do it. thank you very much. we will be signing the susan b. anthony full pardon very, very shortly. thank you very much. >> [indiscernible] >> thank you. president trump: thank you very much, everybody. you in a little while. you in a little while. colleen shogan is the vice chair of the women's suffrage centennial women's suffrage centennial commission. she is also the >> thank you and good morning. post: let's talk about the significance of this week, august 16, 1920, and the

key role it played in the 19th amendment. guest: yes, in august of 1920, 30 five states had ratified the 19th but the 36th state was elusive. there were 48 states in the united states at that time, and according to the constitution, ofre was required 3/4 number states to ratify to make the night he could mimic part of because addition, and really the last battle came down to tennessee. state thatot another could ratify the 19th amendment, and if women were going to have the 1920t to vote in election, it all came down to tennessee. host: tennessee and also one key vote. this is the headline from "the washington post," "a mother's that are, a sign's choice, and the incredible moment women won the right to vote." their letter was written by the mother of henry t. burn. guest: harry byrne was a

in theator tennessee state house that represented east tennessee. his district was not particularly supportive of the 19th amendment, and the governor session toa special consider the 19th amendment, so urn returned to nashville for that session. the vote counters, who were really good vote counters, really believe he did not have the votes to pass the 19th amendment in the tennessee state house. against them for all of the other procedural votes -- they were shocked when harry burn, who had been voting against them and all other procedural votes, voted an vote, which really push them over the top to they did not know is he received a letter from his mother, delivered to him on the tennessee state house goes, that asked harry to vote

for women's suffrage and to be a good boy and listen to misses catt, who was the leader of the suffragist movement therein nashville. harry burn decided to listen to his mother. he was, himself, supportive of women's suffrage, but was born, because once again, his not.ituents were he decided, as he said later on, that he would listen to his mother and vote for women's suffrage, which is really what with the vote over the top and gave the suffragists the win. host: two is carrie chapman catt, what is her background, and what is she play such a huge role in this movement? guest: carrie chapman catt is one of the most important figures in american women's suffrage history. as the story goes, carrie catt was growing up in iowa, rural iowa. she was the daughter of farmers, and the 1872 presidential election, her mother and father were both, she thought,

politically engaged, and the day of the election came, her father got ready to go into town to vote, along with some of the farm workers who worked on the and she their father, did not understand why her mother was not getting ready to go into town to vote. and she asked, "aren't you going into town with dad to vote?" and everybody laughter and said, "don't be silly, carrie, women don't vote." and that is probably the moment in time, when she was 13 years old, that carrie chapman catt became a suffragist. she started her suffrage career in iowa, worked at the state level. eventually, she was married and moved it to the northeast and became involved with the national american women's suffrage association. she became the protége of susan b anthony. susan b anthony new, at a certain period of time, that she probably would not live to see women voting all across the

united states, so at that point in time, susan b anthony knew that she needed to recruit women who would take her place, and carrie chapman catt was the woman susan b anthony recruited to take her place. she played a pivotal role several times in the women's suffrage movement, certainly in as aast several years a strategist and certainly a natural, tennessee in the final fight. host: those dimmest rations came to washington, d.c. we have pictures and outside the white house. what role did president woodrow wilson play in all of this? did he have a view? guest:, he absolutely had a view. woodrow wilson, when he came to the white house, was not a supporter of women's suffrage. he come in fact, try to avoid the issue as much as possible. as time went on, he did grow and change his position when he realized that actually would hurt him, it would hurt the democratic party for a long time in the future if he did not change his opinion.

but the suffragists, led by alice paul, were the first united states in the sense ever to protest in front of the white house, and they started in 1917. at first, woodrow wilson was lukewarm at their presence. he might tip his hat were exitely nod when he would the white house, but things changed when united states entered world war i, and the suffragist were still outside protesting, and woodrow wilson became very angry. he ordered that they be removed, so the d.c. police started arresting women outside of the white house. approximately, 168 women were arrested outside the white house for the two years in which they protested and served prison time, either in the d.c. jail or in the workhouse, 22 miles south of

washington, d.c. host: prison for what? what was the charge? guest: it was obstructing traffic, and of course they were not obstructing traffic, they were standing on the whit sidewalk of the white house. they were acting on the orders to remove the women from the area outside the white house. they were not breaking any laws. they were exercising free speech. just because they could not vote at the time did not mean they were not citizens and did not have the right to free speech. host: and i'm curious, as we look at this movement that really began in earnest, in early 1910, 1912, demonstrations in 1915 a fever pitch in new york city, pictures of that as well. what was the argument against giving women the right to vote? guest: there were numerous arguments, opposition for many men come as you might imagine, but there were also a number of anti-suffrage women's organizations as well. really what it was was that a lot of men and women

viewed women's ro as being head being involved in private civic organizations. they did not view women as having a role in the public sphere. and many women who were opposed to suffrage thought that women had a right to vote and would move into politics and into voting, that they would lose their power and authority within the private sphere, in the those womenthough simply did not want to give up that status. it is hard to imagine that at that time period, 100 years ago, that there was a conception that women could not play in both spheres, that women could have powerful positions within government but also play a role within the family and the private sphere. that was not really viewed as being an alternative for the women in the anti-suffrage movement. they thought of it as either-or. serves aseen shogan

the vice chair of the women's suffrage centennial commission. our phone lines are open, and we are dividing the lines regionally. here on c-span's "washington journal" and those watching on c-span3's american history tv, (202) 748-8000, for those of you in the eastern half of the country, and out west, mountain and specific time zones, (202) 748-8001. suffragists vs. suffragettes. there's a difference. guest: that is a great question, and it is one of the first things you learn when you study the women's suffrage movement. suffragette is a british term, and the reason he came into being was in the early 1900s, a british journalist for the u.k. mail wrote a very negative article about the british women who were advocating for the right to vote, and he came up with the term "suffragette," adding that -ette to the end of it to make them sound small and

diminutive, really a way in which to say the efforts are to be minimized, these particular individuals. advocatingthe women for the right to vote in britain did as they expounds that term, they made their own powerful term. alice paul, who was an american living in great britain at the time, and became part of the british women's suffrage movement, really did not like the term "suffragette." she thought that it did make women seem to be unitive and not as powerful as they should be, so when alice paul left great britain and returned to the united states and became a leader in the women's suffrage movement in the united states, she said it would only be suffragist, and never suffragette. she created her own publication for the national woman's party. it was called the suffragist.

so when we talk about american women who advocated for the right to vote, we use the term suffragist. when we talk about british women who advocated for the right to vote, the correct term a suffragette. host: tennessee becomes the 36 the state to the constitution 100 years ago this week. what happens next? guest: women voted in the next election. .omewhere between 33 and 36% of course women's turnout increased over time, and by 1980, the proportion of women voting in the united states surpassed the proportion of men voting in the united states. host: 100 years ago, one of the editorial cartoons with the astion "sky's the limit," women look at the right to vote, what that means for them politically, and now of course in 2020, an african-american woman on a major party ticket,

the third time a woman has been ticket like maybe for. your reaction? of manyn the shoulders women before suffragists, but who advocateden for the right to vote, fought for the right to vote come up until 1920, all women who had in congress, and have ran for president as well. host: let's get to the phone calls. carol is first up in oregon. good morning here welcome to the conversation. caller: good morning. enjoying the conversation. i am a daughter of the revolution, and we talk about this in our meetings. one of the things you just mentioned was the african-american women, and one

of the things i would like to get you to point out, and that was the fact that when african american women wanted to join the other women's group, they actually said well, you might hurt us a little bit, and they still went on, and like you said, still got the right to vote. if we could hear a little bit more of that, that would be really great. thank you very much for bringing this up. i just love all of this. is just great. . thank you host: carol, thank you for the call. guest: yes, so african-american women were often kept out of leadership positions in the two major women's suffrage organizations in the united states, that is the national woman's party run by alice paul in the national american women's suffrage foundation, run by carrie chapman catt. they could be involved. they spoke. they were members. but they were not powerful within these organizations and institutions. however, that is not mean they stop advocating for the right of all women to vote. in fact, they formed their own clubs, their own organizations,

and were heavily involved. some african american women even ticketed and protested in front of the white house, as well, and alice paul would call upon them to do so. host: let's go to patrick next, joining from louisville, kentucky. good morning. caller: i just wanted to reveal a story to you. back in 1992 or 90 many three, i lucy stevens.med she was a suffragist, if i'm saying it right. i apologize for that. but anyways, i found myself homeless back then, and i was about 51, 50 is old, and i used her on the street every morning, walking to the neighborhood grocery store, and she would carry her groceries. i would say, hello, miss lucy, how are you this morning? and she would be so spry, and she would talk just the way you are talking on tv right now.

she was very alert, very intelligent, and she was a caucasian lady. she was just a little lady come about 5'5", about 100, maybe 105, 110 pounds. and she was just a sweetheart. and i just wanted to relate that to you. she would talk about her times whenshe was a young woman, she was in that movement. i was blessed to know her. she was is a wonderful, sanguine person. i wanted to reveal that the. host: patrick, thank you. colleen shogan, your reaction or comments? guest: i think this is part of the reason we have a centennial celebration, celebrating the 100th anniversary of the 19th of them it is really to recall the story of these women. of a may be a bit mythology, i think, with the women's suffrage movement, if it is taught it all in american history or civics classes, it

might be something like women advocated for the right to vote. they politely held their signs. they donned their parasols and pantaloons, and before you know it, they were granted the right to vote, and that is not really the accurate history we are women'so tell at the suffrage centennial commission or at the white house historical commission. these women had to fight hard for the right to vote. women fought for 72 years, from 1848 in 1920. there were a lot of bumps along the way. there were a lot of men in power who told them no, and they figured out a way. they would go back, re-strategize, and figure out a way to come back at it again, so i think it is a tremendous point in american history that we can all learn from. host: but why did it reach that crescendo, from, say, 1912, 1913 until the summer of 1920? guest: well, there's a number of reasons. other countries were starting to grant women the right to vote, so there was a worldwide

pressure that this was coming, and then also, in that particular era, world war i ended up actually helping women in the united states, because women participated in the war effort as nurses and then also taking over jobs from men who were deployed over in europe. it was very hard for woodrow wilson and for others to advocate for democracy abroad and then realized they were disenfranchising over 20 million americans at home. the health policy of that rhetoric became very apparent. and in fact, woodrow wilson had to admit there is no way that we can't acknowledge that women should have the full rights as citizens, given the civic participation and how they had participated as leaders in this war effort. host: and woodrow wilson had three daughters were his first wife. did they put pressure on him to

support the 19th amendment? guest: there is not too much evidence of that, although one of woodrow wilson's daughters was very supportive of women's suffrage movement and did appear at several women's suffrage conventions. there is not much of a record whether she petitioned woodrow wilson or ask her father to support the women's suffrage movement, however, one woman that was not supportive of women's suffrage was woodrow wilson.econd wife, eden she was actually an anti-suffragist she was not supportive of the 19th amendment, so she would definitely have not been a force in favor for woodrow wilson. host: and of course the other factor is the president at the time was in poor health, having suffered a stroke. guest: that is correct. he was. at that period of time, harry taft, who actually had a relationship with him, actually had to go with him to enlist woodrow wilson's help with other democratic governors around the

united states, so that they would call the legislatures into session, so ratification could move forward across the united states, and she had to go and work through edith wilson to do that. in favor of the 19th amendment, so edith wilson did not stand in the way. host: let's go to connie joining us from florida. good morning. . welcome to the conversation. caller: good morning. thank you for taking my call. i have a question about the breakwomen to ground as far as being elected to congress and governor. in 1916, before the 19th amendment was ratified. so are you saying that all men voted for her? and also the same thing for the first woman governor, who i believe was in wyoming. your comments? host: jeannette rankin was

elected before women had the right to vote. guest: yes, she was, and she only served one term in the house at that point in time, and then she came back to the united states congress, after she had lost a bid to become a senator. did servette rankin an important role, however, for women's suffrage when she was in the house. they made her the chair of the committee that would consider the 19th amendment, even though she was only a freshman member of congress at the time. so she did throw her support behind the amendment, so that women all across the united states would have the right to vote. host: from dover plains, new york, jan, you are next. welcome to c-span's "washington journal" in american history tv on c-span3. hi, jan. caller: i have a story to tell about my grandmother, who was born in 1869. when thes 50 years old

and amendment was ratified, she my mother was talking to her, and she was from north carolina, as was my grandfather. he was quaker. she was baptist. he was a publican. she was democrat. and my mother asked her out right on electio when election , "why are you going out to vote? you are only canceling each other out?" and she said, "because i waited too long to get the right to vote, and i am going to exercise it." word from my grandmother. host:jan, thanks for sharing the story with us. colleen shogan? guest: that is a terrific story, and i think this is a great share those stories, from mothers,

grandmothers, if they have them. grandmother's birthday, i learned about the 19th amendment in school, and i realize she was born before the right to vote. even as a little girl, that really kind of the funneled me. what would it be like to be born into a society that we would not have the right to vote? host: arlene is next from lexington park, maryland. good morning. caller: good morning. i have a question as to the native american women at that time, their involvement with the 19th amendment? was there any? guest: yes, there was. i am not an expert in that particular history, but there was native american involvement manye right to vote, and historians who have started to write more about native american women's involvement in the right to vote. historically, native american women did have the right to vote within their communities, so

they are some of the earliest examples, actually, of women being politically active and being engaged within their communities and having a say with what their communities decide to do and how they operate. host: you talked about carrie chapman catt, but what about shelton and the role she played, particularly in tennessee? tennessee?shelton in are you talking about sue white? host: sue shelton white, i am sorry. guest: it is interesting, for the final battle, alice paul of course was the head of the national women's party, but alice paul did not come down to tennessee for that final battle, and there were two reasons for it. first, the national women's party was struggling a little donations at and the time, so alice paul actually stayed back in washington, d.c. and wanted to raise money and get more donations so she could

support the efforts in tennessee, so she felt like she could play the role as the fundraiser, and the other reason was that sue white had been born in tennessee and had roots in tennessee, and what alice paul, correctly, concluded was it would be better to have tennessee women advocating and interfacing with legislators down in tennessee rather than outsiders. who carrie chapman catt, was very involved in national, state in her hotel room at the hotel hermitage. she did not interface directly with legislators who were deciding how to vote on the 19th amendment. she had her supporters from the national american women's suffrage association doing that for her. host: we talk about elizabeth cady stanton and susan b anthony, who were pioneers in all of this. how old were they at the time, and what role did they play? guest: unfortunately, both susan

b anthony and elizabeth cady stanton, early supporters of the women's suffrage movement, were not alive when this happened. they had died earlier, in the 20th century. so the women's suffrage movement really is an example of three generations of the movement. the movement of susan b anthony , elizabetha mott cady stanton, sojourner truth, those women, and in the next generation, which of course would be the carrie chapman catt and other supporters at that time, and the third generation is the lucy burns and alice paul generation, ida b wells, who are a little bit younger. so three generations really of activism and women to get the 19th amendment over the hump and over the hurdle to make part of the constitution. photo of lucya

burns in the workhouse in fairfax county, and she was house they are, again, for basically disrupting society, correct? guest: that is correct. she was actually the american suffragist, lucy burns, who spent the most time incarcerated, the most time in prison, than any other american suffragist. she was jailed on six separate occasions, put her sentences were quite long, so she spent more time in prison than anyone else, and that is a great photograph of lucy burns that you have at the cockl occoquan workhouse. it was likely staged. these women were smart, they would have somebodies that pathetic to their position take their picture whether the d.c. jail or the workhouse in virginia, and they would have that photograph taken to the outside and of course published in newspapers all across the united states, to draw more support and more simply for their cause.

ofy were really masters political spectacle, of imagery, and they knew that that was an effective way to garner more public support all across the united states. calls.ack to your phone in silver spring, maryland, dale, thank you for waiting. you are on with. caller: colleen shogancaller: -- with: shogun. caller: hi. good morning. about you were talking women marching, even though they were possibly bringing harm to the demonstration, but i wonder if you are familiar about a book with martha jones, a presidential professor at johns hopkins university called , birthright citizens, and in that speech, she speaks the role that african americans played in the suffrage

i have notnd also, heard you talk about holly brown. she wrote a book called "homespun heroes" in 1926, and also, are african-american women going to be represented in the celebration? thank you. guest: yes, great question. martha jones book, "vanguard," i cannot recommend it enough. martha is the expert on african american women in the suffragist movement and in the policies in general. i cannot recommend that book enough, and everything that she writes. one of the things for the were first when we organizing and talking and planning for the centennial celebration, one of the things we wanted to do was to tell the full story of the women's

suffrage movement, and that is an inclusive history, which would include the stories of african-american women, native women, chinese women, other women who were involved in the movement, who typically, and maybe previous anniversaries or previous commemorations, were not really fully given their due, and the truth of the matter cannot really understand the history of the women's suffrage movement, because it is an american story. you really can't understand it without understanding the important role that race plays at various times in the movement. it is just impossible. if you are not taking the role of race seriously and you are not including that in the analysis or the history, then you are not telling the full story of the american women's suffrage movement. so, absolutely, that is part of our initiative, and i would say that if you go to our website,

ote100.org, we have a terrific blog series, and you will see all kind of information and profiles of various women who played roles in the women's suffrage movement, including the role of black women. host: this week marks the start of two weeks, back to back, of political conventions. let's go back to 1920, because the republican convention, held in chicago come nominated warren g. harding and calvin coolidge. the democrats meeting in july of 1920 in san francisco. they nominated james cox and franklin g roosevelt in 1920. did this play out in either party convention back then? guest: yes, actually, it did cure it at the republican convention, there are a lot of of photographs and images of the national women's party, including alice paul herself, actually going to the convention and protesting outside the convention. you might ask, well, why were they protesting at the republican convention?

because of publicans, historically, were more supportive of women's suffrage earlier than the democratic party. well, the reason was that they were marching towards trying to tod this elusive 36th state ratify, and there were two states that were potential ratification possibilities, but they were both headed by republican governors, and that was vermont and connecticut. and so what they did was go to the republican convention and protest outside, tried to get warren harding to strong-arm or force or convince those two republican governors to take up women's suffrage in the state legislature and call a special session, because they thought, correctly, that if a special session was actually called, that the state legislators would actually vote for the amendment. and they also wanted to make sure that suffrage was included in the party platform. they were successful in having

suffrage included in the party platform. they were not successful in convincing warren harding to put the pressure on those two governors to have them take up the suffrage debate in state legislatures. they also went to the democratic convention, as you mentioned, in san francisco, and the main goal there was to make sure that the 19th amendment and support for women's was included in the platform, and they were successful there. host: this is a what if question. had tennessee not ratify the 19th to mimic, what would have happened next? what was the next state in line? guest: those two states in line next were those northeastern states, that is probably where it would have gone, but it would have never happened with enough time to have women vote in the 1920 election. so most likely, that would not have happened until 1921. and it might have been favorable, you know, you would

think that it would be favorable after tennessee actually voted to become the 36th state. both of those other states did fall in line and ratify, subsequently, but would have never happened for women to have the vote for the 1920 election. host: of course all of this happened 100 years ago this week, august 18 to 1920. alicia is on the phone, columbia, maryland. good morning. caller: good morning, steve and colleen. good morning, america. with all due respect, colleen, american indians did not become recognized as citizens, their own country, in 1924, so the women could not have been in the suffrage marching. women werehe native held as well as

the man, and they could do their job. is only when we became under the -- i'mvernment were we sorry, i have got some senior moments. we lost our freedom. women and own native d and are still being rape killed, in the u.s. government cannot cover up. we have been asking for this. how about that? thank you. host: thank you. guest: the caller is correct about 1924, so that is right. and that is an important larger point about the 19th amendment. the 19th amendment, we often use the verbiage that it, you know, gave women the right to vote or enfranchise women. did not give women the right to vote.

what if did is prevent the united states or prevent the orte from creating laws barriers that related to gender or sex, that would prevent citizens from voting, right? so gender was no longer a reason why the vote could be denied. but there were other reasons for why the vote could be denied, as the caller outlined, so that is why the 19th amendment, unfortunately, did not resolve in all women having the right to vote in 1920. host: i want to go back to your earlier point. this is a photograph from france, as the french movement was well underway. how did the u.s. compare with other countries in europe or elsewhere? guest: right, so, the first countries to give women the right to vote is new zealand. australia follows soon after that. the first european country to women is finland,

and it is followed by a couple of other countries, norway, the netherlands. great britain gives women the right to vote in 1918, but only in a limited sense. so it is not until 1928 that all women are able to vote in great britain. germany and russia enfranchise women before the united states, canada. and then subsequently, france in the 1940's, italy in the 1940's, south africa. so the united states, when you look at the list of all the countries and the dates in which they enfranchise women, the united states is about the middle of the pack. they were not the leader, but they certainly were not the last country to enfranchise women. host: next in california, ron, thank you for waiting. good morning. caller: good morning, steve. thanks so much, colleen, for what you are doing.

oddly enough, i have a little story of my great-grandmother, minnie hayes wilson, who happened to be a socialite from kansas city, missouri, and one of the things you might mention is what happened to people that were upper-class that were involved in this women's suffrage thing, because what happened is my great grandma, she married an alcoholic. as a result, she joined the women's temperance -- women's christian temperance union, and that was part of the slow back from world war i, where all the guys can one command they were all drunkards. combination -- that is what got the women inspired to go forward with their suffrage process, and a got people outraged.

one of the things my great grandmother did later in her life was to write cowboy novels. the reason why as we were cousins were a guy named jc williams james -- jesse williams james. mom, who was in her 70's, that was the 1870's i am talking about, and they were robbed jesse james on the train, and when jason james came there, he said, wait a minute, are you my cousin, he said my great-grandmother's mom, and she said yes i am, and he said oh, and he gave the money back to her. so there were really a lot of things going on in the society at that time, and i think the impacts of suffrage was a combination of ingredients that came about where women had been disenfranchised over a long period of time. even the salem witch trials were nothing more than urban renewal,

where they found women at risk because their husbands died and left them with a lot of money, and people wanted to take that money from them. host: ron, you have got to write a book! talk about some connections. caller: well, it is even worse than that, because i have not mentioned it, but we are related to whether bird free hayes -- rutherford b hayes, and also to woodrow wilson. as i mentioned to you, the wholeuous part of this process is there were a lot of socialites involved. my great-grandmother came from kansas city, missouri. that is where it all started for her. host: where great story. six degrees of separation. thank you. caller: weight, speed, one more inng i might mention, leader her years, she was writing cowboy novels, when she first

started writing cowboy novels about her life, she would send it in with her name on it, and no one would publish a woman author. so she changed her name to her wilson,me, robert hayes in order to get the publisher to publish these cowboy novels. host: ok, now you have got to feature the book, ronald. we will feature it on book tv. [laughter] guest: i think there is a lot there. the first point the caller makes is about class, and interesting part about the women's suffrage movement is there were women who were working-class, industrial workers, teachers who became part of the movement, and then there were also, as caller we said, wealthy women who became funders.

capital was named after belmont, who was a major funder for the national women's party. but some of the women did not just write checks, they went to jail, they stood outside, they were picketers, they were protesters, and in fact, this is what draws a lot of woodrow wilson's attention, when some of these women who are being arrested who are, perhaps, more irominent in society, and the husbands or friends with woodrow wilson, and they come to the white house and complained to wilson, saying "what are you doing? why is my wife in jail or prison, 22 miles south of washington, d.c. in a workhouse?" so that starts to get wilson's attention, because of the spouses that are coming to complain to wilson about the treatment. but there were also working-class women, like i said, with and who worked in factories, women who worked in education, that would travel across the united states to come, or particularly for alice

paul, participate in the pickets. theother question was about antecedents to the women's suffrage movement, and the caller is absolutely correct that. there are at least two movements that are antecedents to the women's suffrage movement. first earlier was the abolition movement. many of the early suffragists g ained their organizational, political skills, how to give a speech, how to write a speech, how to write an article for a newspaper, all through the abolition movement, and then temperances also the to princ movement and the temperance union, which was the major organization. now, that too has of the major organizations, carrie catt and alice powell, they were sympathetic to the temperance movement, but they tried to keep it separate from the women's suffrage movement, because they did not want to offend others

who maybe were not supportive of temperance, they wanted to have the widest net and widest tent possible. this is from 1913, as women from foreign countries marching here in washington, d.c., pushing for women's right to vote. how often were these parades or demonstrations? and, based on your research, what was the reaction by the general public? guest: sure. that is the famous pre-that took place march 3, 1913. march of itsst kind, the first march on the capital that takes place. parade, actually, alice paul, who was the organizer, along with lucy burns, they did not really know how many people would show up. historians disagree about the number of people who were in the crowd, but it was probably somewhere between 150,000 and people.

and what happened was, the crowd got rowdy year and rowdy or as the day went on. there are actually a lot of bars and saloons that lined the parade route down this then you have the time, and the men would go in and out of the saloons and get a drink and come back to the d, most of at the en the men, unfortunately, were intoxicated. they went out to the parade route. there was a lot of physical abuse upon the women. the d.c. police, unfortunately, were not helpful to the suffragists who were marching, and the secretary of war, henry stinson at the time, was watching the parade. he literally had to call out the cavalry by nearby fort myers to come in and break up the mob that existed, so that the women could continue down pennsylvania avenue and finish at the treasury department, which was the end of the parade.

so these took place, you know, in major cities. you might say -- why was alice paul so interested in having a parade, especially when something like this happened in 1913, which seemed like a little bit almost a disaster? welcome of the reason was it brought great attention to the cause command alice paul's whole strategy is the more i can create a strategy, the more i can be in the media, the more i could be in the news about women's suffrage, the more people will learn about the fact that women do not have the vote all across the united states, and the more people that will become sympathetic to the cause. a master at expanding the scope of the conflict. host: there was also an organization called the men's league for women's suffrage. who was behind that? what was the mission? guest: it is also a myth to say that this is men versus women in this movement. there were many men along the way who were very supportive of women's suffrage, who organized,

along with the women. we do not see them in a lot of the photographs, because that was on purpose. alice paul wanted to have the actual suffragists, the actual members of her party photograph in front of the white house, f ilm them in various situations in which they were advocating for the right to vote. but there were certainly very many along the way, elizabeth cady stanton, her husband extorted merrily supported. husband,apman catt's who was quite wealthy, essentially bankrolled the movement, because he was able to support her and support all of her travels related to women's suffrage. host: michael is next in new york. good morning. caller: hey. good morning. soleen shogan commedia fitting the topic you guys are talking about today, women's rights and rights to vote, and with everything that is going on

in the world. as we reflect that, we talk about the abolitionist movement, as you speak, and how is terminal women more than. the next moveinto may come of the suffrage movement, where harriet tubman wasn't abolitionist who helped free slaves, and now, we have to look at women as being very instrumental in this whole process, from getting the rights to vote, and it is so fitting, today, you have this on, and the way things are going on with the post office and rights to vote, it is so important to exercise our right, and the women saw that back in the day. and i just love c-span, i love to see this stuff. it reminds us of where we came from. so as i looked past here locally , the birthplace of the women's suffrage movement, a historical feature come every time i drive through the town, it is great to see.

especially the museum up there and everything i do not know if you have been there, colleen, have you? guest: that is a good question for di was scheduled to go to seneca because this summer. we had a celebration planned for seneca falls, as part of their convention day celebration every july. but unfortunately, due to the pandemic, we were unable to make that trip. however, the commission has decided, in lieu of what we had planned in july, we have been working with a sculptor, and we are going to be adding a series falls,ments at seneca commemorating diverse women in the movement, and those plans are underway, and we hope to have the statue erected next year. host: you mentioned edith wilson, who, of course, was the second wife of woodrow wilson after the death of his first wife, opposed to the women's right to vote. was there an organized effort

either by her or other women who did not want to see women have the right to vote? guest: absolutely. edith wilson was not involved in the anti-suffrage movement, she was just personally anti-suffrage and made her opinion very known to woodrow wilson and others in the white house. but there were anti-suffrage organizations or clubs, just like there were women's suffrage organizations to promote the 19th amendment, there were organizations that were -- that had been constructed really to stop the 19th amendment. and you see this very clearly in tennessee, in nashville, at this final fight in august of 1920, because all of the organizations descend upon nashville. the, of course, pro-suffrage organizations and the anti-suffrage organizations, and also, we have not talked about this yet, but there were corporate influencers. there were special interest

groups that were opposed to women's suffrage. , theanufacturing industry railroad industry, and of course the liquor industry, and they played a very important role at that last fight in nashville. they descended upon the hermitage hotel, set up shop, and essentially engaged in aggressive lobbying of all the tennessee state legislators. host: in case you are interested, in today's "new york times," available at nytimes. com, this editorial, "the milestone and the myth called 19th amendment." luanne is next in annapolis, maryland. caller: good morning. at the woodrowor wilson house museum at the celebration of the 75th anniversary. i led a team of three of our other guides and some volunteers, and i would like to mention a couple of things come a few will indulge me.

gigantic,re is a rich wealth of artifacts, archives, documents across the country for all 50 states for researchers that are researching this, or with the boon in ancestry, looking up what your family might have done. among the things we borrowed were lena allender cartoons through, what was then, the belmont house, the washington national women's party. there were songs, a wonderful song based on a 1920 song called "oh dear, what can the matter be?" and it went, "oh dear, what can the matter be? women are wanting the vote." and they used sticks by the brandywine battlefield, sent by pennsylvania, to recognize what liberty was. the women who would pick it wilson would use his own words against him, as they burnti his

kettles and cauldrons outside the fence at washington, at lafayette park. and then i would also like to juston that there's also clothing that still exists. when you see the pictures of women handing out the various newspapers. and then i would just like to encourage every woman of age to vote this year, because when you do study this history, women were jailed, they were given little jail door pins if they had gone to jail, and we have those in the exhibit, but they were force-fed, and some of those women could never eat well again for the rest of their life, alice paul included, because of the scars and the damage from that. so it is very much a hard-won battle in this country, one that

i hope and i hold close to my heart and vote every year and encourage everyone to do so. again, an actt, of right and justice, because when wilson did turn the tide, that was part of his speech to congress. but i have to tell you, we getting big laugh, because when we started this and started going to archives and identified where we were, we would have women from archives or women experts turned to us, and they would almost kind of whisper go, do know he was the bad guy, don't you?" [laughter] and we would get a kick out of that, because we wanted to show the record that he did turn the tide, and it was his speech and congress that turned the effort. host: it is on display, that speech, and we have a photograph and washington, d.c., where he lived after he left the presidency, correct? guest: yes. host: luanne, thank you for the call, from annapolis, maryland. colleen shogan.

guest: yes, i agree with everything that was centered we have a terrific archives related to the women's suffrage movement. my former employer, the library of congress, probably have the most robust collection of women's suffrage manuscripts, photographs, that is because the librarian of the time was friendsagists with all of the suffragists, and he convinced them to donate their items. the smithsonian museum also did a lovely exhibit using portraiture to document many, many women suffragists. and all of those materials are online at their respective websites, so even though we cannot visit those museums and archives, you can visit them digitally. host: and your website, this is what it looks like, womensvote100.org, which also includes a plethora of photographs, video, historical

information about what happened in august of 1920. the centennial of women earning the right to vote. john is next from kingsville, texas. good morning. caller: good morning. een, i was hoping you could speak a little bit about n, it is hard to understand the position of the anti-women's suffrage movement. can you explain the reasoning impositions? host: thank you, john. guest: the women who were opposed to the right to vote, there were a couple of reasons. first, they were afraid of giving up their stature within the family in the private sphere. they viewed the men in their lives, their husbands, their fathers, their brothers, they thought that, they could represent them adequately at the that politics was

a dirty business. , as were viewed as pure sanctified, that if women entered the public sphere of politics, they would become down and dirty, just like the man. enjoyed of those women that elevated status of purities i really was promoted at that time. aen teddy roosevelt, who was 1912, heve, until did come out for women voting, but previously, he was hesitant, because he said well, yes, it makes sense for women to vote, but why would they want to enter this sphere of politics, which would damage their reputation? women's role really are as mothers, mothers to their children and mothers to the entire nation, this notion of republican motherhood, and they really should not be advocating for the public sphere and the right to vote. now, in the last battle in

tennessee, i will say quickly that a lot of the women who were opposed to suffrage in tennessee were opposed to women voting because they did not want black women to have the right to vote, and they thought that the 19th amendment would be a march towards the enfranchisement of more african-american women voting in tennessee and also voting elsewhere in the south, because of course the 19th amendment would apply nationwide, it would not apply simply tennessee. so there was great concern about the role of race host: host: in that battle. we go to john next impounding mill, virginia. good morning. caller: good morning. i was a little curious them after the civil war, black men would all have the right to vote, supposedly, even though the democrats did the best to keep them from voting, but when women got the right to vote, how

did they separate the black women? why would they not have the right to vote the same as all women, since the black men already had the right to vote? host: john, thank you. interesting point. guest: they were subject to the same state laws or local laws that black men were subject to, so the common message in which they would prevent voting on the either arace with eas was literacy test or poll taxes applied throughout the south, and at least in the northeast, with a literacy test, but the other method that was used, particularly in the south, you have to remember that there was the rise, at this point in time, of the ku klux klan, and segregationists and white supremacists would use the extralegal method of intimidation to prevent those

black men and black women from voting. host: so put this anniversary into perspective. what was the significance of women getting the right to vote in 1920, and where are we today in 2020? guest: the significance of women voting all across the united states in 1920 was really astronomical. like i said, the turnout was probably somewhere between 33% and 36%, but even that, when you think about it, is extraordinary, how many more millions of americans, at that point in time, were voting in 1920, than had voted in the previous elections. the 19th amendment did represent the largest single enfranchisement of american citizens in our nation's history. theas we look to 2020, women now outvote the men, numbersonally, both in in the aggregate, and then also as a percentage wise. and i think there is an

interesting statistic as well, from what we have seen in the past couple of elections, actually, african-american women vote in higher percentages and inportions than white men this country. when you think about the double disadvantage that african-american have had, both because of their gender or sex, and it also because of their race, i think that is a really it's ordinary statistic to reflect and think about. host: based on your research, windows women cast their ballot in 1920, did they face any pressure at the ballot box? guest: well, women largely voted republican in 1920, but the 1920 election was a landslide for harding, so that was really no surprise. there is a lot of writing that said women simply voted the same way as their husbands or the same way as their fathers. unfortunately, since there was no exit polling in 1920, there

is no way for us to actually know whether or not that was the case. host: the story of women earning the right to vote, 100 years ago, colleen shogan. she is the vice chair of the women's suffrage centennial commission. she also serves as the senior vice president of the white house historical association. we thank you for being with >> u.s. house of representatives is currently on a district work period, but it how speaker pelosi has decided to call members back to washington. they will gavel into session saturday morning at 10:00 eastern with first votes expected an hour later. you can watch the debate and vote live here on c-span. the postmaster general has agreed to appear at two hearings. one for the senate on friday and one for the house next week. this afternoon, president trump will be delivering marks in yuma, arizona on border

security. watch that at 5:00 p.m. eastern on c-span two. a life picture now from milwaukee where the democratic national convention kicked off last night. here is a look at tonight speakers. ♪ our live coverage of the democratic national convention continues tonight with congresswoman alexandria ocasio -cortez, former president bill clinton and the wife of joe biden, jill biden. live coverage of the democratic national convention tonight at 9:00 eastern on c-span. live streaming and on-demand on c-span.org/dnc. listen with the free c-span radio app. span, your unfiltered view of politics -- c-span, your unfiltered view of politics. >> you are watching c-span.

your unfiltered view of government. created as a public service and brought to you today by your television provider. chairse democratic caucus effriesakeem j pramilaesentative jayapal sit down with the washington post. >> who better to give us a kick off viewpoint and a curtain raiser at the convention but also the priorities of the democratic party