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if it happens here, here or anywhere that moderns, america is watching on c-span. powered by cable. washington journal continues. host: it is open forum so whatever you would like to call in and talk about, public affairs, politics, anything we talked about earlier today, the purchase of twitter by elon musk, the economy, the situation in ukraine. the numbers republicans can call (202) 748-8001 (202) 748-8000 (202) 748-8000, democrats can call and independents (202) 748-8002. you can also texas at -- text us at (202) 748-8003. a note about the correspondence

dinner, we will have it live on c-span. you can watch it now live on c-span or on the free mobile video app. you can also go to c-span.org to access all of our coverage of the red carpet arrivals. you can enjoy all of your favorite moments of past white house dinners in our library. it is all in one place and your unfiltered view of washington. i want to show you an article from the wall street journal. just finishing our conversation about elon musk and his takeover of twitter. the headline shadow crew encouraged elon musk's takeover. as elon musk's crusade to take

over twitter, he was tagged on to take over twitter from people with their own beef with twitter. one person had a personal stake, twitter's cofounder jack dorsey who resigned last year under pressure from his board, he was whispering and mr. musk's ear that twitter should be a private company. we want to know what you think on a range of issues. we will hear first from carol in missouri on the democrats line. caller: i think you do a wonderful job, i love the washington journal. so many people: and they are

basing their opinions not on facts, and they have the facts so wrong. i wish there were some way of stopping not. i am an 86-year-old widow and one year my husband and i did not pay taxes. we pay taxes for years, and one year we forgot to report a $26 dividend on the insurance policy and we got a nasty letter from the irs if we did not pay up and get it straightened up we would

be prosecuted over $26. but elon musk, he did not pay any income tax. my husband died in december, i had to pay an awful lot of income taxes year. but he doesn't pay any and i had to pay a considerable amount on capital gains. and he doesn't pay any income tax. and i told everybody that i was going to buy twitter but i had to pay income tax. host: let's talk to rose in illinois. caller: i get a little nervous on the phone so if you just give me a few seconds because i might

say the wrong word. i tried to call the other lady because i had a question. politicians have owned newspapers since alexander hamilton and thomas jefferson. the newspaper that alexander hamilton found it is now the new york post. he also founded the federalist. they made a lot of accusations to each other's party through the papers. jefferson started a paper to not hamilton and hamilton started a paper to not jefferson. and now we have the same owners of these papers tied to the government. if you all know your history you will see this pattern over and

over again and it is all a lie. when they do this it is called fascism. the democrats have been doing it longer than anybody. the democrats are taking this country over through the newspapers and the internet. the billionaires are mostly democrats. if you can take any democrat down to make this country just, that is what you should be doing. all of these ideologues that are running this country and turning it into a communist country. you better know your history because these teachers that are communists are teaching our kids not to know our history. host: let's talk to linda in

michigan on the democrats line. caller: i missed calling in with the young lady about twitter. my concern about twitter becoming more free is there is a lot of misinformation on it now. i see it regarding the vaccine. people can get on there and say the vaccine is killing children. my fear is that it will become even worse. just for an example, dr. fauci recently had a serious death threat where the police stopped a car and it was full of guns and the gentleman said that he was going to kill dr. fauci because he heard about him on the internet and that dr. fauci

was poisoning everyone. my fear is that those type of things will become allowed and we will have more problems. dr. fauci gets death threats every day and he has to have a security force with him all the time. host: there is an article from the washington post about russia's tycoons. it says russians tycoons break silence. in the two months since russia invaded ukraine, the silence of the russia elite has started to fray. new laws out lying criticism against the war, cracks are starting to show. the economic elite, and some of the tycoons have begun

tentatively to speak. in one day they have destroyed what was built in many years. it is a catastrophe. i wonder what you think an open forum. we will go to 9:00 a.m.. ron is next in tennessee. caller: i wanted to get on with the twitter thing. twitter and facebook are not the problem. the problem is what the people get from the medium. the media is so corrupt. they run a narrative it is one-sided and they leave out half the story. you have people saying that hillary clinton would not admit she lost. she went on a book tour saying she lost. you have one guy saying that

elon musk should have given his money for food. host: where do you usually get your news? caller: i go on youtube and listen to reporters who have quit journalism and do their own youtube videos. host: you trust them more than the ones -- and of course you watch c-span? caller: i watch c-span every morning. they are not beholden to the corporations in the billionaires. they have their own thing and they can report -- they take a story and they dissected. they don't run a narrative. host: let's talk to rob in kansas on the democrats line. caller: in russia, oligarchs --

russia is an authoritarian state. i think the oligarchs in america have to be very careful because if they allow fascism to spread, one day it will be their head. i hope he is listening because you have to keep democracy alive and you have to strengthen democracy. he is calling democrats extreme? there was a guy named donald trump who waged a failed insurrection. that is far more extreme than anything democrats have done. i will leave twitter the minute he let's tromp back on twitter. because they have distorted democracy. i think it is time that america

rises up and puts a stop to these lies. host: let's talk to chris and arkansas on the republican line. caller: thank you for taking my call. host: chris? caller: yes? host: are you there? caller: i am here. host: if you could call back on a better line. that would be better. myrtle is on the mississippi -- from mississippi on the independent line. caller: i want to talk about something related to abortion. and ohio representative, it is all coming to a head. all of these republican states are foaming at the mouth waiting on the supreme court to overturn

roe v. wade. all of these states have been putting out these strict antiabortion laws. some of them where you can't have an abortion at all even if you have been raped or it is and says. and then there are vigilante groups that are in control of it. the texas heartbeat law, oklahoma signed one just this past week. what has got me, people are doing this to children. they think it is ok to do this to children. jean schmidt who is an ohio state representative is the sponsor of a bill that was being debated in their house on thursday. one person asked that gave the

scenario, what happens if a 13-year-old gets pregnant by a rapist? is there a provision for a child to get an abortion? jean schmidt said no, this could be an opportunity. an opportunity for a 13-year-old to carry a child to full term. they don't really care what happens to these children once they born. but give it up or keep it for themselves. see this as an opportunity for this child to grow and finds a solution for cancer. women need to stand up and say enough is enough. men two. i notice men on twitter yesterday saying this is

ridiculous and something has to be done with this craziness that mostly white republican governors are doing to women. host: we get your point myrtle. next up is gary in indiana. caller: i just want to say this about immigration. mind you, i am not a racist. immigration is not a bad thing, as long as it is done through the proper channels and kept with the proper constraints and the right perspective. but there are two major problems . they don't go through the proper channels, they just go

willy-nilly. whether it is illegal's, these companies will hire alfredo sanchez to supplant a loyal worker so they can save three dollars on the hour. host: do you think illegal immigration should do you think illegal immigration should be increased in this country? caller: as far as i can see it, it should not be a problem. as long as it is legal. host: i get that point. barry is up next on the republican line. caller: thank you for taking my phone call. i find it humorous that democrats think it is funny that

republicans are using instagram and twitter. when they were putting black boxes during the blm riots. i put #blm to disrupt their coordination. why don't they say that the colleges are price gouging and then they put interest on it. as for the riots of 2020? i am wondering why the congress never did anything. nancy pelosi and the capitol police and the capitol police in getting the national guard in there. not donald trump. i don't know why he could be in trouble for that. host: last call will be francis

in oakland, california on the democrats line. caller: good morning. thank god for c-span, one of the few places where american citizens can speak out and up. i served in the u.s. air force during the cuban missile crisis. i would like to talk about this war crisis in europe. i have been around the block a few times. i worked on nuclear missiles and nuclear armed b-52s. i have some background in the area. i have a challenge for the investigative journalists of the u.s. and the world. my challenges this why don't you , give us some historical context of what happened before russia invaded ukraine? we get nothing on the media in the u.s. or europe, any nato countries, they are not giving us historical context. for example, the u.s. pumped

billions of dollars into eastern europe, former warsaw pact countries to influence political movements and get governments they wanted to the united states government. they spent billions in the ukraine before the russians. they supported a violent coup d'etat in ukraine where they overthrew an elected president of ukraine. he might have been corrupt, but he was elected. host: i hate to cut you off but we are out of time on open forum. next up on washington journal, our annual cram for the exam saturday. we will be taking student calls only as we turn our attention to the advanced placement u.s. government exam with our teachers, shoshana adams and sunshine cavalluzzi. they will discuss the upcoming test and what students can expect. it is students only. so get your questions ready. and start calling in. the ap u.s. history exam is coming up this week.

here is part of the american history tv program on this year 's test. >> in what ways did the federal government emerge from the civil war with more power then it possessed before? that sounds to me like it would make a good essay question. >> absolutely. very much the kind of thing colleges want you to demonstrate on the exam. great questions. let's contextualize. the civil war, the bloodiest war in american history, hundreds of thousands of people killed. but at the time, neither side believed the war would last . most believed it would be short and quick. we see the growth of government power. it is not preplanned.

it is a growth that happens organically in response to the changing situations within the war. probably the most obvious item students may think of would be the emancipation proclamation and lincoln using his authority as a wartime commander to free the slaves in the confederacy. not the border states, unfortunately. that would have to wait until the 13th amendment. but it is so critical because it changes the purpose of the war from preserving the union to now becoming a war that abolishes slavery. there are many other ways in which federal government power grows. the war is expensive and cost love. we see the first income tax as part of the revenue act, 1861 to generate revenue. it was only 3% back then. tiny by our standards today. we see an expansion of executive power. lincoln will suspend the writ of habeas corpus, which means thousands of pro-southern sympathizers will be arrested

and detained without trial. there is a increased use of supervised voting. all of that leads to the curtailment of civil liberties during wartime. we do not see the same civil liberties necessarily curtailed in the same way but we have seen other wars, world war i with the alien and sedition act, world war ii with the internment of japanese, war on terror with the patriot act, there have been curtailing of civil liberties during wartime. we see expansion of federal power as the south and democrats are no longer part of congress. republicans are able to implement a nationalist agenda with the homestead act, which greatly encourages continued western settlement with federally funded, beginning the transcontinental railroad, with national banks. the government is spending 10 times as much during the war as it was before the war. also the issue with paper

currency. banks were forced to accept greenback. both sides, union and confederacy are also forced to implement the first drafts in american history. the south first because their manpower is shorter. the north is implementing a draft which has never been done before. we see government expanding power in several ways. announcer: washington journal continues. host: welcome back to washington journal. time for cram for the exam, our annual program we do the saturday before the ap government exam coming up monday. we're hearing from students, high school students from around the country, asking them questions and we will take their questions. i'm joined by two high school teachers, shoshana adams from

-- and sunshine cavalluzzi from el dorado high school both in california. ladies, welcome. guest: thank you so much. happy to be here. host: couple questions before we start taking student calls. it is the 14th year we're are doing this on c-span. what can students and administrators expect this year? guest: i think there will be changes for students who are used to the way they have tested over the last two years. the last two years there have , been digital options required in this year it will be 100% back to paper and pencil. students who have only tested digitally are going to have adjustment this year. hopefully they had a chance to practice. if not, put your pen to the paper and do not stop writing. guest: one of the features is there are four different types of writing on the one exam. there are four questions for the free response portion.

each of them is addressed a different way. there are 55 multiple-choice questions, 80 minutes. host: total amount of time? shoshona: three hours. sunshine: 180 minutes. with a break in between and a hundred minutes of free response. in the ap gov, you get 4 questions and you write 4 in the 100 minutes. some exams, you have a choice of questions. shoshona: another benefit this year. last year, if students were writing digitally, they had to write one question at a time. they could not skip back and forth. that is a hindrance for students. sometimes you remember something as you are writing. they weren't able to go back and edit.

this year they will have the normal situation where they can see all four questions. our advice would be attack the , one you know best first. show off. then work down. you do not have to go in order. if you think of something, draw an arrow and place it where you want in your response. sunshine: the other thing is you also don't have to do the questions in order abc. you also don't have to do them in order abc. it is not scrapbooking. you do not have to pay by the page. get your points on the page first. some of our students are feeling apprehensive. i am sure that is true across the country. i type faster than i write and the last two years i got to type. you do not get extra credit for fancy answers. you get a point if the answer is right and no points if it is wrong. host: our phone lines will be

regional. eastern or central time zone, (202)-748-8000. you can call us on (202)-748-8000. if you are in mountain, pacific you can call us on (202)-748-8001. high school students only for this hour, up until the end of the program. last question before we start talking with students. what is your advice for these last two days? what should students be doing now? sunshine: there are number of things that would be the priority right now. exhale first of all. trust what you have done. you put a whole year into doing this work. it is all there. it is in your brain. you just need to engage in retrieval practice. that is best fueled by sleep, good nutrition and not panicking . you can never go wrong reviewing vocab. this is in many ways a big vocabulary test.

make sure you are conversant in the vocab. it is a fantastic approach. being a good test strategist is as important as knowing the information. then reviewing the documents. shoshona: in addition, i would suggest if someone wanted to spend time reviewing, this is not the time to learn new info or minutia. this is a time to be categorizing in your brain which concepts in this course, which documents and cases go together. almost making mind maps about federalism, civil rights and so on would be a good use of time. host: an area both of you wanted to talk about was the quantitative analysis questions. we will put up a sample on the screen. talk about what this is and what you can tell us about these questions. shoshona: the benefit is you are looking at a visual. it is in front of you.

the data and info is there for you to grab. you want to check what is on the horizontal access. what is on the vertical access? don't ignore titles. if there is a title or at the top or at the bottom of the visual, be sure to read it. the other thing you want to check before the questions, are there numbers? is there data in the visual? when you get to the questions you're usually going to see a straightforward identify in part a. that will be a pretty easy statement. sunshine: part a is can you read any infographics? don't over think it. when you see the verb identify that means list. , that is not a time to write an essay. quickly and concisely answer the question, which is not to say shortchange it. write one clear sentence describing in clear language but make sure you give a direct answer to the question.

shoshona: partb will ask you to delve further into what you're seeing and analyze it. if your graphic has numbers, part b better have numbers in your answer. you want to use numbers provided to you as an illustration of the concepts or answer you provided in part a. sunshine: make sure you describe those numbers accurately. that is what, where reading the labels on the chart, if there is any kind of table or graph, it of paramount importance. if that chart is showing percentages, your answer needs to say percentages. if it changes over time, your answer needs to show the percentage increase. not the number increase. we don't know if the raw number increase from the graphic means a percentage increase. be very precise. when you are asked to apply this, make sure you pick an application option that connects to the data. if the question is about elections, your answer shouldn't

talk about lobbying. lobbying is about policymaking, not getting the job. it is about what you do with someone who already has the job. if you asked about triangles and you need to pick an interest group, not a political party, make sure your precisely asking a question, you are pulling down from the prompt to support your answers. people get intimidated about quantitative analysis questions because oh there is math. the nice thing is so much of the answer is on the page. just transfer it to your response so you know how to use it. on this infographics, there is a change over time. you would want to compare apples to apples. if we are talking about republicans, you want to compare it to republicans in the second group. host: ladies, let's talk to students now. students we have challenge , questions for you.

if you answer correctly, the first to that answer will get some c-span merch. we have a c-span water bottle and totebag. the first two students that answer correctly or you can ask a question to the teachers. first up is madison in virginia. caller: hi. host: do you have a question? caller: i would like to do both. shout out my ap government teacher miss mills. host: ok. caller: yea! you describe the difference between a mandate and certain types of grants such as a block grant or a project grant? sunshine: those things are not

mutually exclusive. a mandate we think about as an order. if the mandate comes as money it is a funded mandate. if it comes without money from the federal government, it is unfunded. that is why we see reforms to that like the unfunded mandates reform act. if the mandate, which is in order, the best example and easiest to write about is the americans with disabilities act. [no audio] host: looks like we may be having technical trouble. i think they are coming back. let's see if we can get them back. there they are. ok ladies, go ahead. sunshine: thank you. if the mandate comes with money -- [no audio] host: all right, it looks like we are having trouble. let's see if we can't go to our next caller, which is jackson in

parker, colorado. hi jackson. caller: hi. i have a question. host: do you want to do a shout out? caller: yes, miss gable from parker colorado. she teaches our seventh grade ap government class. she is just the greatest. host: ok go ahead. caller: my question is what are the different types of polling you think we should know for the ap government exam? host: different types of polling. did you guys get that? shoshona: we did. for polling in general, they are not going to get super specific. i remember, back a million years ago when i took the ap art history test, i memorize different types of greek [no audio]

host: we are having trouble with that line, as you can see. let's give it a few seconds, try to get it back. [no audio] ok. all right. it is not looking good for that line out of california. let's talk to savanna, high point, north carolina. hi savanna. caller: hi. i would like to shout out miss t from my ap government class. i have a question. can you explain the court case, new york times versus u.s.?

host: ladies, do we have you back? are you there? sunshine: we are here. can you hear us? host: i can hear you. sunshine: ok yay! [no audio] host: ok. we will save that question and we will go to our next caller as the control room is working hard to get those two ladies back. we will do our best. let's talk next to caitlin, summerfield, north carolina. hi caitlin. caller: shout out my teacher. what do you think the argumentative essay is going to be on this year? host: ok, the argumentative essay. what are you prepared for, caitlin?

caller: i think i am most prepared for multiple-choice. i think the most confusing thing is the argumentative essay for me. i am prepare -- trying to prepare for that. host: are you feeling pretty confident about it, this test? caller: my teacher has gone over a lot of things really well. we have practice s are choose a lot. srqs a lot. host: do you watch c-span a lot? caller: i hadn't heard about c-span until the special. host: ladies, are you there?

shoshona: we are here. host: great. ok. caitlin wants to know what you think of the argumentative essay is going to be about? sunshine: we know for sure it will ask you to discuss foundational documents. while we cannot predict exactly what it will be about, the odds are heavier in favor of there being something to do with checks and balances. we would recommend as long as you are familiar with the foundational documents, that gives you an advantage. remember that with the argumentative essay, you need to pick a side and stick to it. your thesis needs to have a "because." whatever evidence you use from your foundational documents, it doesn't have to be what you necessarily believe. shoshona: look at the question with the evidence you are allowed for that first body paragraph. which evidence can you use to assert either side of the claim and make that argument? remember for your second body paragraph, you can use any evidence you want. you can use historical information, current events, anything you have learned in this course. you can use a different one of

the foundational documents offered to you. my last recommendation would be remember to connect the dots. whatever you said for your because in your thesis statement, you want to make sure you take that evidence in body paragraphs one and two and connect it especially. -- connected illicitly. do not write fancy. write it like you are explaining it to an intelligent 11-year-old where you're making the connection explicit to the reader. sunshine: do not assume your reader knows what you know. give a full and clear explanation. take the simplest explanation. i know you're not particularly sporty but what would you call an orange ball you bounce and shoot into a hoop? shoshona: a basketball. sunshine: exactly. you would not call it an orange ball that you shoot it into a circle dissected via vertical line. you would call it a basketball. we can use those shortcuts to call things what they are, as

long as you remember the term. shoshona: if you cannot write around it, throw the spaghetti at the wall and see if it will stick. if you can use the term, use the term and define it. oftentimes students get lost in explaining. they forget, i am supposed to show how this furthered free elections. the most important thing is how your evidence connects to it, find a lane, make an argument. explain to an intelligent 11-year-old your argument. host: were you able to answer the question about the court case? sunshine: the big piece there is a heavy presumption against prior restraint.

that is the take away. the idea is can you ban something in advance? generally, the answer has been no. that is a throwback to what was happening under british law when the constitution was written. in this case there was the attempt to stop the publication of something beforehand. it got challenged. the supreme court said anything that proves prior restraint comes to the court with heavy presumption. it presumes invalid. you have to show national security reasons in order to engage in prior restraint. that is the key take away from the case. shoshona: also, the publication of the pentagon papers was embarrassing to the national government and nixon was clearly opposed, it did pose a national security risk. the issue a prior restraint was thereforethe issue a prior restraint was, a bigger concern to the court then the embarrassment to the government. sunshine: a great thematic look which will cut across so many cases and decisions of balancing.

that is the keyword. something an individual wants or wants to do with the good of the whole. if you think of most of the cases in that way, how are we trying to strike a balance between one piece and the other? that will help cut through some of the language that can be confusing. host: i have a tweet for you from olive. what is something that may be used to check the bureaucracy other than passing legislation? sunshine: when you're thinking about checks and balances, you have to think about the branch. as you know the bureaucracy in , the executive branch, you then you have to go with congress or the judiciary. the judiciary checks are easy. judicial review. they can review these actions and find those have out stepped to the constitution. when you're dealing with congress, any of my students from el dorado high school, my beloved second period class is watching, power of the purse.

the power of the purse works in almost any answer that involves congress. those bureaucratic agencies all get their funding from congress. power of the purse, you think oversight. oversight almost always works as well. host: kayla, corona, california. do you want to answer a question or ask a question? caller: can i ask a question? shout out mr. willis sixth but first, can i period. can you talk about redistricting and explain why apportionment must precede redistrictin? g shoshona: for apportionment, the issue is to have a fair drawing

of districts so you have appropriate representation in congress. it is based on the census every 10 years. it is important once the census measures where people are, district are drawn in a way that does not more heavily weight the vote of people of one area more than another. sunshine: you need apportionment first. props for getting up early. you need to know how many districts to draw. apportionment tells you how many seats you get, districting tells you where they will go. host: next up, maria, ohio. caller: hi. can i give quick shout out to my ap gove teacher. a quick shout out to mr. patton. he is great. host: do you have a question or

do you want to answer a question? caller: what is the main thing we should focus on when looking at the constitution? sunshine: for review, checks and balances. you are absolutely going to need to know how different branches can limit each other. you cannot go wrong with the bill of rights because you know in the comparison question you will be asked about a court case that almost definitely will be routed somewhere in the bill of rights. there are a few that aren't. almost all of them are. the big thing is checks and balances and concerning which of the powers are formal powers so you can identify which ones are informal. shoshona: familiarize yourself with a couple phrases. necessary and proper. you want to know the supremacy

clause. and you probably want to have a clear example in mind and your back pocket ready to use in writing of a couple of formal powers congress has, a couple of formal powers the president has and then we know what the courts can do. host: connor is next in mooresville, north carolina. caller: hi. i have a question. i would like to shout out my governor teacher. if the president were to disagree with actions taken by an independent agency, what can the president do to limit the effects of these actions? sunshine: really good question. one of the first things is change the budget request that he or someday she and the omb request, when they are creating a budget request eventually sent

to congress and haggled over. the president can reflect his or her agenda by requesting additional funding or there can be a punitive action are of requesting far less funding for a specific agency in order to impact the power they have to carry out their agenda which may be in conflict with the president's. host: we have a tweet from carter. he says shout out to my teacher. , which court cases are expected to play the biggest roles in the exam this year? ladies? sunshine: even though we like armchair gaming, we never recommend trying to guess. the college board has their mysterious ways. also we have a few other factors in play.

this version of the test is only a couple years old. we are still finding our way with what they may do and not do. more importantly, there were so many different prompts. so many cases got used that it is difficult to say that these not used in these were left over. we are hoping for a first amendment free speech case. it could be anything else, the key thing is, know how the cases connect to each other. try to categorize the cases. if you can't recall the name of the case you can write what it was about and you will still get

some points. host: next call is from california. caller: i would like to both ask and take a question. i might not be able to hear very well. host: ask your question first. host: is the supreme court term stare decises synonymous with president -- president. guest: it is. host: i am sorry, i won't be able to give you a question. let's talk to maggie from north carolina. good morning maggie. caller: i would like to shout

out my government teacher. host: would you like to receive a question or ask a question? caller: would they ever contrast to well-known cases or cases they have never heard of? guest: the cases have exclusively been unfamiliar cases or cases they would assume were unfamiliar to students. i don't think there will be a gotcha where they would ask a question about a case that is relatively familiar and they expect you to know information. it will probably be one that you have not heard before or don't know much about. everything you need to know about the case will be on the page. there is not an expectation that you are familiar other than the

procedures to be able to compare those with the information that is on the page. host: jacqueline is up next from california. caller: good morning. i would like to give a shot out to my teacher. i have a question about political cartoons. i wanted to ask how would you suggest would be the best way to analyze the political cartoon in the multiple-choice or writing section? guest: the best way to attack it is by reading the question first. before you even do that, when you see that question, skip it on a multiple-choice. do the easy questions first. any question that is long, time-consuming, skip it.

what if the best attacks is not to go numerically, get the easy points first. the questions at the back in of the test have the lowest rate of correct answers because students run out of time. you want to remember, this question is not scored on a metric, it is scored relative to the rest of the country. having a good test strategy will be your best friend. when you do go back to it, read the question first. you can find the best answer without using the info graphic. you can look at the cartoon to

confirm what the answer is. when you are looking at the cartoon, any labels, captions, the year it was published will give you information and you can go ahead and look at the details. i would only add that occasionally, you get a question about the message and it will be difficult without investigating it. there are three levels you want to look at. literally, what is there? and then what is inferred? what is the insinuation from the political cartoon? and then what is the explanation, the conclusion that can be drawn from that. host: good luck on that. brady is next from north carolina. caller: my question is, can you

explain super pacs? guest: the short version is that pacs have stricter rules. there are much lower limits because money can be donated directly to candidates and their campaigns. the federal government has limitations on how much an individual or a can is a -- organization can donate. while super pacs don't go directly to the candidate. it is an independent

expenditure, independent of the candidate. the court said those donations cannot be limited because they are a form of free speech. super pacs are big-money with more restrictions pacs can go directly to the candidate. super pac's are supersized. they will not be governed by coordination with the candidate. host: next up is sage in california. caller: i want to shout out my teacher who was on tv right now. host: how do you think your

teacher is doing right now? caller: i think she is doing a great job. host: do you want to ask a question or answer a question? caller: can i answer a question. host: identify and describe examples of pluralistic democracy in u.s. government. caller: pluralist democracy would be the idea that multiple groups have influence on our democracy. that would be referring to interest groups and one example of pluralist democracy in action would be with lobbying and groups like the aclu trying to make sure that individuals have

their own civil rights and civil liberties so they would go to senators and representatives and ask them to pass legislation that would represent their group specifically. guest: great job, great job. host: congratulations, you get a c-span water bottle. let's go next to aiden from california. aiden, you have to mute your tv. are you there? go ahead. caller: i would like to answer a challenge question. host: if you get it right, you get a c-span totebag.

identify and explain away that congress can check the power of the courts. caller: one of the ways congress can check the power of the court is through the power of the purse which is the power that congress has. they can reduce financing to the courts and they can review the courts at state and local levels. host: is that good enough ladies? guest: i would want to clarify a little bit. we know that congress has power over the jurisdiction of the court. they can establish new cords aside from adding to the supreme court. they can create new cords and indicate what their jurisdiction is. congress has a great deal of influence over the court because

they are the ones who confirm who is going to be the judges on federal courts. in the constitution, the president appoints with the advice and consent of the senate. this would be away for the congress to influence the court by confirming people who are dedicated to the law, knowledgeable and appropriate people to adjudicate cases that the federal level. host: aiden, you get a c-span totebag. gavin is up next in florida. good morning gavin. caller: i want to give a shout out and wish my teacher a happy birthday. my question is, how did the 14th amendment secure individual rights? guest: you have two ways you can

approach it. the due process clause, the due process clause is the basis for selective incorporation. selective incorporation is using the due process clause to apply the bill of rights to the state on ace date vice -- case-by-case basis. the 14th amendment is the reason that the supreme court has used to require the states to use the bill of rights.

the citizens within those states receive the protections of the bill of rights. host: danielle is next in corona, california. caller: i would like to shout out my ap government class. what is the responsibility of the -- committee? guest: it is the traffic cops. they set up the rules of the debate. there is unlimited debate in the house. order controls outcome. the guys on the house rules committee are powerful. host: kate from bulloch, north

carolina. caller: i was going to ask a question. what is the role of bureaucracy and what are their powers and influence? guest: the bulk of our government is in the bureaucracy. it is clear to us, we have the president that executes laws. we have congress who creates laws. we have judicial which in terprets laws. because we have so many laws, one man cannot execute all of that. we have different branches of

the bureaucracy responsible for that. another term you want to know is bureaucratic discretion. when congress writes a law, they don't put all the my new ship in. it is up to the department of bureaucracy to interpret and create their own rules within their application of the law. they have a great deal of power because if congress says to go to ask, they have the opportunity to decide what, how, when and that gives them a great deal of control over the ways the laws impact us as citizens. host: carson is in tennessee. caller: are you still doing answering questions? host: would you like a question?

have you muted your tv? here is your question. explain how selective incorporation expanded civil liberties. caller: selective incorporation was when the core decided to use the 14th amendment to apply amendments in the bill of rights it applied them more broadly. guest: quick clarification. it is the due process clause. great job. host: matthew is in corona,

california. caller: it is michael. i would like to shout out my teacher. my teacher is which of the following has a quicker impact on the economy, military or fiscal policy? guest: generally speaking, that would depend on which tools are used. there are not a whole lot of right or wrong answers. if you got a question like that, you need to ask what pool is being used. if fiscal policy says it will pass stimulus check, it will have a quick effect.

otherwise, there is not a clear-cut answer. you would want to focus on is what is the distinction between the two and what do each of them look like in practice. host: we have a tweet from oak cliff. what was the overall impact on citizens united on campaign reform and freedom of speech? guest: the impact can't be overstated. citizens united had an massive impact indicating that unions and corporations, for the purpose of the first amendment are treated as people and they do have free speech by

clarifying that political spending is free speech and by opening the door to unlimited political spending through super pac's, where the money is not going to the candidate. it is going to issues. the impact is pretty significant on expansion of first amendment rights. host: let's talk to thomas in levittown, new york. caller: i would like to do my two ap government teachers. for my question, can you explain the difference between keyesian

and supply side economics. one is priming the pump and supply side is trickle-down. jeezy and spending is the new deal. keyesian is putting people to work. they will take that check and they will take it to the grocery store. then the guy at the grocery store will have money and also be able to pay his cashier. that money is moving. we are putting that money in someone's pocket. putting that money in on the ground level. supply-side is like putting a

tax break on a corporation. then that corporation will use it for research and development, marketing and then they can spread the money around. it is both about government investment of money into the economic sector, it is a question about where the money goes in on the top or the bottom. host: the stimulus checks would be a really good example of ke ynesian. host: next we have ryan. caller: i have a quick question for you guys. how would you describe, --

guest: that last prong of the triangle can be complicated. it is the idea that the bureaucracy is implementing the law. usually, to interest groups, an agency like the sec. it is imposing fines on media companies when there has been a transgression. if you are the interest group, you have an incentive and how the sec interprets the rules. the interest groups can try to lobby directly, that is not as effective as lobbying the congressman.

congress controls the budget, so the relationship is the interest group lobbying the congressional committee. host: next is alexis from california. caller: i have a question. i want to know what the best way to start an essay. guest: which part? caller: the argumentative essay. guest: the first thing you want to look at is what exactly is the question asking you. for students at my high school,

one of the challenges we work on is making sure that in your response you are not answering a different question that is on the page. you want to make sure what that question is asking. look at the three pieces of evidence from which you will build your first paragraph. which side of the argument can you argue better and then, go with the one you can argue better. once you make your argument, you have to have a because. that because has to be revisited in your explanation of your essay. keep that consistent argument

and keep that because in all of your commentary. remember that for your second body paragraph, you can use any evidence, any historical event, or one of the three documents that were provided to you. ap does not just mean answer the prompt. that is the most important thing to do. host: let's take a tweet from emerson and ohio. first i would like to shout out my teacher. my question is are there more stimulus based multiple choice based questions than regular questions? guest: there are quite a few. you will have the non-stimulus

ones towards beginning. it might be half-and-half if you count the ones without a table. you will expect there will be a package of some sort that you will have to interpret an info graphic. i would say it is in the gray area. that will be on the back portion. for each stimulus you will have multiple questions so that will give you an opportunity to answer the questions first and then look at the stimulus and pick it apart for what you are looking for. do not get intimidated, you will be able to handle it. host: sophia is next in dayton, ohio.

caller: my question is, what is the difference between due process and the fifth and the 14th amendment's? guest: in the fifth amendment it limits the federal government and host: that will be our last l for today. thank you for joining us, and we are wishing all of the students a great exam on monday and best of luck. guest: you've got this. trust what you've done and attacked the test. don't just take the test, the test might take you. attacked the test. -- attack the test. host: you can see c-span in the classroom on our website. if you missed any of today's program or would like to watch it again as you review for the

exam, you can find the streaming video at c-span.org/classroom and relisten to the audio as part of our c-span in the classroom podcast at c-span.org /podcast, the free c-span now video app, or where you listen to podcasts. you can watch a discussion on the advanced placement u.s. history exam with co-authors of the fabric of the nation, a brief history with skills and sources for the ap history course. they will explain how this year's exam is structured, provide strategies for answering questions, and analyze historical documents. that airs today at 10:00 a.m. and 1:00 p.m. eastern on c-span 2. that is it for today's washington journal. i want to thank everyone who called in. we will be back tomorrow at 7:00 a.m. eastern.

in the meantime, have a great saturday. ♪ >> c-span is funded by these television companies and more, including cox. >> cox system it -- committed to providing eligible families access to affordable internet through the program. reaching the digital divide one connected -- at a time. >> cox supports c-span as a public service along with these other television providers, giving you a front-row seat to democracy. >> tonight, trevor noah

headlines the first white house correspondents association dinner since 2019. president biden is also expected to attend, making this the first time since 2016 that a sitting president has made an appearance. our television coverage begins at 8:00 p.m. eastern on c-span. we will have sights and sounds from insides of -- inside the ballroom and highlights from past dinner ahead of the speaking program. coverage on c-span.org and the c-span now video app begins live at 6:00 p.m. eastern where you can watch celebrities, journalists, and other guests walked the red carpet as they arrive for the dinner. the white house correspondents association dinner, live tonight on c-span, c-span radio, c-span.org, and on the c-span now video app. >> the associated press is reporting on a surprise prisoner exchange between the u.s. and russia.

30-year-old marine veteran trevor reed had been serving a nine-year sentence in russia after being arrested in 2019 for allegedly assaulting a police officer. he has now been released in exchange for a russian pilot who is jailed in the u.s. for conspiring to smuggle cocaine into the country. the ap says, even as the biden administration forwarded the swarm, it made clear the resolution did not herald a broader rate through between their countries, in reference to the outgoing tensions of the war in ukraine. approved a resolution calling -- in a separate matter the house is now approved a resolution calling for the release of another american detained in russia, michigan businessmen paul we lin was arrested in december of 2018 on an espionage charge. he was later convicted and