drug you are currently taking for high blood pressure or heart disease. they may work on those same receptors. there are lots of studies going on to verify that those drugs are not interacting with people getting this disease. we do not recommend that people change the drugs they are on. host: debra in ohio. it good morning. retiredi am a scientist. i want to thank you so much for focusing on prevention. as a scientist, i understand a little bit about the immune system.

the white blood cells and the roles that plays in our lives in terms of fighting disease, one of the things i'm not hearing , it'she medical community how important it is right now not to drink alcohol. it suppresses those white blood cells. how we need our vitamins and minerals to be in a normal range. it is inflammatory food. is haveng we want to do a diet that produces that kind of response. eating fruits and vegetables and water right now and having a important in is so our immune system. being overweight suppresses the

immune system. i'm not hearing enough about that. those are things we can do right now. thank you. what kind of scientist were you? caller: a microbiologist. host: thank you very much. guest: it's nice to hear from a micro allergist and another champion for prevention. i would agree with you. more so now than ever when we are home bound, it is really is moret, self-care important today than ever. it starts with stopping smoking. a high risk factor for covid nine. if you smoke, if you always wanted a good reason to stop, this is a good reason to stop smoking. vegetables, sleep is important.

exercise, moderation in your alcohol and animal protein. self-care is really important. to think good time about your exercise regimen. host: good morning. caller: good morning, dr.. listening and do a lot of research myself. i'm a retired teacher. the thing i'm concerned about is when our government will hold the chinese accountable for their actions? if they held back a lot of the transparency that was needed to identify the problem going forward. doctorslike to see throughout the world hold the chinese accountable at the united nations and expose them

for their inability or allow the world to understand what was going on. to providewe fail transparency to the people, we are going to have people who push everything they've done. the information is very obvious. the transparency is lacking. host: thank you for the call. your response? guest: i always want to be very careful when we use the word chinese. chinese fromarate chinese government. are a whole country of wonderful people. they just went through a horrific experience.

they are my students and teachers. let's be very careful. please. there are some members of the chinese government that could've been more forthcoming about what is going on during this outbreak. sure they aree more forthcoming in the future. . was wrong in the book for those who read my book, i said that after sars 2002, they had gotten so much better. i will be honest about that. i think it's because they thought they had contained the outbreak. place, notgo to a just for the chinese government. for every government in the world. whered to go to a place

we are a lot more transparent about information. diseasee anywhere is a everywhere. information, we need to get past this mindset of we are going to hold onto it or published the information or want royalties. share the information because it can save lives. a single day can make a difference. host: dr. ali khan was the director of public health preparedness for the cdc. duane is joining us from mississippi. welcome to the conversation. caller: taiwan was early in the about this to ask plague. our president did a bunch of good things.

he did a lot of good things at the beginning of this. he had no idea how bad this was going to be. when the truth came out, the chinese was doing the biggest lie ever. if we can't hold them , theysible for their job get 500 million dollars. what is the responsibility? who do we hold responsible if not them? guest: that's an excellent question. the honest answer is we are all responsible. every country is responsible for the global pandemic. we are responsible for all preparedness systems.

had a global responsibility for this fairness. who, it's not as if they weren't reporting what was going on in china. we did know what sars did. wasid know it person-to-person. some countries like china and south korea and taiwan, they ramped up their preparedness activity and they had a much better response than many other countries worldwide. trust me, there is a lot of blame to go around. there will be a lot of blame to go around. right now, who was leading the fight. absolutely an

let'sunate time to say call your funding. i hope it's very brief. lead thisneeds to global fight to make sure we can get out of this and get plenty of time in the future the late blame where it potentially needs to be laid. me, it's never about laying blame. it's about how you improve your system for next time so we never find ourselves again in our bedrooms and have a strategy for the next outbreak. host: one of the headlines from the president's former campaign covid-19.he refers to why is it called covid-19? guest: that's a really good question.

i thought it would just be called sars. who was reluctant to call it again what was called in 2003. it's different. covid because it's a novel coronavirus. it's an infectious disease. 2019.for host: she said it was because there had been 18 other covid cases. 2019, that's when it was first identified. host: let's go to virginia calling from pennsylvania. about: i'm excited calling in about cancer and how

it's formulated. sugar feeds cancer. that's where we need to go. who, you continue. a lady calls in from louisiana and says the nurses need tested. but the money toward that. let us have our money so we can buy our own food to be healthy. vitamin d does help. i'm sorry you are not bringing this stuff up in your capacity. thank you very much. host: the question? guest: your point is well taken.

we have a responsibility to u.s. citizens and we have a global responsibility. the pandemic is a good example of how if we don't focus, we leave ourselves open to these diseases that can happen anywhere. china,re not engaged in how would we know if there is another disease going on? how would we have known about this pandemic? why is a great example of we need to continue our leadership role. we can understand and help and be of assistance and provide that public health expertise and make sure you can provide that. we have greater knowledge of wants going on as americans.

, the book is khan called the next pandemic. question, how is this going to end? with ant's going to end excellent public health system. makinging to and with sure we have a system that allows us to identify cases, quarantine control, make sure we thata health care system can take care of any hotspots, they sure we are protecting our workers, make sure we have good preventative measures in place, making sure we have an informed populace, making sure we have a strategy. bringure they don't infections with them. that's how it's going to end.

, wee don't get containment will get it with vaccines or drugs. this will be the power of public health in the end. host: the book is called the next pandemic. our viewers one c-span3. this is the headline from "the from oklahomat," city, a singular commemoration, marking the 25th anniversary of the explosion that killed 160 eight people, including the children inside the day care facility. journal" and our partners looking back at these events from 25 years ago. joining us from oklahoma city, the national memorial, executive director kerry watkins.

but first, from april 19, 1995, bill words from president clinton, his first comment about the bombing. [video clip] clinton: the attack in oklahoma city was an attack on innocent children. it was evil. the united states will not tolerate it, and i will not allow the people of this country to be intimidated by evil cowards. teams, whichth our we assembled to deal with this bombing and i have determined to take the following steps to ensure the strongest response to the situation. i had to pull a crisis management team under the .eadership of the fbi

working with the department of justice, the bureau of alcohol local authorities, we are sending the world's finest investigators to solve these murders. second, i have declared an emergency in oklahoma city. the director of the federal emergency management agency is now on his way there to make sure we do everything we dealo help the of oklahoma with the tragedy. third, we are taking every precaution to reassure and protect peaceful who work in or live near other federal facilities. let there be no room for doubt. we will find to the people who did this. , justice will be swift, certain, and severe. these people are killers and they must be treated like

killers. askedy, let me say that i ,ll americans tonight to pray to pray for the people who lost their lives, to pray for the families and the friends oe wouy for the people of oklahoma city. may god's grace be with them. meanwhile, we will be about our work. thank you. from 25 years ago, president bill clinton. joining us from oklahoma city, carried what can's, the executive director of the okemos city national memorial and museum. we thank you for joining us. guest: thanks for having me. host: if you could, walk us through the events from 25 years

ago. springit was a gorgeous, morning. people went to work. they went around their business. thele began to assemble in federal building, just like they would in any federal facility throughout the country and just before 9:00, a ryder truck pulled up in front of the building, a bomb was detonated, and moments later, when hundred 50 people were killed, including 19 small children. and because of that, the world changed forever. host: of course, timothy mcveigh was later convicted and sentenced to death for his role in this bombing. let's go back to some of the events that led to his decision to on this particular building in okolona city, really dating back to 1992 with river ridge and 1993, the siege in waco. the bomb was detonated in the

morning and just over an hour later he was pulled over and arrested. but why did these instances in waco and ruby ridge set off timothy mcveigh? we don't really totally know. i think part of it was he was frustrated with how the government handled things. instead of going with systems that were already in place, trying to fix things, he and his friends that it would be easier to make a statement. is hethink part of that was an army veteran. he had not gotten his way -- there are numerous reasons people say why he did it. none of us truly know. it's just an act of terrorism. of course, senseless for so may reasons, including the deaths of so many children. one of the iconic photographs of an okemos city firefighter rescuing a one-year-old. there was a day care facility inside the building.

can you explain? yeah, on the second floor there was a daycare. there were children in that building. they have collateral damages. they go into that school and it was that morning when he decided to change their lives forever and their parents lives -- parents'lives forever. host: florence rogers was the ceo of a credit union house inside the building. here is what she remembers. [video clip] i turned around in my chair and reared back with him ready to discuss the next item i mentioned when the bomb went off

. it was -- it had to be longer, but it was just like second. all the girls in the office with thoughtpeared and i they had left me alone. where arehollering -- you guys, where are you guys? the realization set in somewhat and i realized -- i don't know where they are. they have gone. when they, i found out bomb went up and everything started coming down, there were federal floors up above us that had taken them down into what was eventually known as -- was the murder building the target of timothy

-- what was the building the target of timothy mcveigh and his cop loses? him.: it was accessible to buildings were way more accessible in 1995 than they are today. you could walk in without going through metal detectors. it's a different world we lived in than we do today. people were going about their businesses and no one assumed there would be a terrorist attack in the middle of america. host: as we look at the pictures, of course, the magnitude of this explosion, the rental truck outside the murrow building, what was outside that caused such destruction and death? there were 4000 pounds of perl iser and racing fuel. he had put into these barrels much of what he learns from his army days. he was trained to be a fighter.

he teamed up with his army buddies. in a thing, you know, he was -- and i think, you know, he was an american terrorist. this is the first time we felt as a country attacked by one of our own. callers andcome our we do have a line set aside for those of you who live in oklahoma. otherwise we are dividing our phone lines regional. let's go to ginger in florida. good morning. caller: good morning and i thank you for the "washington journal" programs. 2 a.m.at my desk at 9:0 when this terrible event happened 25 years ago. it left an indelible scar on building -- on people who lived -- on people who work in that building. the one thing we were able to

understand a little better for people around the world who lived in other places, such as friends i had in sarajevo. when we discussed what their problem was and their attitude, they said, we have bombed out buildings everywhere, and that was a very difficult thing to understand. this was a first for us. thing we just were not able to overcome. forget the fence is being loaded day after day after day with stuffed animals in pictures and sympathetic messages from people all over the world to travel to see this in one of the things i have concerns about is how the families are now that had victims and children who have had now lifetime respiratory problems. they are also going to be

affected i not being in the general public that could pick up a virus that could further damage lungs and such. were inr responders who the midst of all of the dust and everything involved in the and then of the air buildingshe burning -- burning vehicles in the parking lot and so forth. host: thank you. eri watkins? caller: she is right. people did not understand internationally. i remember when timothy mcveigh was going to be executed. said, you journalist have built this museum for happens inhat for us every corner. that's exactly what we built the museum. that is an issue we will always have to explain and understand.

the other part is the families and the survivors, the first responders. because of covid-19, they had a live ceremony on the ground today. we did not have a live ceremony on the ground today. we could not in good conscious bring people together. but we will have a program that in a little bit that will be a replica of a live ceremony. we have people in leadership, a present clinton, the governor, and we end with what is the next step? think the responsibility we have is making sure that we are kept safe. we take that very seriously.

people are still placing items on the fence. we clear that fence periodically and we have thousands of items in our archive. flags, teddycan bears. good that camef from the bad. at the same time, we still come here to remember. a reminder you can watch that pre-recorded remembrance. frank is joining us from monroe, north carolina. good morning. caller: hi, good morning. thank you for c-span. i enjoy it every morning. watkins to give a reply, but i basically have a statement. i have this discussion/argument online quite often about the amount of american terrorist as

a group but there are, including , white, the neo-nazis separatists, melissa people. i get this blowback all the time. there's hardly any of them. and my response usually is, look what one person and a truck could actually do. it really doesn't matter how many there are. what matters is the level of hate. frank, thank you. let me go to that last point. as someone who has studied timothy mcveigh, why did he have that hate? earlier,s i said mcveigh was a young army soldier. he did not achieve the rank he wanted, left frustrated, and i think he felt like he had something to prove. i agree with frank.

is way too much hate. we've got to do something about the neo-nazis and the different movements underground and some are above ground. it's ridiculous that we tolerate any kind of hate, racism, the extreme gun violence we have. we have got to figure out how to come together as a country and resolve this. there is a place for all good things, but we cannot take it to the extreme to the right or the left. one thing we have learned in the last 25 years is as important to be in the middle. we've got to go to the middle-of-the-road and work these issues out. that is something we feel very strongly about at the museum and we really want to keep teaching the next generation, meet people in the middle of the road and try to get rid of the hate that exists around this country. of the lessons of 9/11 is the tagline, if you see something, say something.

were there any red flags when timothy mcveigh was buying these materials that did such damage? i'm assuming there weren't. i am not part of the government. i am not part of the investigative team. spend a lot of time talking about mcveigh. i would like to talk about the people he impacted. they had to figure out how to rebuild their lives and move forward that is remarkable. he tried to change their lives. they have rallied in a way that is very important. and it has been something to watch and to witness as they move on with their lives. new marriages, new children, regrouping the families. all of that is important. i think one thing we have to is ay realize, oklahoma

city on a hill. people we can move forward. and we can teach and educate as we move forward. that is part of our mission. we've got to keep teaching. this story is 25 years old. a generation has been born that was not alive when it happened and we have to remember we have to keep teaching the story and there are ways to resolve differences. remarkablef the coincidences is the oklahoma highway patrolman who recalled after the hour bombing he pulled over timothy mcveigh for traffic violation only to arrest him. here he tells the story. [video clip] >> he was headed to oklahoma city based on highway dispatcher

call for all available troopers. it got discontinued. he was 62 miles north of oklahoma city and he turned around in the media -- in the median. as he started to head back north he is passed by this yellow mercury marquis that is missing its rear license plate. so he polls that car over and the driver gets out of the car and they order him to stay by the door of his car. theso he gets out, tells guy to back up toward him and as mcveigh is acting toward him, he notices mcveigh has a bulge under his left jacket and he reaches out. he grabs it. they said, it's a gun and is loaded and he has his gun to his head and says, so is mine. he relieved mcveigh of his gun, which was loaded with those rounds that can shoot through an

armored rest. andso, once he had that gun a knife that mcveigh had hidden on his person, he took him into custody and took him to the noble county jail in perry, oklahoma. and so our investigator asked -- what happened to him? and he said, i don't know. he may still be in custody, he may not. so one of our investigators contacted sheriff jerry cook and talk to him and he said, mcveigh is in custody, but he's got to be released within probably an hour. so, we put a federal hold on him and at that point, myself and several other agents got into a helicopter and flew up to perry. host: the story of how an oklahoma state trooper was able mcveigh about an hour after the bombing and oh city.

peopleth toll, 119 including children. 86 vehicles were burned or destroyed. the explosion was felt up to 50 miles away. back to your phone calls. donald from golden valley, arizona, good morning. hi, yakima i remember. i lived in kingman when that happened. this whole county -- yes, i remember. i living kingman when that happened. this'll county was overrun by fbi and federal investigators. i mean, it was all over the place. i remember they arrested somebody else -- i forget who that was. and a year or so later, i remember stopping in oklahoma city. i had to get my car worked on, the muffler. there were muffler problems.

i was talking with the mechanic about that. he told me how he heard on the news a short ways away from that about the bombing and he was telling me how it shook everything around there. anyway, that is my story. donald, thank you for the call. the other person you are referring to, of course is terry nichols. what do you remember about that day? caller: i was on my way to class . i was walking -- guest: i was on my way to class. i was looking at the door. felt the blast. i came back inside, to my television on. channel nine had the helicopter up, heading north, going back south. i caught at once of it. in really, i just said disbelief, this is happening in my city. really, i just had disbelief this is happening in my city. host: for people who walk

outside the building, what is their take away? what are learning 25 years later? i think theyest: want to understand and know the people who were lost. they are amazed. names are written on the chairs outside. these were not nameless americans. these moms, dads, teachers, preachers, baseball coaches. these were real people doing .heir job these were people just going about work. they did not go to war. they went to their job. they went to work. kingman, arizona, that was part of the area, mcveigh, nichols, they set up that trailer in arizona. secretary napolitano was the

u.s. attorney at the time. she helped piece the vessel together and then the fbi agents -- remarkable police were, by the way, all over the country, city, county, state. when you begin to realize, people were just doing their jobs. charlie hangar was just doing his job. they traced the ammonium nitrate back. normal people doing their job extraordinarily well that day. it's all proved out. there were the two federal trials and the day trial. our nextan: -- host: color is from uconn, oklahoma. good morning. caller: good morning. go ahead. you're on the air. caller: i want to follow up on something kari was saying.

i think what the memorial shows, it was not just a mass murder. it was 168 people, individuals, families. of course, one of the memorial is the 168 chairs with the names on them but every memorial observance we have every year, we have the reading of all other 168 names. of silence.seconds i think that's one of the main things the memorial does. it helps people to see the true impact of violence is not just one mass murder. it's 168 families that have been devastated. i want to follow up on that one point, that these are all people doing their jobs. it's different when you think of it that way. host: the design of the more

you'll and the use of the chairs, what is the symbolism? -- the design of the memorial and the use of the chairs, what is the symbolism? guest: you are sitting around the table, your sister is killed, his or her chair is no empty. powerful part of building the memorial. it is important to he or from these people. .hey are their story it is important for us to capture and be the guardian of this story. they are the ones that make this work. -- host: david is on the phone, bellingham, washington. good morning. caller: good morning. is,uestion for the museum

does the museum -- there is an office of the armed forces that immediately recognized by law enforcement for retiredionwide military personnel? host: david, thank you. well, part of mcveigh, story -- the army and the marines support part of the building. they had offices inside the building. there was an intake office where up to be part of the armed forces. both continue to be partners for us. show a picture of him

in his army fatigues. we do not over emphasized that he is a veteran. are making sure that they get the help they need. they are asked to do in a norma's amount of things on the front lines. -- in a norma's of things on the front lines. host: we will did vote to eric in pennsylvania. something, there was that was not mentioned by many of the callers, but was just him. there was a caller who had a friend from syria go and another who mention they do not put up a museum for every bombing in israel because the ruby one on

every block. this event in particular, as well as the vast majority of what lullabies as -- qualifies terrorist acts on american soil. those are slender affects of extremistsstian which we have in america. had been at the incident in waco, texas with the branch davidian christian group. i wonder if we shouldn't not do a disservice by not featuring not a military veteran, but was sympathetic to, if not involved in religious terrorism in the form of white christian terrorism in america? host: eric, we will leave it

there and get a response. not sure i totally understand the question. but i think telling the story, what we present in the museum are just different facts in the federal courts and the state courts. we have stories from the trial. that is the story we tell here. while there are many people who or havefferent things conspiracies, we recognize that. we even have a panel that talks about that, but it is important to recognize that this case has been tried twice in federal court. the judges offered several times that there were other things involved in the story to bring them to the court. i do think it is important that this story is told. i think it would be easier to

move on and not talk about it, not remember it, but we would not be doing the people who died board the people who survived. it is important that we keep telling the story so they understand the risk of what goes into the hatred and people who that these are issues and that violence begets violence. we have to make sure that we are giving our people the tools necessary to work through their issues. part of the mission statement .ays we will keep teaching there are ways in place already are ways in place already where you can work through the issues. what ever issue you are in, there are ways to resolve this issue. that is important to teach. kari we are talking with watkins. the building -- out for a team are was he?

great question. he was a federal judge. he had a great history on the bench. the government named it after him. it was built in the 1970's. later get to be docents and our museums as well. he was an orphan and just became one of the best federal court judges and started at a young age. of those in the building of the time -- as we reported, 100 68 people were killed including 19 children. how many worked in the building total and how many are still alive today? there were several hundred in the building.

they are on our survivor wall. so, how many are still alive today? i can give you an exact number. , arewould be here today still involved in the process and we still talk to very often. just looking at the building, when you first saw it 25 years ago, what was your first reaction? host: -- guest: i really could not believe it. i used a french or that was in the building. i walked past that building a dozen times -- a hundred times. i've never been in the building though. i knew where it was. knew about the playground. area, butprominent

seeing the hole on the side of -- you hear the journalist account. they talk about this in beirut, but not in downtown oklahoma city. i think that's probably how they all felt. host: patrick is next from ithaca, new york. good morning. caller: thank you. "perpetual waron for perpetual peace." i remember -- it's a very good book. but people in america, they don't read anymore. so that's obvious. at the time, there was all wanted poster when they were looking for suspects and they had a middle eastern terrorist sunglasses wrapped around and that was supposed to be the person that was connected to the middle east or whatever

with tim mcveigh and i would like to know what happened to terry nichols, who was tim mcveigh's army buddy and they constructed the bomb in that area. terry nichols -- i don't know what happened to him? his wife was involved in everything. host: we will stop right there. where is terry nichols today? caller: terry nichols -- guest: terry nichols is serving a life sentence in the toughest prison we have in colorado. you walk us through how this became a crime scene to a memorial today? what was the thinking of city officials, state officials, how that all involved? -- how that all involved? guest: i think the mayor, within days he received ideas about

what the site should become and .t became a collaboration unmatched. clearly unmatched. president clinton, governor and , and in the collaboration, it did not matter if you were republican or democrat, resolute, just did not matter. they figured it out and worked together. we really need to work to keep replicating that today. thought about, discussed. a memorial task force was johnson, led by bob the mayor and the governor. whatbegan to look at, not do we want this to look like, but what do we want to feel like -- want it to feel like? in 1986.opted

then they began the process of wood we put the memorial here? from 23, 24designs different countries and narrowed it down to the top five. two different families have first responders involved. professional designers, architects, urban designers, planners involved in all that. facilitator,reat other great places around the country that helped guide the process and they did it remarkable job. people just did a remarkable job guiding this process to what we have today. we had a budget and we were not willing to go over that budget.

million dust25 from $5 million. once we got to the final design, they proved that they could buy within our $10 million budget. endowment that would be invaluable. all of that was part of the process. that was part of the darkest, artist days for the community -- darkest, artist days for the community. people were worried about the projects. the memorial stands in the heart .f downtown we were very proud. but it's not an easy process. involved a lot of damage for

our first responders. balance as a community and i think we did very well. the website is memorialmus eum.com. listen look at that and to mike in modesto, california. good morning. caller: good morning. i read a book way back when. it is in three parts. it is called "the secret life of and one part is about clinton's outrageous he hit here in arkansas, and the second part is about vince foster, and this guys theory about how he was murdered -- gaia pulses theory about how he was murdered -- host: go ahead. so what does this have to do with oklahoma city? caller: the third part was all

about oklahoma city. it goes through this group -- it's a weird name, like an indian name, and also he went to europe with this right-wing group and it goes all into depth about the whole deal of how he came to these crazy ideas and follows this entire deal. but anyway, i took that thing out of the library about four times it is such a mind blower. and i don't know the truth of those other two parts, clinton and foster, but anyway, i just wanted -- wondered if your guest had heard of it. i'm sure there's a lot of other thes that say more or less same thing, but this guy, he is and i could not for my life -- anyway, "the secret the thirdll clinton," part, how they slipped the book

up, goes really into depth. are you familiar with the book? caller: i'm not and i wouldn't go there. i would say one thing about bill clinton. 1995 he stood up and said "as many tomorrows as it takes." he says he is still with us. you know, what i have seen of did not win, he oklahoma. i don't think he 11 county in oakland -- i don't think he won one county in oklahoma. but he stood with us. he is a big friend of survivors and first responders and i would never criticize the work bill clinton has done on our behalf. he has been remarkable to the city. days afterct, four

the bombing he traveled to oklahoma city and have these remarks. [video clip] president clinton: yesterday, hillary and i had the privilege of speaking of children of other children likeees, those who were lost and one little girl said something we will never forget. she said, "we should all plant a tree in memory of the children." so, this morning, before we got on the plane to come here at the white house, we planted that tree in honor of the children of oklahoma. [applause] it was a dogwood, with its wonderful spring flower and its deep, enduring group. it embodies the lesson of the psalms, to provide for a good

person is like a tree whose leaf has not withered. my fellow americans, a tree takes a long time to grow and wounds take a long time to heal, but we must begin. those who are lost now belong to god. them.y we will be with until that happens, there legacy must be our lives. thank you all. god bless you. [applause] in oklahoma city,

april 23, 1995. the deaths ofre more than 160 individuals. joining us from alabama as we remember what happened 25 years ago. good morning. caller: good morning. how are you this morning? host: we are good. go ahead with your question or comment, jeff? i am married to miss so i justidders, and .ant to thank everyone said, does it take time for recovery, yes, it does? i have an married to this woman for 20 years.

jeff, i am sure you hear that often. guest: thanks, jeff. families and first responders is what we do. staff an incredible team, . we are carrying out our mission. and it is in claudine's honor and that is why we do what we do every day. host: this, of course, is different because of covid-19, but typically on the anniversary what have we seen over the years? guest: typically, we would have a ceremony, the present, the vice president, president clinton would be here. you would have the governor, the mayor. the family, survivors, reading

the names of the 160 eight killed. we have 168 moments of silence and you begin to understand why 168 seconds of silence is so long. one second for every person killed is a long time. thebegin to understand enormity of that loss. still felt 25 years later. marches on. they can change it. they have a new normal. that it does not replace the mom or the dad in her house. i think their memory is it turned on. let's go to meal in illinois. good morning. caller: good morning. i was working for the telco, the telephone companies when that all went down. i was working nights. in somebody didn't show up, so i -- and some i didn't show up, so i was waiting. and all the sudden, i was

terminal. we found out later, my relief came in at that moment and i was kind of glad. but i found out later there was an at&t officer right across the hub, soso they are a they took a big hit. and i found out later, yeah, they were right across the street from that and it blew out their windows, etc.. also, the point about terrorism theyivil disobedience -- are not too separated. if you go down madison avenue, after martin luther king was assassinated, i could smell the smoke. smokeuld see the black and the flames. if you ever went down madison

avenue, which i didn't too many the fire house was right down the street from cabrini green -- the housing projects -- there is still unrest going on. i personally, not to ramble here, i was radicalized when i was 10. i was arrested 27 times before i was 17 years old. we were used to create civil unrest. so, a lot of these things, they fester. this guy -- it's only my opinion. host: thank you for the call. kari what pins? guest: sure. i'm a big proponent of the first

amendment and the right to assemble. teachs a lesson that we here. this is a lesson that we feel very strongly about. constitutional rights are also important. one of the things that we teach is the oklahoma standard is kindness and you want people to step up and be kind and show things. we had a people here a couple years ago and my kids were young . i remember watching them go to march on capital and behalf of their cousins and their answer were public school educators and teaching them to be kind, but to be strong in their believe. that is a fine line. we can have strong believes, but we have to do this in a respectful way that does not anythingm or damage or that would remotely look like

violence or terrorism. kim next ingo to yukon, oklahoma. caller: good morning. how are you? host: good. go ahead. caller: i worked across the ireet from the building, and was the chair of the conscience committee and the conscience committee is made up of family members and survivors and first responders. i just wanted to call in and say , we are celebrating today and thise do have hope memorial site gives all of us a chance to remember those who were killed and those who survived and those changed forever. ,he site is a place of peace and i would just encourage throughout the united

states or the world to come and see this memorial. it's a truly remarkable place. host: thank you for the comment. kari watkins, your response? for kim.am grateful there was a conscience committee. shared that committee for us and we rely on them greatly. they probably had more calls than they care to remember. and we change how they do today. they all saw the bigger picture

they -- and they helped us make those bigger decisions. they helped us sleep at her at night. it's just understanding walking the journey with them. this is not been easy for anyone. them.s a bunch of i have workede with closely over the last 24 years, thank you for your service. they have scars that are very deep. they have figured out how to move on and push on and walked this journey. i'm grateful to all of them. host: you mention the memorial and of course, five and a half, 60 is later was 9/11, another moment in american history. joining us on the phone -- six use later was 9/11, another moment in american history. we haveus on the phone,

alice greenwald. welcome to the program. she is a question or comment. welcome to the program. hey, alice. caller: there is such a deep connection between new york city and oklahoma city. we live this a few weeks ago -- it seems like a century ago, staff came toher new york and we sat at madison square garden for a game as a statement in support of all of the first responders. it was first responder night and i was privileged to be there with kari and celebrate first responders from both communities who have stepped up in a time of immense challenge. i just want to say my heart is with you today. andink everyone in new york

our first responder community are thinking of you. we are so grateful , our health care workers, our transportation workers, food service workers -- we understand theaps more than others selflessness, the kindness, the spirit you just talked about that is demonstrated in moments of great challenge. we are thinking of that aspect of what happened a quarter century ago. we remember all of these lives that were taken in such a senseless way, but we are also thinking about the courage of those who continue to respond, in 2001 and now. host: alice greenwald, think you for weighing in. kari what pins, your response?

guest: thanks, alice. they also would have been with us today. we have been able to take some of our lessons learned and help folks in new york and janesville and florida hospice pulse nightclub, las vegas, lessons we learned that can help them. the holocaust museum -- we are dealing responsibly to teach that to others. the team first arrived hours after the bombing and some rushed into those buildings and died. it was important to meet their young sons.

the teenagers were killed. later, they went to share the uniform, and they watched, celebrated. it was remarkable. it was very important to realize the role that rescue workers in 1995.ll of those there happened to be a show going on. they turned their first class trade show and today our heart is with so many of those folks who are just trying to survive and get through this and closure. thank them for their work and what they are doing. i hope that as a country we get to -- we get through this and

celebrate. it's very similar -- is different, but there's a lot of similarities. host: david is joining us from mcdill, oklahoma. good morning, david. caller: hello. i have not heard anybody bring this up about timothy mcveigh. that she had a car, that car they caught him in, that mercury, the getaway car, i can'ty, but understand why he would not have ? tag on the car he was smart enough to build the bomb but stupid enough not to have a tag on his car? that don't make sense. host: thank you, david. people think the tag had been blown off for he never went to put the tag on it. there's a hundred different

ideas about where that tag might be. or he was arrogant enough he thought he could get away with it. looking back and thinking forward. clearly, we have looked back at what happened from five years ago, but in terms of looking forward, kari what is, what is your message? guest: our message is to teach hope and courage and resilience. it has been ironic. as we have done the last five weeks as a staff working remotely, fielding calls every have been challenged with pushing ourselves to work together. think the lesson that we teach year is coming together and working together is the heart of the discussion. we have a project called better conversations this year. it really just pushes you to sit around the table with your friends or your family and have a better conversation, to work

together and to understand that disagree, we i may should both respect each other's opinion. that is important lesson and to understand science plays a huge part in the story. we have a stem lab that teaches forensics and the weather lessons, how all of those things played a part in the rescue and recovery of the story. but it all goes back to remembering those who were killed. we can talk about timothy mcveigh all day long. he is never going to be as important to me as those 168. our focus here is not to teach about timothy mcveigh or his antics without remembering those who were killed. understand that

because of his accident he tried to destroy and he did not win. " looking back, thinking forward" is available for purchase inside the memorial museum? guest: it is a it's a great book our founding chairman put together and i got to be part of it. we have other stakeholders who contribute their memories, the reflections, and really, it's a great book of how we got to where we are today and where we go next. this 20 for the anniversary of the bombing that took place in that city. thank you very much for your time. for having me. host: coming up next on c-span3, a ceremony remembering what happened 25 years ago. because of covid-19, it is a virtual ceremony.

it reflects exactly what happened at 902 central time -- 9:02 central time. c-span3coming up now on , american history tv. are back-span one, we tomorrow morning with another edition of the washington journal. a full lineup of guests including jeffrey rosen from the national constitutional center to talk about constitutional issues and we are back tomorrow with a primetime addition. among our guests tomorrow night is the mayor of chicago. thanks for being with us on this sunday. i hope you enjoy the rest of your weekend. have a great week ahead. [captions copyright national cable satellite corp. 2020] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. visit ncicap.org] ♪

>> washington journal primetime, a special evening addition of washington journal, on the federal response to the coronavirus pandemic. our guests are chicago mayor lori lightfoot on the city and her's personal response to the pandemic and the director of ucla center for global and immigrant health talks about the spread of the virus and the latest data on how well it is being controlled. join the conversation monday night at 8:00 p.m. eastern on c-span. >> the presidents, just released in paperback from public affairs . organized by our presidential historian survey. visit our website, c-span.org/the