is our home too arrogant we are facing our greatest challenge. sparklight is working around-the-clock to keep you connected. we do our job so it is a little easier to do yours. announcer: sparklight supports c-span along with these other television providers, giving you a front row seat to democracy. announcer: coming up on washington journal, we will take your calls and comments and hear from anna giaritelli, i house republican focus on border patrol and homeland security efforts to monitor the seven -- the southern border. and how students can prepare for the u.s. government and politics exam with el dorado high school teacher, sunshine cavalluzzi. washington journal is next. ♪ host: good morning.

today is saturday, april 29, 2023. the latest polls are showing former president trump is the front runner for the 2024 republican nomination. earlier this week, we took calls from just democrats and independents on the topic. this morning, we are asking republicans and independents only who your next preferred candidate is. lines are split by region. if you are in the eastern or central time zone, it is (202) 748-8000. if you are in mountain or pacific, it is (202) 748-8001. you can send us a text at (202) 748-8003. we are on social media at facebook.com/c-span and twitter at c-span wj. take a look. this is nbc news with the headline "biden versus trump 2024 would be the rematch nobody wants guest: --."

this pushes america one step closer to biden-trump too. it says ironically every turn engagement looks likely at a time when the vast majority of americans believe the country the two men lead back to back is on the right -- wrong track. in a survey released sunday, 70% of respondents said president biden should not run into 60% said former president trump should not. most polls show the longtime rivals within a few points of each other, jesting there has not been a seismic political shift in the country since biden one -- won the 2023 electoral college with a neuro-victory in several key states. referencing the nbc news poll,

here is the headline "nbc news poll, nearly 7 of gop voters stand behind trump indictment and investigations." take a look. which statement comes closer to your view on the investigation into donald trump and can nomination president either they are politically motivated, attempt to stop trump, no other candidate is like him, we must support him. or it is important to nominate a candidate who would not be so just -- distracted and can beat joe biden. 68% chose the first statement. another question from this poll, should former president trump run in 20 24? asking gop voters. 60% said no. 35% said yes.

let's hear from the former president who was at a campaign event thursday in amateur and talked about his lead in the. [video clip] these polls are amazing. today is very important. an emerson pokey and out and said trump is at 62%. ron desantis at 17%. mike pence at 7%. people are obviously wanting strong voters and low taxes. we want to low interest rates. we want to be read active throughout the world, not left at. i've set it this week, someone said what you think about --? i said he is a very powerful and strong man at the top of his game. the fake news media said, what am i going to say? he controls 1.5 billion people. he is not to take the top of his game. the same thing with other

leaders. they are sharp, smart and at the top of their game. he is not close and he never had a top of the game if you go back five years. in this week's big morning consul program, trump is leaving by 37 points. i don't know if you have seen these things, these are good numbers. it makes this job your. do not assume that they just keep working. under the clarity campaign, i lead by 45 points. 65 -- with the santos at 20%. hints at 4%, -- mike pence at 4%, nikki haley at 4%. and sloppy chris at 1%. which is better than he did previously. he was less than 1% and now he is still less than 1% but he is doing much better.

he has a big mouth. host: we are asking callers this morning. just republicans and independents, who your preferred presidential candidate for 2024. we'll start with carol calling us from new york. caller: hello. glad to be on the phone with you. we need donald trump so badly. it is unbelievable. this country is literally falling apart. there is nobody that can help with this country together except for donald trump. host: tell me what specifically you want him to do for the country. caller: i want him to get respect back from the rest of the world. everyone thinks president biden is a joke. who can be in your basement and win an election? if this election originally was a fraud.

now, 90% of us republicans think it was a complete fraud. the only ones that don't are these republicans like cheney who have no respect for the country at all. we desperately need our market back. we need homes. we need a country back. my family came over on the mayflower and signed the declaration of independence. they would be rolling in their graves at what president biden and the democrats have lied and cheated -- this man has been abused since 2016. he has been abused, fraud nonstop. the cia, the fbi, and then of the elected will do anything about it. host: carol, how do you feel about any other candidate? caller: i don't want any of them. host: all right.

been in pennsylvania. good morning. caller: president trump is 100% my preferred candidate for the republican nomination. host: why? caller: he is the only one in my opinion who can look at -- look who is trailing him in second place. ron desantis, i will give him credit. initially he appeared to be a pretty respectable challenger, but at this point, he is fizzling out. we are well over a year from the election. the size ron desantis, there is no other republican -- this could change. i do not expect it to. but there is no other republican that could beat donald trump. for the new york city media to say people are over donald trump, he is yesterday's news, that is not the case. in the u.s., among republicans, donald trump is the only one who

will be able to secure the nomination by far. host: if it was somebody else, would you automatically vote for the republican? if it was not donald trump, what would you do? caller: in the primaries, i would certainly vote for donald trump regardless of how he is doing. but like i said, i expect him to do very well. but are you referring to the general election? host: for the general nomination. if he does not get the nomination, what would you do? caller: even if it is not donald trump, i would vote for the republican nominee, yes. host: he mentioned for the governor ron desantis who was earlier at the heritage foundation leadership summit. he talked about the conservative movement and his take on "woke" ideology. [video clip] >> it is not just k-12, we are

also looking at higher education reform. over many years, and even decades, higher education has been used to pursue a political agenda and advanced social justice rather than into the pursuit of truth. we have enacted reforms in florida so now, every tenured professor in our state university system must undergo a review in five years and can be let go for poor performance. [applause] within the next few weeks, i will be signing legislation to make florida, i think, the first in the country -- i think we may have beat texas to it by think they will do it too. we are eliminating so-called de i in our public university system. they say it stands for

diversity, equity, and inclusion but all it is is about the imposition of an ideological agenda on the student body and apple tv area we think, as practice, dei more appropriately stands for discrimination, exclusion, and indoctrination and has no place in our public institutions. part of what we are called about to do is look at what i call the "woke mind virus". woke ideology seeks to divide our society on the basis of identity politics. it is an attack on merit and team. it represents a war on truth. do not tell me babies are born racist. do not tummy men can get pregnant. that is not true and i do not accept that.

the "woke" represents a war entrée. you must represent and engage in a war on woke. host: governor ron desantis. we are asking republicans and independents who your performed -- preferred candidate is. take a look at this nbc news poll that came out about a week ago, putting donald trump at 46%. this is just for republican primary voters. ron desantis follows at 31%. mike pence is at 6%. nikki haley, tim scott and asa hutchinson at 3%. you can give us a call by region if you are a republican or an independent and let us know your word candidate is. we have a couple text. here is stephen in michigan. he says, as a true independent, so far republicans have not been -- done anything for the

country. they do not get my vote until they learn how to govern. this is michelle in pennsylvania. "i am only voting for donald trump and never president biden ." here's anthony. i am an independent and devoted green in the last three elections. give us a call. take a look at this article. ron desantis has not formally announced but this article is saying ron desantis is set to jump into the 2024 presidential fray in mid day -- mid may. frederick governor ron desantis is posed to jump into the presidential race as soon made may. one of the sources emphasized that it would be an exploratory committee with an official

launch coming soon after. some of his backers are urging him to declare as early as may 11 counter the creeping national narrative that former president donald trump is the overwhelming front runner for the 2024 gop nomination. others in the governor's orbit argued that date would be too soon, according to two of the sources. all emphasize that in mid may is the target. ron desantis is long viewed as trump's strongest republican challenger in 2024 and has traveled far outside florida in recent we to raise his profile. some of his allies have begun to question his readiness as his poll numbers have lagged and he has fell victim to a series of self-inflicted wounds. let's talk next to donald in delaware. hello. what do you think?

caller: i am voting for neither one of them. i think people are forgetting what the trump family and the biden family have in common. both families are accused of being criminal families. we are trying to decide, what criminal families should run our country. i think that is pretty sad. i am sorry but i would vote for neither one of them. i hope both will have common sense to get out of the race and let the people of both public parties try to find someone qualified to run this country. host: before you go, who would you like to see? would you vote for? caller: casey from ohio. what he would give back -- host: why? caller: i think he is someone who can actually work with both parties and does not have the one word all of them talk about.

"power". power, power, power. thank you very much. host: as you probably know, there is a lawsuit between disney and fortis governor ron desantis. the guardian says "ron desantis says the disney lawsuit is a political stunt with no merit. he says disney's lawsuit over his attempt to seize its self-governing powers is a political stunt with no legal merit being increasingly adult, governor ron desantis told reporters on thursday. "i do not think the suit has merit, the days of putting companies on a pedal -- pedestal with no accountability is over". this is officially a trade mission for his statement widely seen as an attempt to burnish his image ahead of an expected presidential run. ."

let's take a look at portion of governor desantis' comments about the dispute with disney. [video clip] >> they are upset because they actually have to live about the same rules -- lived by the same as everyone else. they do not want to pay taxes like everyone else. they want to control things without proper oversight whereas every other floridian has to have this type of oversight, all florida businesses. it is much too be complaining about. i think the student does not have merit and is political. i think they filed with tallahassee for a reason because they are trying to generate some district court decision but we are very confident. >> a of floridians were upset, particularly parents, that they went so headstrong if you trying to get the sexualization of curriculum into elementaries. we do not think that is

appropriate in florida. that spans partisan and everything. parents want kids to be kids and want to focus on the basis of education. host: who is right candidate for 2024? robert, florida. hello. caller: i think ron desantis will be perfect for president. he is standing up for florida it is not afraid of disney world. he totally wants him to just keep teaching english and science. host: why do you think you would be good as president of the u.s.? caller: he was young and in the military. we have a war going on with the put. i think he knows how to stand up to him. vladimir putin is a lunatic. i don't know why he is starting something, blowing up buildings

and kids. there is no promise to something like that. host: craig in wichita falls, texas. hello. caller: hello. what a pleasure it is to speak the. i have a prediction for everything. i believe we are going to see trump running against biden. but i would prefer to see ron desantis with nikki haley running against michelle obama and susan rice. but by actual choice would be rand paul with chelsea gather, running against gavin newsom versus nancy pelosi. what do you think of that? host: that is a lot going on there. richard in louisville, kentucky. hello. caller: donald trump and donald trump, jr. are wrong in telling

ron desantis that he should not fight disney the way he is fighting them. it is a morale in the issue. you do not have grown man programming little children and doing what they are doing. donald trump, jr. came out and is against ron desantis and him fighting the disney corporation. that's corporation is not more important than our children. i have two grandsons, little guys. to think that they would be ok with this drive behavior around our children. it is a loser for donald trump and he better get his head out of his backside. host: another topic, of course, is abortion. here is the phil who says, 20 -- the hill who says, 2024 republicans run into a buzz saw on abortion.

they are running into a political bus on abortion with presidential candidates leading to adopt highly restrictive policies that other in the gop think will cost the party the white house next year. donald trump is the front runner for the 2024 gop nomination and received significant pushback from several high-profile abortion groups with his campaign issued a statement just to he supported the idea of the issue of abortion should be decided at the state level. he sought to defend himself on abortion following the criticism, noting the three supreme court justices tapped in office were ultimately part of the high court majority in overturning roe v. wade last year. let's take a look at nikki haley. she was at an event on tuesday, at the susan b. anthony pro-life americas office, talking about her views on abortion.

[video clip] >> you do not save any lives if you cannot and act or into law. you cannot do that unless you find consensus. reaching consensus starts with humanizing, not demonizing. just like i have my story, i respect everyone who has their story. i do not judge someone who is pro-choice anymore than i want them to judge me from -- for being pro-life. today, each state is finding its own consensus, as it should. nationally however, the task is much harder. as a practical matter, who only achieved consensus when you have a house majority, a 60 vote senate majority, and a president who are all in alignment. we are nowhere close to reaching that point. today, there are around 45

pro-life centers depending on how you count them. there have not been 60 republican senators 1910. it could happen one day but it has not happened in over a hundred years and is unlikely to happen soon. we have to face this reality. the pro-life laws that have passed in strongly republicans will not be approved at the federal level. that is just a fact. notwithstanding what the democrats your mongers said. they say republicans are about to ban all abortions nationwide and sent women to prison. these wildly false claims, amplified by sympathetic media, are not designed to do anything other than score political points. they know as well as anybody that no republican president will have the ability to ban abortion nationwide, just as no

democratic president can override the laws of all 50 states. it is just not going to happen. but that does not mean that we cannot save as many lives as possible. i do believe there is a federal role on abortion whether we can save more lives nationally depends entirely on doing what no one else has done to date. that is to sign consensus -- find consensus. host: nikki haley, a presidential candidate. we are asking republicans and independents who your preferred presidential candidate is. burning in louisville, kentucky. hello. caller: hello. first time we spoke. i have a wish list. it is only three people but nobody on your list. somebody mentioned john kasich. i would definitely vote for him if he runs again but i think he is too smart for that.

the other two may have been on your show. when was on two days ago. don bacon and nancy mace. host: why do you like them? caller: they do not appear to be afraid of the base. they speak their mind and represent everybody in their district, not just keep -- just people who put them in your office. president is a temporary job. at the very most, it is going to be eight years. i do not think that if donald trump is elected president that we can handle another four years of chaos. plus, i am sure you have talked to him before, they have been on your show. they bring funny and sometimes that is what you need. you need somebody that can bring the funny. they are good at that. will you be at the white house correspondents dinner? host: nell, i did not get invited. [laughter]

but you are in kentucky, i wonder what you think of rand paul, the senator. someone mentioned earlier. caller: i go back and forth on him. he was running for president in 2016, i was taking hard looks at him because i liked what he said. then, being in kentucky, you get a large dose of rand paul and mitch mcconnell. i go back and forth on mitch mcconnell. he is a longtime politician and a very good at his job. is no one in kentucky that can beat him. he will be there and does not want to be. every time i get on your show, i am one to be campaign for nancy mace and don bacon. host: bernie mentioned the white house correspondents dinner that is happening tonight. this year's headliner is the daily show's roy wood junior.

president biden is expected to speak. the red carpet arrivals begin at 6:00 p.m. eastern and you can watch that on our free c-span now mobile video app and also online at c-span.org. the actual correspondents dinner begins at 8:00 p.m. and we will have live coverage right here on c-span so you do not want to miss that. steve is next. anderson indiana -- anderson, indiana. republican. good morning. caller: good morning. it is definitely donald trump. nobody else can perform like donald trump. he is respected all over the world. every country respects him. he is the only one that can get us back on track. he has been there and done that.

he took 7 million people off welfare. he put them back to work. he can do it again. there is no doubt in my mind that he is the only one that can put us back on track. desantis could be a good vice president, that way in four years, he could go ahead and run for president. host: you mentioned vice president. i am wondering what you think of mike pence, the former vice president? caller: he was ok. he is just not -- he is not strong enough to leave the country. in my opinion. it takes a strong person. you have to be strong to fight

off these democrats. donald trump is the one that, i believe, can do it. i do not believe anybody else would come close to being able. ron desantis is not bad. he has done good in florida but i do not know how he would do under a lot of pressure like donald trump has been with was in office. they do not want donald trump in there because trump knows the game. he knows their game and knows how to get things done. host: an earlier caller mentioned gop south carolina candidate nancy mace. she was on washington journal and responded to a question about whether the republican

party was taking an extreme stance on abortion. [video clip] >> roe v. wade allowed for abortion up until birth for any reason. that is not where people are. not to say it was happening to thousands of children every day. that is not what was going on either but that is what it allowed for. on the far right, you have people that do not want any exceptions for rape or incest or other reasons. you have people that vote publicly they do not want women to have access to birth control. in my home state of south carolina, weeks ago, there were state lawmakers. they drafted a bill and filed it. it would charge women for murder if they had an abortion which would mean the death penalty in these eight -- in the state of california. we have often heard about state lawmakers that want to ban women from traveling out of state.

we do have article four of the articles of federation that say anyone can travel across state lines. what are you talking about? some ideas we have heard and percolated not just on the state level but to the national level is insane. that is not what is going to win over female constituent, or mail at this point. we are losing support on this issue because of crazy headlines we see by a small fraction of people with our party. host: we are taking calls this morning until 8:00 a.m. eastern on who you think the -- who your preferred presidential candidate is in 2024. thus republicans and independents. andrew is next in new jersey. caller: good morning. you do a wonderful job. i want you all the time. if i had to deal with a preferred candidate for the 2024

election, i would have to go with desantis because he is younger. trump is too old, biden is too old. we need somebody who is going to greenlight this country. there is too much violence in this country. host: you see governor ron desantis as a uniter? caller: the report card is still out on him but the reality is that social media has gotten -- done damage to this country. i really do not have any hope for the future of the country. i hate to say it. i feel for the young kids. i am on my way out, personally, but i have nieces who have children. i just hope they have a country to grow up in. goodbye. host: michelle from garden grove, california. hello. republican.

caller: good morning. i would vote for donald trump. i would actually love to see nikki haley as his vice president. she seems to have a really good head on her shoulders. she has also been a previous part of his administration, and she was his ambassador. she is recognized by a loss of foreign leaders. she was also somebody that did not take a lot of craft from donald trump when it boiled down to it. host: sorry. i was going to ask, if you like nikki haley, why not support her for president? host: -- caller: because i do not think that she has the -- i am not sure what additive i want to use. there is a way that donald trump, when it came to the median, would be able to take

them on and called him out for everything that tried to call him out for. even with ron desantis, i would love to see him as president by think he needs to stay the governor for florida. maybe in four more years, he would be a candidate for president. but right now, i think donald trump would be the main one that would be able to put law and order back into the forefront. obviously, there is a level of crime that exists that is stuff we have not seen before. the lawlessness -- i even have homeless encampments behind my house. i have to lock my door in fear because of that.

that is not something i have experienced before. i am not saying it is president biden's fault, but with the entire climate he has created, costly talks about the united states. under his administration and himself, it has become a very divided states. the people are divided. host: you feel like former president trump would unite the country? caller: i do not think he would unite the country but i do not think he would put up with the craft that is causing a lot the divide. people are going to hate him no matter what it is he does. he could do good, bad, and they will constantly call him out for the negative. host: let's go to nathan in las vegas, republican. good morning. caller: hello, good morning. donald trump, yes, is the only

one. i am not so concerned with him uniting. but right is right. donald trump was our best president ever. host: why do you say that? caller: look what he did. he sealed the border. he got us all working. he got women working and minorities working. he cuts this country running like a business, because -- he got this country running like a business, because that is what he does. and finally corrupt in -- and taking on all these corrupt democrats, especially the biggest one of all, president biden. i would like to see scott from south carolina as his running mate, because we are going to have to play the democrats' game of identity politics. the black vote is the largest

voting bloc right now aside from episcopalians which is still the biggest. we have to get donald trump back in there. we do not need to be united. what we need to do is just get back to what america is. you cannot say it any better. take america great again. people need to wake up. we live in an atop her see. -- autocracy. society cannot sustain itself but is awarded with good services from the diminishing number of wealthy people who are just going to see it the wrong way. we need donald trump. we need him to get in there. we need him to keep attacking, take on corrupt media, take on everything that is in his way. he is our guide.

host:'s take a look at some texts. william in connecticut. 2020 four election, ron desantis has the quorum, which donald trump never exhibited, but can he win? the jail empowers him further. look at the polls. keep beating the drum, full's helping him unknowingly. here is one from mike in orlando. "an independent for almost 50 years, i would vote for everybody except trump-desantis, maga candidates." caller: i am one of those black voters and also a veteran. number one, -- bicycles for

exercise. i do not understand why they keep saying he is not in shape. number two, donald trump has a rap sheet longer than all the criminals running in the street. and, they cut the budget. they are cutting 22% across-the-board. that includes veterans and anyone else. i know that you are talking to me but i cannot hear you for any reason. host: no, i wasn't talking. who do you want to see for presidential nomination on the republican side? caller: on the republican side? to be president? host: yes. caller: well, if they are voting for this 22% cuts

across-the-board, except for the rich who are getting subsidies since postwar. somebody with common sense right now. there does not seem to be too many republicans that have that. host: richard in nashville, tennessee. independent. caller: good morning. i think donald trump will be the biggest winner of all. i will tell you why. i have watched donald trump. i am going on 70 years and i have watched him ever since i was a kid. he is a few years older than me. if you look at a man, what does it take to build a skyscraper in new york city? you have mafia, corrupt politicians, you have to know about concrete, carpet, and every construction background there is. for a man to go into politics who has never been in politics,

but he knew all of them. chuck schumer. his brother worked, trying to prosecute donald trump. all trump has been anywhere, all the time. for us to have the strongest military, and the most police stay as far as countries. we have the fbi, cia, all these government and police agencies. to this day, they come up with charges that do not amount to holland at the end of the day. i do not understand that he can go through all of this and after 60 or 70 years, he has never been prosecuted on anything until now. it is because he was a democrats, and then he changed his legation to republican, and then democrats went after him. if you think joe biden can run the world, you are an idiot. the reason i became a republican is because when george w. bush

went into iraq when he shouldn't have. that is the reason i went independent. and have voted democrat. host: mike, independent. how are you doing? caller: good. host: go ahead. caller: ok, let me meet the td. host: who is sure for 2024? caller: donald trump. he just makes things work. i want ron desantis to be his running mate. with donald trump, everything was good. joe biden got in, and someone threw a wrench inside and he screwed everything up. i would just like to see -- i would like to see him win though. to get small c.

host: sterling, colorado. republican. caller: inc. you for taking my call. i am amazed i got on. i will try to be nice with the language. i was raised a democrat. i switched to republican with ronald reagan because i cannot take the liberal crop anymore. have never liked president biden. my family does not like him. he is a non-true teller. i was doing better at everything -- i have voted since i was 18 in every election. i am for donald trump. i was doing better with him in office. host: you were doing better in what way? caller: financially, morally,

spiritually, every way. morally, spiritually. host: you were doing better morally. what you mean? caller: i had faith in this country to do the right thing. things were brighter. the way that things are going right now, -- i try to respect democrats. they are entitled to their view but i cannot respect what they vote for. president biden is just bad for this country. hopefully i did not say any bad words or anything. thank you for taking my call. i really hope donald trump or ron desantis, any republican to get in.

i will vote for any republican, but mainly donald trump. host: former arkansas governor asa hutchinson was the most recent to announce his bid for the republican nomination. here is a portion of his remarks from that announcement. [video clip] >> it was here, on the steps, over 30 years ago, that i announce my run for the united states senate. at that time, arkansas was a blue state and the republican party was pretty much nonexistent. i stepped up to take on a runaway federal spending, to fight for a strong, national defense, to support the lives of unborn children, and to police the private sector of our economy. i ran as i conservative -- as a conservative republican when being a republican was like having a career ending handicap. lawyers told me that. i continue to fight the

establishment, and over time, we won. [applause] that was the beginning. since then, i have been a consistent conservative throughout my time as leader of the party in the united states congress, and as governor. now, i bring that same vigor to a fight in another battle. that battle is for the future of our country and the toll of our party. [applause] today, i am announcing that i am a candidate for president of the united states. host: former governor asa hutchinson announcing his bid for the presidency. i wonder what you think of him and the other candidates that are running. we are taking calls from republicans and independents this morning for about the next 15 minutes. david is next.

georgia, republican. good morning. caller: good morning. thank you for taking my call. of course, the donald trump-ron desantis ticket would be the dream ticket that will not happen. we need donald trump in office to take all the rest of the world. host: why do you think it would not happen to have trump -desantis on the same ticket? caller: ron desantis is too full of himself. and i want him to stay employed because that is where my children live. he has done a good job he is too full of himself. on the national stage, he will not be satisfied as vice president. not even for four years. i think what we need to look at

is the rest of the world powers are looking at the news of what is going on in our nation. we need someone to come in and be bold and take them on. no other country wants trump. when they go against him, they cower down. host: deborah, independent, new york. caller: good morning. thank you. inc. you for having al green on. was informative. we do not see a lot of progressive democrats on any longer. i would vote for any progressives, especially female. host: you are an independent. why do you just want an independent -- progressive female? caller: because independents are

progressive. it is not a matter of being on the fence. we just want to make the country stronger. host: who is your preferred candidate? caller: nobody running right now. my preferred candidate would be a progressive female. host: like who? caller: aoc or any of the squad. tammy baldwin. are so many progressive what women out there. it is enough of the white, stagnant man that still believes in hypocrisy and white supremacy. host: james, pennsylvania, republican. host: i just wanted to make a comments that's april 29 is a day that should be remembered that the last u.s. soldiers in the vietnam war died. thank you.

host: chris in newtown, pennsylvania. independent. caller: yes, how are you? host: good. caller: i just want to say that january 6, former president trump orchestrated and watched as rome was burning and did nothing about it. and denies he has any involvement. that and the fact that he raised the debt, i believe, four times higher than it was during his time in office. it is only about himself. he does not give a rats --. it would be a dictatorship if he wins? host: who is your preferred candidate? caller: for republican, asa

hutchinson. if it has to be a choice between donald trump and joe biden, i would choose joe biden. host: chris brought of january 6. is a quote from former vice president mike pen he said these remarks annual white high-grade ir dinner that is attended by politician journalists. he said,ident trump was wrong, i had no right to overturn the election and his reckless words endangered my family and everyone at t capitol that day. i know that history will hold donald trump accountable." that is being reported by nbc news from last month. gilbert's in birmingham, alabama. independent. what do you think? caller: as an independent, i feel that with the choice between the two, donald trump and joe biden, is a case of

extreme far right and extreme far left. i could not vote for either one of them. i have never voted for either one. in democratic states, rob kennedy seems to be coming up and i could support a candidate like him. but to be on the true side, better donald trump nor joe biden become the next president of this country, we have been exposed to the facts of the corruption on both sides. that is the only way we are going to find things out. i cannot support either one of them. host: let's take a look at text we got from mark in texas. he says, longtime republican. i will vote for any republican nominee except donald trump. if he is the nominee, i will sit this one out. kelly in michigan says, donald trump has been proven unable to

win a presidential election. he lost the house and senate under his watch, lost business is to bankruptcy. he has left death and destruction in his wake. joe biden is running stronger than donald trump and santos -- and ron desantis is weaker than ever. caller: i don't know if slim these people are talking have looked around -- if some of these people are talking and have looked around at our world. one just mom was talking about looking into our world morally. i don't know if anybody has. our children are being mutilated. our children's education system, they are being indoctrinated into something. forgive me, when you get on here, you forget what you want to say. our world, morally, is in a horrific state.

i would not have asa hutchinson or nikki haley. and of these people can stand up. do not have the backbone. scott, do not think he would be good either. donald trump is the only one that can pull us out of this. places that joe biden and democrats are taking as to, i do not know what they sold themselves for. but when you are passing pedophile laws, california sb 45, or you look at washington state, schools can take your child if you not agree -- if you do not agree for your child to have a transgender surgery. that is communism. this is insane. i hope people wake up. for those who did not want donald trump, maybe two more years of this stuff and everybody will want to vote for donald trump. host: frank in texas. in morning.

caller: yes, hello? host: yes, you are on the air. caller: i would like to say that i am going to vote in the primaries for ron desantis. because he can win an general election. donald trump, i voted for him twice, but he has alienated too many voters. independents, just look at the facts. he alienated independents and moderate republicans. if donald trump were to get to the general election, i will vote for him, because i will never vote for a godless man like joe biden. host: when you say that former president donald trump alienated voters, how do you think you did that? caller: anyway, i will vote for

ron desantis in the primaries. i will vote for ron desantis in the primaries. if donald trump does make it against joe biden, i will definitely vote for donald trump. because i will never vote for a godless man like joe biden. host: donna in vero beach, florida. republican. caller: hello. i appreciate you taking my call. i have a unique idea and i do not know if it is possible, but asa hutchinson does not have enough polls. mike pence does not have the polls. ron desantis is young, that he is vibrant -- but he is vibrant. also, with donald trump being as possible as he still is, if there was a way to put in donald trump as vice president --

host: vice president to who? caller: vice president to ron desantis or mike pence. mike pence and ron desantis are good god-fearing men. they have a lot more decorum. and at least donald trump would still have his home in the pie. host: do you think donald trump would accept a vice presidential slot? caller: i do not know. but if you wants to be successful, that would be my ideal. that gives donald trump a second opportunity to be part of our government. if he is a legit man, he would accept that. host: connecticut, frank, republican. caller: thank you for taking my call. it would have to be donald trump. he is the strongest leader we

can ever imagine having, to fix problems both internationally and domestically. the reason i am saying this is because i see no reason why not to have him. i have not found a legitimate reason from the adversaries to tell me exactly why they would not want donald trump. everything is based on innuendo, based on ledgers, and everything else. he has proven this job and we need a strong leader for this nation. he is a constitutionalist who believes in this country. he has proven it. on the international front, he is highly respected. as far as ron desantis is concerned, i think he is a great governor, but that is as far as he stands. i do not think the two could ever get along because they are too hardheaded, but i believe ron desantis would be an act with candidate four years

beyond. " who you think would be a good -- host: who do you think would be a good running mate? caller: i think a woman with a very good -- host: did we lose you? ok, joe in dayton, ohio. good morning. let's try michael in alabama. independent. caller: i just want to say, all these people are calling in saying joe biden is godless. donald trump slept with a pornography star. auntie cheated on his wife. and the jeffrey epstein deal, the video of him dancing with epstein.

and his secretary of treasury is the one that made the deal to give epstein the good deal he got. host: so who do you want to see on the ticket? caller: i would like to see tim scott but republicans will not let him be president. donald trump is taking up all the oxygen in the room like he always has. he attacks the media but the media is the one who put him in office, if you ask me. i would like tim scott but i know that will not happen. host: that is our last call for the segment. thank everybody that called in. if you still want to talk about the subject, we are going to have open for them later. coming up on washington journal, anna giaritelli discusses house republican efforts on border security as well as u.n. initiatives to ease the number

of immigntarriving in the u.s.. it is our crime session with socialtues -- cram session with social studies students around the country. w will be taking phone calls from has go students only -- we will be taking phone calls from high school students only. ♪ >> the senate judiciary committee will meet on tuesday to discuss ethics reform. chief justice john roberts was invited to testify but declined. ursday avril haines, and scott berrier talk about worldwide threats before the senate armed services committee. watch next week live on the

c-span netrkor on c-span now, our free mobile video app. or head over to c-span.org to stream video anytime. c-span your unfiltered view of government. >> the very first president to attend a white house correspondents' dinner was calvin coolidge. i had just been elected to the u.s. senate. [laughter] >> watch c-span's live coverage from the hilton hotel where roy wood junior and president biden are expected to speak. also join us for red carpet arrivals at 6:00 p.m. eastern on our free c-span now mobile app, also free online at c-span.org. the white house correspondence' dinner -- correspondents'

dinner tonight at 6:00 p.m.. >> richard norton smith shares his biography of gerald ford, titled an ordinary man. he talks about ford's politics and his attempts to kill the country following the watergate scandal. >> hour-long national night -- our long national nightmare is over. >> ford -- the irony of the phrase is whoever wrote it, ford did not want to use it. he thought it was kicking a man while he was down. he made the case in effect that you do not understand, mr. vice president. they need to hear it.

>> richard norton smith with his book "an ordinary man" on c-span's q and a. >> washington journal continues. host: welcome back to washington journal. i am joined now by anna jeron talley. anna, welcome. guest: it is good to be back. host: we will talk about the board of security and to some of the policies coming out of the department of homeland security as well as the gop plan in the house. if you would like to join us and ask a question you can do so on our lines by party affiliation. mcgrath's -- republicans are

(202) 748-8001, democrats, (202) 748-8000, and independents, (202) 748-8002. we also have a line for those who live on border states. that number is (202) 748-8003. you can also send us a text at that number. guest: my coverage of the border is unique. i was in dca two years working on capitol hill chasing lawmakers and seeing everything policy in person. i went -- i have been down to the southern border, the northern border, the coastal borders. i have had a great opportunity to see how the policy in washington is being implemented

on the border, and over the last two years we have had more than 5 million people encountered at the southern border. that is by border patrol alone. , who -- when i say illegally i mean someone who has crossed illegally has surrendered to border patrol. policies for covid are still in effect for another 12 days or so. that has prompted a lot of people to go between the port. people are immediately expelling people. we have had high recidivism. immigrant advocates are quick to point out we have not had 5 million unique encounters. among them people have tried

multiple times. host: what are we expecting when that covid era policy gets lifted? are we expecting less illegal crossings and more coming in through the ports of entry? >> we -- guest: we are. that is a loaded question. we are seeing between 5000 and 6000 people apprehended at the border every day. historically, the dhs secretary under president obama said 1000 apprehensions a day would constitute a crisis. that is where we are now. we are expecting 13,000 to 18,000 people apprehended every day when title ii ends on may 11.

that is not people who do not get away. may 11 is the big day. we have had a couple false starts of trying to end this policy. republicans wanted to end it. democrats wanted to get rid of it. we have already seen surges. numbers are already spiking. host: let's talk about house republicans. they teased a legislative plan. what are the details of it. guest: republicans 2 years ago when republicans had the majority in the house they created the american security task force. they realized we need to come up with a plan for the border when we eventually get control back of the house.

they debuted a plan last summer so this year they brought their own border security plan. it was marked up in committee for over 15 hours this past week. it was a very late tonight. meanwhile in the house judiciary committee they toss their own house bill. judiciary handles immigration law and homeland security handles order security law. the house foreign affairs committee had passed a separate law so what the republicans have done is put all 2 packages into one package and announced this week, "we are bringing this to the house floor on may 11, the day title 42 ends. getting the votes for this -- they say they have the votes,

but we are hearing rumblings within the gop that there are some defectors already. host: here is mark green talking about his bill and then i will ask you about it. [video clip] >> there are many aspects of this bill . we will bill 100 miles of wall. we will take care of those border patrol agents' 17 suicides in a force of 17,000 because they are overwhelmed with this open border. does mr. biden care? no. they even made fun of them and denigrated them, knowing full well those men are not whipping those migrants. there are many other aspects. technology, license plate readers, authorization for

border patrol to do things that they need to do to do their job. host: what do you make of that and reaction from lawmakers from actual border states? guest: i want to say the 17 suicides is a percentage of the 19,000 agents nationwide. one of the 17 was a guy i knew, vinny, in arizona. agents are under pressure. they have hired a suicidologist because it is something the federal government has never seen before. dan crenshaw from texas, from houston came, out and said he will not support this bill because there is nothing in it that would crack down on the cartels who are facilitating the human smuggling, the fentanyl smuggling, and they sent a loa cartels.

democrats are adamantly against the bill. they introduced dozens of amendments. they did not get any amendments added but at this point house speaker kevin mccarthy just needs to get the 218 threshold. he only has a few votes to lose. republicans, if they have any asks they could really put their foot in the way and say, " speaker, i need this if you were going to get my vote>" host: you mentioned fentanyl coming across the border. the department of an initiative to crackdown on that. what is going on with that? guest: we have started seeing fentanyl seized at the southern border, or i should say nationwide.

in 2013 -- it has been a full decade. may orca's was deputy secretary, during the obama administration so he has known about this. sentinel in its purest -- fentanyl in its purest form 2 grains is strong enough to put you in a coma. fentanyl is being seized primarily through the ports of entry. democrats and republicans are always specifying or debating where it is being seized. it is being seized -- 90% of seizures are at the ports of entry. the remainder are at highway checkpoints run by border patrol. you will hear republicans say that order patrol would be

making seizures, if they were not so tied up apprehending people but we do not have the actual proof of sentinel coming over between the ports of entry. host: let's start taking calls. the first one is going to be chris in frazier, michigan, independent. good morning, chris. caller: i think that the biden administration -- this is a plan to take over our country. the very first thing he did on the very first day was stop the building of the wall to keep people from coming in. the head of border patrol actually estimated almost 15 million illegal entries into our country since biden has been in office. there are 85,000 children that this administration has lost where they are.

these children are being put into child sex slavery, into the sex industry, and it is sickening. with the hundreds of thousands of people who die every year from fentanyl, they talk about catching it at this port of entry, but when there are all these getaways, they do not know much how -- they do not know how much is getting through anyway. host:s a lot of points there -- a lot of points for you there, anna. guest: they are seizing more fentanyl at the novalis port of entry in arizona than anywhere in the country. here is why the cartels use the ports of entry. if you have me backpacking over the border with a backpack of sentinel, it is still a lot of sentinel, but it is nothing --

backpack of sentinel, it is's -- accpac of fe -- a backpack of fentanyl, but it is nothing compared to -- a backpack of fentanyl, it is still a lot of fentanyl but it is nothing compared to a shipping container of fentanyl. the cartels have said as much. they're trying to get it in as quickly as possible. they are not interested in having people do it. at this point with how many people border patrol is apprehending to make 5 million apprehensions and not seizing

sentinel except in 2 cases, we would see it if it was coming in that avenue. host: chris asked about the wall. can you tell us what was going on about the -- on during the trump administration and during the biden administration? guest: the trump administration got a slow start on the wall. they had 800 miles funded. the funding was from congress. democrats and republicans approved. the other part was from when trump declared a national emergency. he takes several billion dollars from the pentagon and treasury and said, we need to build a wall, it is an emergency. we have 350 miles of wall that did not get completed before trump left office and biden halted construction.

they are looking to move on the rest of that. the 2000 mile border has a significant barrier, and a lot of what the trump administration did was replace 8 to 10 foot dilapidated wall with a much higher wall. it was not actually new miles of wall. it is why border patrol says it needs, agents, roads, and lighting. host: does this congress look like it will be giving them what they are looking for on a bipartisan basis? guest: that is going to be a good question. even democrats like henry clay are, he is incredibly outspoken about the border crisis and push the biden administration to do more. he is adamantly against the wall so this could be where we see democrats on the house floor saying we will not support this

until you take some stuff out. the wall would you one of them. other democrats this week have said we are not doing enough to counter drones. they said the u.s. border patrol is outmanned 17 to 1 when it comes to the number of drones they are operating at the border for surveillance. host: richard, spring valley, california, republican, good morning. caller: i want to do some mental gymnastics with you. i live in california, i grew up in the south, i a drive around california. the other day i was driving around and looking, and i saw up around l.a. - -you cannot bully -- you cannot believe how many

people are living on the streets. can't we do something for our people living here in the united states? what can we do? i wonder what those people feel like when they see illegal aliens being bused to high-rises and hotels, and they looked up and see them in their eating. and they are on the street. i tell them vote democrat. yeah. keep voting democrat! guest: the conditions in places like el paso, right along the border -- host: the conditions in places like el paso, right along the border, what is going on there? guest: it has become the

epicenter of the crisis. they are seeing more people come across. 200 thousand now they have apprehended. i thought when i was in el paso in january, you have obama era sensing so it is easy to navigate over -- obama era fencing, so it is easy to navigate over. el paso, the county has put up on the highway signs "beware of people running across the highway." the city realizes this is that much of a concern. el paso and the other border sectors, there are nine total regions on the southern border, they are bracing for title 42. el paso has seen 10,000 people encountered at the border. down in brownsville, texas on south padre island they have

seen 10,000 people cross in the past 7 days. we are starting to see some areas the cartels will be pushing through. typically we see those in places on the border where mexican cities, you have large mexican cities because the cartels need places to house people, if they are going to bring them all the way up into mexico and across the border. right across from brownsville, a huge city, same with juarez, right across the border from el paso, a city of 2 million residents, so you have the infrastructure. we could also see some activity in tijuana, and other major border city in mexico. host: this week homeland security secretary i will hundred mayorkas gave some remarks regarding the end of title 42.

[video clip] >> authorities will be swift and immediate. we have been preparing for this transition for more than a year and a half. notwithstanding those preparations, we do anticipate that encounters at the southern border will increase. smugglers are already spreading disinformation that the border will be open after that. high encounters will place a strain on our entire system, including your heroic workforce and communities. the smugglers' propaganda is false. our border is not open and will not be open after may 11. today we are announcing the expansion of our plans to build global pathways and impose consequences for failure to use those pathways. host: what do think of the

secretary's remarks there? guest: it was welcome to hear them. the biden administration promised all types of immigration reform, including overhauling the asylum system. asylum is when someone comes to our country and seeks refuge at the border. refugees are applying from outside the u.s. for refuge before they get to the border. the biden said, we are working on this, we are working on this. republicans in hearings they are yelling at the secretary because they are saying it has been 2 years and 3 months. it is unrelenng nothing is changing. all you are saying is the border is closed. mayorkas did put through a

forth a thorough plan for columbia and guatemala or nicaragua. they will have these outposts where people from those countries who are migrating through can stop, meet with u.s. officials, and see if they have a valid claim or other ways to get into the u.s.. parole -- it is supposed to be on a case-by-case basis, but the biden administration has used it for hundreds of thousands of people to parole people into the u.s.. host: let's talk to ishmael in indianapolis, indiana, good morning. ishmael, are you there? let's go to ted in miami, florida, republican. guest: i love miami. caller: hello?

good morning. i would like to understand the difference between the 2. biden administration is allowing so much of this to happen. president trump went in and really did something. is there anyway you can help the american people understand what the differences are between the two? can we build something in mexico to help them? guest: most people coming over the border are not mexican anymore. it used to be for decades 90% mexican men coming. now we are seeing people from all over the world, over 150 countries this past year. it makes removals more difficult. the biggest changes between

administrations i think a lot of it is posturing. people were showing up at the southern border the first few weeks with president biden's name on t-shirts. it was a failure to understand that the switching of administrations did not mean the border was open. president biden seized building the wall immediately day one. he immediately said isis would not make -- i think a lot of the policies president trump was implementing such as stay in mexico, w things like that were held up in the courts and so they were starting to have an impact after the 2019 surge and people that we saw, which is less than we are seeing now, but the biden administration has

rescinded all of those policies. some' th court has said you need to reimplement. they could not be 2 more different administrations. >> host: a lot has to do with disinformation. rumors spread that the border is open in time for everybody to go . is the administration doing anything about stabbing that and correcting the record? guest: and previous administrations -- both administrations have and previous administrations have as well. the current administration is running radio ads. they are putting things out multiple times a week saying the border is not open. say you are from nicaragua.

nicaragua is not taking back citizens right now. if you are able to get through the border, say you get apprehended. you get released on parole saying your court date is 2043, please show up at that time. you are calling your friends back in nicaragua and saying "the border is closed, so i just got released." it is confusing so many migrants. they hear the u.s. saying one thing, and then they hear of so-and-so they know who has been released. host: alex is in mountain view california, independent. caller: i wanted to get anna's opinion of the likelihood of our politicians

implementing rules on unaccompanied minors crossing the southern border. are all unaccompanied minors just orphans? that would allow them to deport them to orphanages around the world. they would receive food, shelter, and clothing until they reached adulthood. that should totally fix the problem. host: fix the problem in what way, alex? nobody will want to go that route? caller: it will totally fix -- that is part of the solution. it will permanently fix in the sense that there will not be a single unaccompanied minor that will be allowed into the country. they will not be allowed to stay. they will be deported. that will be the end of it. if america does not allow unaccompanied minors to have preferential treatment -- host: all right, alex.

guest: as a chance of passing, i think that has 0% of passing. we have had 300 50,000 children who came across the border without apparent apprehended at the border and released into the country since president biden took office. the uac crisis under obama, it was 65,000 in a year and we are at 350,000 in two years. bpra past -- tbpra passed almost 2 years ago. it ruled that children who show

up at the border unaccompanied cannot be deported because they might be trafficking victims. the government is not allowed bylaws passed by congress to turn children away. cartels have understood that they can traffic or smuggle this child. smuggling is when i am paying you to get me to this location. trafficking is against one's will. under the title 42 policy the trump administration has said, we will expel children even though the tbpr says we can't. we are in a pandemic. children who cross will be get sent to their home country. president biden said we are not expelling children anymore. that is when we saw these massive increases of children

coming across the border every month. host: let's try ishmael in indianapolis, indiana again. democrat. caller: thank you for taking my call. just a quick comment. my comment is our country is divided. as long as our country is divided, this problem on the southern border will keep going and going. 100,000 apprehensions every month is a big number. as long as we are not going to solve the problem, it goes back to many years ago. the government is corrupted. the gangs and drug traffickers, all of these folks have to come back here for better opportunities.

our immigrant innovation has been on the back burner. let's build walls. what about tunnels? fors many years these traffickers, they use tunnels. we need, to use radar technology spend the money on drone and other technology. the last thing is as long as we have drugs in this country -- as a country to be united, we have to fix the problem. host: ishmael -- guest: ishmael, i think you made somes of the best points. i i have seen the tunnels with my own eyes primarily in arizona and california.

they will go 20, 30, 40 feet underground. they have coal cars for mining. they will push things through. border patrol does not see that is a concern for human smuggling. if you google border patrol tunnel detection, a lot of these things are being caught and the people responsible are being prosecuted. host: susan is next in newport, kentucky. caller: good morning. can you hear me ok? host: yes. caller: i am blind so i enjoy the conversation on c-span. the previous caller just mentioned about the law. that is my question. i think i heard that the gop congress and their ideas about

how to handle the border, i think there are 900 miles of wall to finish. i feel that having a wall is a good control factor in handling the amount of immigrants coming over. that is my question, about finishing the wall. host: how effective were the pieces of the wall that are there? guest: the wall is extremely effective, and i think that is part of the reason that people against it do not want to see more of it because it is so effective. i think understanding why the border patrol has advocated for wall, border patrol is all about impeding and denying. impeding means preventing somebody from getting in. denying means denying entry. a wall, if you have 2000 miles

of the foot barrier. it went through the mountains and everything,'that would cut down people ability to get into the country -- everything, that would cut down people's ability to get into the country. that would be a huge way to deny entry. what border patrol does use the wall for, and some areas like new mexico where there is 134 miles, is it funnels people to where openings are. people do not want people crossing in the middle of nowhere. they want people crossing in areas with a have agents to make those apprehensions. republican say we have to fill those gates but, even texas governor greg abbott has put up

a lot of chain-link fencing with concertina wire on top. it funnels them to wear that wire ends. on the wall, president trump, he campaigned in 2020 -- 2018 it was the fear saying that we needed to finish the wall. he did not get anywhere close. it is a long-term process. let's say congress passes funding for the wall. they will not start building tomorrow. it would take months, if not another year before we saw anything happen. host: baltimore, maryland, democrat, good morning. caller: this object touches my heart. i have a comment and a question. a volunteer in el paso with the

unaccompanied children. these children were taken from their parents. we have to remember these are humans. they were all under 18. they needed help. they were all crying. they were snatched from their parents. that was an inhumane policy that was in place. we have to remember these are people. we are focusing on the wrong thing. why aren't we going after the businesses that are hiring these people ? my husband and i went to dinner last night. everyone in the country -- everyone in the kitchen looked hispanic. it is the businesses incentivizing them to come.

the ones who are coming north, they are getting more than what they would have made at home. we are trying to demonize people who should not be demonizedd. wired we focusing on the businesses? guest: in florida this week, and the house and senate they are working on legislation backed by governor desantis. it would require a mende at all private companies with 25 or more -- requireeverify at all private companies with 25 or more -- it would require everify at all private companies with 25 or more employeesi is not mandate -- 25 or more employees.

it is not mandated nationally. to your point on the children, the new york times reported last week and republicans cited to this all through their hearings, 85,000 of those 350,000 kids, 85,000 could not be found. democrats pramila jayapal was saying well it is 85,000 times where the government made a phone call and did not get an answer. that does not mean the child is lost. one republican said that the only way you are tracking a child who is released to a stranger or another adult is by calling them up and hoping the person on the other end of the line is a family member. we are losing these children. you are seeing new york times

articles listing children working in horrendous conditions for companies nationwide, fortune 500 companies, it sounded like. why are these people working in the situations? they need the money. why are they able to be hired in the first place? democrats are typically the party to be concerned with human rights, and you do not see the huge pushback from emma kratz looking into this sort of thing -- from democrats looking into this sort of thing. host: our next caller is steve. caller: i'm concerned about your mentioning that the ratio is 17 to 1 security guards.

guest: drones. -- host: drones. steve, it was about the drones. the cartels having 17. guest: maybe i'm -- caller: maybe i misunderstood. how do we know that the security guards aren't taking grass from the ones coming through. there are probably certain means of preferential treatment to those paying their way, entering the country. do they check them for smuggling things on their persons as they are being entered? guest: someone coming across the border, apprehended coming

through the port of entry will go through screenings. someone coming across will be patted down by a female or male agent at the scene. they are trained -- what if someone hid something inside their body> these agents are well trained -- something inside their body? these agents are well trained. they know what to look for. they know what a nervous person looks like, versus someone who has been through a long journey and is tired and is seeking asylum. they will bring them to the station. people 14 and older will be fingerprinted. they will run those fingerprints through databases for the u.s.. criminal system. if you have a criminal record and have ever been deported they will know. they cannot look at necessarily

is crimes, gang affiliations outside of the united states. we have seen over the last 2 years several cases we know of where unaccompanied miters -- minors, some who posed as minors but were actually older were released into the u.s.. there have been 2 murders in those situations. we are not sure who is coming in despite running all these different background checks. especially people who do not show up with any documentation. border patrol is in a tough spot now and lawmakers like joe rutherford are pressuring them to come up with a better way to screen people. host: that will be our last call. anna giaritelli is a reporter for the washington examiner. later on washington journal, it

is our annual cram for the exam review session with high schl students from across the country. social studies teaers joid us to discuss the sociasties ap exam and have students can prepare for it. we will be taking phone calls from high school students only for that segment. but it is open forum. we will start taking your calls. you can start calling in right now. ♪ >> order your copy of the 118th congressional directory now available on c-spanshop.org. it is your access to the federal government with contact information for every house and senate member and important information on the president's cabinet.

scan the qr code on your screen to order your copy or visit c-spanshop.org. every purchase helps support our nonprofit operations. >> sunday night on q and a, richard norton smith shares his biography of gerald ford titled "an ordinary man>" he talks about ford's efforts to heal the country following the watergate scandal and his controversial decision to pardon richard nixon. >> my fellow americans, our long national nightmare is over. >> the irony of the whole phrase is ford did not want to use it. ford thought that it was kicking a man while he was down. hartman made the case, no,

ineffective do not understand mr. vice president. people need to hear this. they need to hear it from you. the final surprise is that it was far from over. >> richard norton smith with his book "an ordinary man," sunday night on c-span's q and a. you can listen to all of our podcastss on our free c-span now app. >> next week on the c-span networks, the house is not in session but the senate will be in working on president biden's appointment to court. the judiciary committee will be --on wednesday a press conference with jerome powell. thursday avril haines, director

of national intelligence talk about world would threats before the incident roomed servic committee. watch on c-span now, are free mobile video app. stream video live or on-demand any time at c-span.org. c-span, your unfiltered view of government. >> the very first president to attend the white house correspondents' dinner was calvin coolidge. i had just been elected to the u.s. senate. [laughter] >> the white house correspondents' dinner is tonight. the headliner roy wood junior and president biden are expected to speak. also join us for a red carpet

arrivals at 6:00 p.m.. the white house correspondents; dinner -- correspondents' dinner live tonight at 8:00 p.m. on c-span. host: washington journal continues. welcome back to washington journal. it is open forum for about 10 minutes and i will be taking your calls on any issues you would like to talk about. in our last segment, anna giaritelli mentioned an article on immigrant children. hannah dreyer has been writing about this topic. this headline is "as migrant children were put to work, u.s. ignored warnings. let's go straight to the phones. anthony, miller place, new york, good morning.

caller: thank you for your intellectual honesty. my question was for the last guest. i have a comment. do you perhaps, or can you look into the correlation between operation fast and furious where a paramilitary group was set up in the cartels. barack obama was caught red-handed arming the cartels. it seemed orchestrated. i have nothing against migrants who are happy. i also see a correlation between the pharmaceutical industry over the last 20 years or so have created a lot of drug addicts who have been left in the lurch for therefr 0 -- for their fulfillment. i think we have an undrained -- unhinged central intelligence

agency. a story called the king's new clothes. the tailors would be the democrats. the little boy would be people such as myself who are reading between the lines. we seem to be -- my community, front page news was that social workers are coming into our communities looking to seek out the homeless to try and figure out what the problem is. the problem would be better served if they follow the sheriffs around who have to throw people out of their homes because they cannot afford to pay government taxes. my property taxes are $20,000 a year. i ma sinking -- i am a sinking ship here.

we have a society of intentional drug addicts. you see it, in the media whether it is advertising, their gang complicity. we have -- they are buying complicity. whether it is the clinton crime valley, i cannot put my, finger on it but these are not coincidences what we are experiencing. host: let's go to larry next in texas, independent. caller: good morning. my question is what is the endgame of the biden administration on immigration? we see massive numbers of people flooding into the country, and really with no solid explanation f how many are going x below nation -- explanation of how

many are going to come in. what are they going to do with these people? it is a simple question with no explanation from the administration in press conferences, by the president, or the vice president. host: larry, there is an article here from politico. the previous guest mentioned it. "biden administration to set up processing centers in latin america ahead of title 42. the announcement comes 2 weeks before a major change in order policy. it announced plans to establish immigration processing centers in latin america to slow down the number of migrants coming to the u.s.. processing centers in colombia and guatemala should be up and running in the coming weeks, said ella hunter of mayorkas and antony blinken during a joint --

said alejandra mayorkas and antony blinken during a joint press conference. they will negotiate with additional countries. other hubs could be in a good or and eventually costa rica. john is in virginia, republic -- in pounding mill, virginia, republican. caller: itcallerf you go back to your last segment, i did not get through. i will be voting for trump in the next election. if he does not get the nomination, i will be writing him in. host: why? caller: he is the only thing that can save the country. they can indict him, but it will not stop anything. i worked in d.c. 50 years ago. they elected a mayor that was in

jail. marion barry, his name was. he was, in jail for drugs and he still got elected. even if they put trump in jail, i can still vote for him. host: let's talk to wendy in putnam valley, new york on the line for democrats. caller: good morning. i wanted to address how different poll numbers are on issues are. they say that 85% of americans believe that abortion should be allowed at some point. i wonder how much money citizens united has poured into the political system. what is happening in government is so far distant from what the people want. i am having a hard time this morning. host: that's ok. i got your point. host: let's talk to john in

cleveland, ohio, independent. caller: good morning. i am 87 years old. i have been here 64 you years. i have taught citizenship. i do not know how far they can go down. the daca children were almost settled at the beginning of the obama administration. those children are over 18 years old now. some of them are working. some of them -- this is not what is printed on the statue of liberty. it is sad. i am an immigrant.

host: john, that is all the time that we have got for open forum this time because coming up for the hour it will be high school social studies tchers discussing the upcoming history ap exam. we are accepting calls from high school students only so get ready with your questions to call in. we will be right back. ♪ ♪ >> dr. ed noah green medford is

a well-known historian and expert on andrew jackson and abraham lincoln. she spent eight years as chair of the history department at howard university. she recently appeared before an audience at purdue diversity in connection with the c-span center for scholarship and engagement. over the past 20 years, she has served as a member of c-span's advisory team for the networks periodic surveys ranking u.s. presidents. dr. ed noah green medford on this episode of book notes plus. book noteslus is available on the c-span now free mobile lab or wherever you get your podcasts. ♪ >> live sunday, may attorney and author philip k author will be our guest on in-depth. mr. howard has written six books including the collapse of the common good, life without laers and his bestseller, the death of common sense. his latest book is --

join the live conversation sunday, may seventh at noon eastern on book tv, c-span2. ♪ >> c-span now is a free mobile app featuring your unfiltered view of what is happening in washington live and on demand. but with the day's biggest events with live streams of floor proceedings and hearings from u.s. congress, white house events, the courts, campaigns and more from the world of politics all at your fingertips. stay current with the latest episodes of washington journal and find scheduling information for c-span's tv network and c-span radio, plus a variety of compelling podcasts. c-span now is available at the apple store and google play. download it for free today. c-span now. your front row seat to washington anytime, anywhere. ♪ >> watch video on demand anytime

online at c-span.org and try our timeline tool that uses markers to quickly guide you to newsworthy and interesting highlights of our key coverage. use points of interest anytime online at c-span.org. ♪ >> very first president to attend the white house correspondents dinner was calvin coolidge in 19 to any for. just elected to the united's eights sentence. >> the white house correspondents dinner, washington's black tie event is tonight at eight a clock p.m. eastern. watch c-span's live coverage with this year's headliner, the daily show's roy woodward junior. join us for red carpet arrivals of journalists, politicians and celebrities at 6:00 p.m. eastern on our mobile video app here it also online at c-span.org. the white house correspondents dinner live tonight at 8:00 p.m.

eastern on c-span. >> "washington journal" continues. host: welcome back to "washington journal." high school students across the journey are getting ready for -- the country are getting ready for advanced placement exams today and we are taking a look at the advanced placement u.s. government and politics exam, part of the annual cram for exam questions in which we take live questions from students. joining us is sunshine cavalluzzi, a social science teacher in california. sunshine, welcome to the program. guest: thank you, good morning and to everyone watching. host: we are taking calls only from students. if you have a question for our teacher joining us or if you would like to take one of our questions, you can do that. if you get it right, you can win a c-span t-shirt and the first five students to answer questions correctly will get one

of those. you will want to wear that in your high school. the lines are regional. if you are in the eastern or central time zones it is (202) 748-8000. if you are in mountain or pacific, it is (202) 748-8001. you can send texts to (202) 748-8003. you can reach us on twitter at @cspanwj. you can hashtag cram4theexam. what can students expect? how is it different from years past? guest: sure. it is still the same format it has been the last couple of years where like most ap exams, it is a combination of multiple-choice and free response. for ap gloves, they are graded evenly. there are 55 multiple-choice questions. some are traditional multiple-choice and others are a

mix of different kinds of stimulus, there might be info graphic you might have to interpret. there might be a passage you have to answer questions, or some comparison questions where you get a table of which of these is about the articles of the coverage and -- articles of confederation, the articles of constitution, you have to identify the correct one. the free response, there are four different kinds of writing. an argumentative essay, ac prima -- a supreme court comparative question, the concept application question where you are given something that is an excerpt from a news article and you need to interpret it. host: about the ap government class itself, can you tell me -- it is the foundation of government, but how recent of current affairs with this -- would this course cover? guest: the basic focus is on united states government and

politics. there is definitely a focus on actual events as they are happening because politics is the people part, how do people affect the process? i would not say strong current events knowledge is a must, but it is definitely a tremendous asset. students should not be expected to be asked about something that happened last week on the floor of congress, but it is important to have a grasp of how current events actually apply in real life because the course is focused on their ability to see that, recognize it, and recognize things transpiring and events that are linked to conceptual ideas from the course. host: how long do students have to complete the exam and what are your time management tips? guest: absolutely. the multiple-choice is 55 questions in 70 minutes. it is a solid timeframe where you have more than a minute per question. the best strategy is to remember, you do not have to take the test in order and you probably should not take the test in order.

get your easy points first. it is a long question in terms of has passages, a cartoon to analyze, skip it. if it is a cop located question, skip it. -- complicated question, skip it. warm up your brain on the easy questions. the easy questions are not going to take you a full minute. if you get those easy questions and, you will know how much time you have for the long questions. for the free response, the strategy is similar. you've got 100 minutes to write four free response questions. that is about 25 minutes a question. do not have to do it in order. you do not have to do each question in order. write the parts you feel strongest apart first. get the points on paper. i like to think about it like eating a pizza. you do not eat the pizza in a circle and eat it that way. you go slice by slice. pick the slices that look most appetizing to you, eat those

first and go back for the rest of it. host: speaking of scoring, what -- how does that work and what does a student need to get to get college credit? guest: the college credit is, mileage may vary by college. the exam is graded by one through five. three, four or five is passing. different schools have different protocols in what scores they accept, whether they give you elective credit for it, whether they want you to take it and have it on your transcript to show rigor. the score is graded evenly by multiple-choice questions are each worth one. free response is divided so each response court -- score is evenly. everything scores about the same, it is imperative to get your easy points first, get the things you know on paper first.

the other thing is important for students to remove her, you do not get scored down or things that are wrong. you only get scored up or things that are right. unless you are wrong -- your wrong information contradict right information. host: multiple-choice, there is no penalty for guessing. if you do not know, take your answer. are you ready to take -- talk to students? maxwell is first in troy, michigan. good, maxwell. caller: good morning. host: do you want to ask a question or take a question? caller: i will ask a question. host: go ahead. caller: i would like to give a shout out to my ap e-gov teacher. in terms of the -- what should we know about the politico model for the ap government exam? guest: the political model is something you should know is the idea of working in your self-interest as a representative. as compared to the trustee

model, which is doing what you think is the best or whether or not it is what your constituents agree with, or the delicate model, doing what your constituents want whether or not you personally agree with it. or, the organizational model which is party leadership has come to visit you and say, we are all voting yes on this or as a block. political has some overlap, but it is thinking about how will it benefit you. and what will be the most politically savvy thing to do. host: are you good on that, maxwell? caller: thank you. host: kyla is next in north carolina. good morning. caller: good morning. host: would you like to take a question or ask a question? caller: i want to give a shout up to my ap gov teacher, she's the best. i would like to ask a question. host: go ahead. caller: what do you think the supreme court case is going to

be for the fbar q? guest: there is probably going to be more than one. there are usually a couple different choices. i am going to take a side route and not commit myself to a choice. i can see a number of different questions out there. i do not think it is a good idea to try and gain it. what -- i think that can be a risk. what i would say more generally what i know it is not going to be is, not roe v. wade. the college board announced you should not except to see that on the exam at all. no a couple of things about the facts and he things about the -- key things. host: sawyer is next in high point, north carolina. caller: hi. host: do you have a shout out? caller: sorry. i want to shout out my ap gov

teacher. host: do you want to ask or take a question? caller: i will ask a question. what -- do you think are most important to know that are likely to show up the most? guest: i will say, how about one through 27? maybe not 18 or 21. it is important to know the bill of rights, the 14th amend meant you want to be strong on and the amendments that are about voting since those are most likely to be appearing in a variety of different contexts. you definitely review all of them but drill down on the bill of rights, number 14 and the remaining voting amendments. host: all right. sunshine, you prepared an example quantitative analysis question for us. talk about what kind of question that is and what your tips are for those kinds of questions. guest: i would love to. one of the focuses once they redesigned the exam a few years ago was trying to make sure students can rate and interpret

informational graphics, charts, tables, graphs, political cartoons, etc. although frequently in the past, they included some form of one of these questions. now, it is standardized it is on the exam every year. you will get in some kind of info graphic and asked to do three different things. so you can read it, so you can understand it and that you can apply it. that is the abcs of the exam. it is going to be, can you read it? in this example, the question is, what is the issue with the greatest partisan divide and top prioritization? where do we see the biggest gap between republican democrats? it is important to be mindful of th verb, it says identify. that means list. you not -- you do not want to writetireook for part a. get your information on the paper and use the rema time to score pelseere. so we can see if we do a quick greatest partisan divide ishe

dealing with the coronavirus outbreak. that is what you would sa rtisan divide dealing with the corus outbreak with a 26% difference between democrats and d, it is often can you identify in some kind of trend or ptern? for that, pick anything thatou can write well about. the second half of that one is provide an explanation for that chan what can youin, there a drop somewhere, ie a narrowing of the gap between blics and democrats somewhere, is there an event you unrstand -- that gets back to your earlier? current events. what i would advu to do, think of your lived experience, especially our current seniors. i know areeople of all grade levels taking this exam. seniou he not had one normal europe high school except maybeone. use that one. you have interacted wi government every level of your high school career

part c, identify and explain which linkage inion is impactful. dia, political parties in interest groups. what collegerd ilooking for, can you show how those influence what american cizens -- americans -- on issues are? if you get alike that, you need to define it, show what you know in your answer if you can and you are not trying to lucky guess your way through it. host: lucy is in california. good morning. caller: good money. i would like to give a shout out to to my teacher -- to my teacher who is on c-span right now. i understood and -- host: i understand you are her daughter. caller: that is correct. it is not a common last name. host: what do you think of your mom on tv? caller: i love it. i want her to continue.

it is so fun. she is great at her job. she is very exciting. host: the want to ask or take a question -- do you want to take or ask a question? here is your question. what is the three signs of an iron triangle and one way that iron triangles impact policymaking? caller: i love iron triangles. the three sides of iron triangles are the interest group, the related federal -- the related bureaucratic agency and the related congressional committee. one way that iron triangles impact policy is because, a lot of times, all of the people in these groups have long-lasting relationships because we all know people in congress stay there for a long time, as well as bureaucrats and people in interest groups. a lot of times, these people know each other and are able to

talk to each other to help impact what legislation they want past. interest groups can go to congressional people who they have these year-long relationships with and lobby them and say, hey, can you try and get this bill forward, can you change this bill and -- in whatever way? congress people in their committee hearings can call members of your aquatic agencies or vendors of interest groups -- your aquatic agencies or vendors of interest groups. bureaucratic agencies create the specificities because they are specialists. the congress people are generalists. the bureaucratic agencies create the details of loss legislation rights. they have good relationships with those bureaucratic agents because they want those details to be in their favor. host: i am thinking you get the t-shirt.

[laughter] guest: almost like you have been hearing about ap gov at the dinner table since you were born. host: lucy, you will get a call from somebody from c-span for -- to get your information for that t-shirt. tyler is next. parker, colorado. hey, tyler. caller: good morning. i want to give a shout out to to ms. gable's second period. host: do you have a question or do you want to take a question? caller: i have a question. host: go ahead. caller: what is the difference between kadian and supply-side economics? guest: an econ question to start our morning. this is something that is covered on the exam that you might expect to see, good thing you are asking. one of the easiest ways to think about it, kinsey and is ground up and supplier is -- kinsey and

, draw on your u.s. history. spending on programs to put people to work so they take that paycheck and go to the grocery store and buy something and the grocery store owner gets money and the grocery store cashier has a job. they turn around and they spend that money you just take them from the government into the economy. they go to the shore store -- shoe store. the shoe stores totter -- daughter takes dance lessons. supply-side, focused on making it easier for businesses to produce stuff. traditional models that would look like lower taxes. fewer regulations so business can focus on production. that idea is talk down because they are hiring people to do that and individuals have paychecks and do the same way. both models are about putting money into the economy, it is about where you are putting it in. host: sunshine, we've got a text

from philip in pleasant valley, new york. he is asking you this, shout out to my aping of --ap gov teacher. what do we need to know in terms of the federal -- the relationship between the federal courts and the supreme court? guest: the supreme court is the only court mentioned in the constitution, the lower federal courts are created by congress. they are the pipeline by which many cases get to the supreme court. the supreme court is the only court that has both original and appellate restrictions -- jurisdictions. a state case cannot come to the supreme court but also more commonly it will come from federal court. there are federal district courts, entry-level courts in original jurisdictions and the appellate courts, the united states courts of appeals were sometimes courts -- cases go from district warts.

host: chase in hendersonville, tennessee is asking, will the covid-19 pandemic be on the ap gov test? guest: [laughter] fair question. i think it is possible. oftentimes, the questions are written years in advance. since we are on the others of it, -- i will never forget in 2021 of my students ashley jones asked me or said, i cannot wait until my kids have covid-19 on a future ap exam. as i was alluding to before, you can write about it since it is in your lived experience to support a free response answer. that is something i wanted to mention. an example can score the same as than explanation. if you have a -- explain. if you are feeling like your

explanation is shaky but can think of a good example, put it in, show you understand what you are talking about so it is easier to explain by example than concept. because covid-19 involve government at every level and politics in every way and it was so provident -- prominent in your lived experience, there is no reason not to draw on it. host: you talked about task verbs a couple of times. we are going to put a couple on the screen and have you talk about them. you do not have to go through all of them. what should students need to know about that? guest: you can find on the college board website on the page or the exam for ap gov, a list of descriptors for each of those verbs. identifying these lists, other words to describe, explain, elaborate. those words want more than just list in answers. demonstrate you have the knowledge.

that is where you are given a term and the question, define it in the answer. be thorough in talking through what does this mean as well as how does it apply and provide an exhibit. develop an argument, draw a conclusion. if you are doing more than writing down, you are writing out what do these things mean. it is important to be attentive to that. i suggest my students going through, circle, boxed, underlined the verbs for each part so you are clear on how much time you should spend down how thorough your answer should be to manage your time wisely. host: thomas is in california. how are you feeling about this exam? caller: i am feeling pretty good about it. i have been nervous. host: do not be nervous. you are going to be fine. guest: you are going to be great. host: do you want to ask a question or take a question? caller: i would like to ask a question. host: go ahead.

caller: i want to give a shout out to to -- shout out to -- how does bicameral legislative system affect how certain policies are made? guest: that is a deferent -- that is a great question. that is the kind of question you might see embedded in a free response answer. first of all, you would want to think about what you read in both federalist and federalist to the required documents about bicameralism making it more difficult to achieve policy goals because you have to go through two houses to get legislation translated into a law. what are the different rules in each house, different protocols

and how that complicates the legislative process. it makes it more difficult and the goal of the framers was that idea of ambition must be made to check ambition. you are making it harder to get something done with the goal of the best ideas to get something through. you have different in symptoms in each house because you have different relationships. be attentive to those differences but the notion that it is making it more complicated with the goal the best ideas get through which emphasizes pluralism. host: as far as those studying, i do not want to say cramming this weekend, what are the best strategies for these last days before the exam? guest: that is a great question. a lot of you are living busy lives and you have done the work all year long. now, it is about going back and revisiting what have you learned, what do you know, what

got lost in the shuffle because it was tech week for your theater production or playoff for your sports? you are jumping -- a great place to start is the c-span classroom. there are amazing resources on every topic covered in the course. if you go to the featured resources link, there is a section devoted to gov. -- two ap gov. there are specific because let's devoted to cases of founding docs and other concepts. that is a great place to start. key areas to focus on. founding document required. supreme court cases required. part of the exam will come from those lists. in so many ways is a giant vocabulary test.

a good knowledge of vocab will help you navigate what you are being asked. and to better elaborate on your answers. on c-span classroom, there are unit by unit reviews if you need a place to start. host: emma is next in annapolis, maryland. caller: hi. host: go ahead. caller: i would like to give a shout out to out -- shout out to --' i would like to ask a question. host: caller: caller: go ahead. can you explain the difference between dual federalism and cooperative federalism? guest: host: absolutely guest: absolutely. going back to unit one in september. let's recycle it. dual federalism what we call layer cake federalism is a term

accepted in the past. if you cannot except will federalism -- the idea the federal government and state government are separate, each have their own buckets of authority or policy. national defense goes in the federal government bucket. there are not overlaps. that is why political scientists use the layer cake analogy. one layer of federal, one layer of estate and one in between to make sure they do not pass over into each other. to the new deal, we go around that time period cooperative federalism which is more like marble cake. that is why political scientists refer to it as marble cake federalism. marble cake, instead of a chocolate layer and vanilla layer, the layers are mixed together. that is where you have the federal government engaged in policy in more areas

traditionally at the providence of state. one of the new deal programs was conducting a dogs senses. people got hired to go door-to-door and find out what kind of dogs were there, not because we needed to know this information although people love their dogs, but you want to give people a paycheck. a dog senses traditionally would have never been something the federal government did, but it blended over into state response ability. in a more modern era, you see new federalism in an attempt to move the federal government back out of some areas traditionally state areas. that overlaps with the politics of the 1990's, another key concept in the course to review. host: let's take a tt got. hello, c-span and sunshine. my name is zane from california. shout out to my ap gov teacher.

my question is regarding an f r q question from last year. what positive impact to independents have on participatory democracy? guest: great question. we have a perfect example of how in so many ways this is a big vocabulary test. what they are trying to suss out, do you know what an independent is? do you know what art is about tory democracy is -- participatory democracy is? participate means to be engaged or involved. participatory democracy is endeavored to include as many people as possible in the political process. it gives people a point of entry if they say i am not sure if i am a republican or democrat. "washington journal" has these caller lines.

is there a place for me in politics? the answer is yes. as we see a rising number of independents, a characteristic of modern politics, we see things like a way from closed primaries to more open or partially open primaries which allows people to participate in the system. the more independence there are, the more it encourages state and political parties to have ways to include independents, even if they don't ache the choice so it expands product participation in the process. it encourages more moderate approaches to policies which allow more people to feel like there is a place for them in the process in that place and be included. host: tristen is next in pennsylvania. good morning. caller: hi. am i on? host: you are. guest: can hear you loud and clear. caller: i would like to shout out my ap gov teacher.

i would like to take a question. host: a chance to win one of those c-span t-shirts. here is your question. identify and explain two factors that influence political socialization. caller: well, the biggest thing that influences political socialization is family values as kids are raised from their parents political values so, in turn, they usually gain those. another thing is what they have learned in school and because that could also influence them to change their party from what their parents political views. host: ok. is that enough for a t-shirt? guest: it is a great -- those are two agents to include. for everybody else at home, other things to remember our demographic factors. age, race, ethnicity, etc.

triston is right, family is the strongest. that allows you to write about what you know and use examples. host: you will get a call. allison is next. in ohio. caller: hi -- i would like to ask a question. can you it's plain the difference between why -- host: you dropped out a little bit. can you repeat your question? caller: can you explain a difference between white house staffers and cabinet members? guest: when you hear white house staff, those are people the president's closest and most loyal and trusted advisors. they are people that get offices in the west wing, fancy couches in the oval office. they are people you most typically see on television speaking on behalf of the president.

press secretary, chief of staff, etc. cabinet officials are in a different boat. cabinet officials are the head of the 15 efferent cabinet apartments. they have conflicting loyalties or responsibilities because they have responsibilities to the president. they are appointed by the president and confirmed by the senate. they have loyalty to the people who work for them because our the boss of that department. sometimes the people that work for them might want to move in one direction, the president might want another and secretary is serving to rules. thanks about your school and principal, who is asked by the superintendent to do one thing and the teachers and students do not want that and your rentable is caught in the middle because he cares. the individuals staffing cabinet departments are mostly civil students -- civil servants.

they have job protection so they are not coming and going with the president. they inherent bureaucrats who might not see the world the same way in terms of political socialization. they have to work together. host: we got a text. hi, this is -- shout out to ms. smith. our question is, what is the role of monetary and fiscal policy in the government? guest: sure. good morning, thanks for getting up so early. monetary fiscal policy are done by the government. physical policy meaning basically anything that is done in terms of taxing and spending, which will be involved with the -- and president directly in terms of shipping that policy and the supreme court determining whether or not it is constitutional. monetary policy is done by the federal reserve and independent

-- an independent agency. the executive branch controlling the amount of money in circulation. host: johnny is next. west haven, connecticut. caller: hello. first, i would like to give a out to my ap gov teacher. host: would you like to ask a question or take one? caller: i would like to ask a question. how does america's polarization effect redistricting and agenda setting, both national and state levels? guest: that is a question with many layers. polarization, another vocab term, think about polls. think about what you learned in science, spreading things apart. polarization is people being increasingly in their camps. in southern california, we talk

about being in their camps and not being inclined to meet in the middle and compromise. we have seen an increasing amount of that of people being staunchly in one party or another. how does it contribute to redistricting? if you want your side to win all the time and have the ability to draw legislative lines, you want to draw them to give your site and advantage. we see maps being taken grade redistricting with the goal of gerrymandering is not new. we see a conversation right now as a result of people saying, if the other side is getting these districts, they are going to win and influence their policy agenda. agenda setting. if you want your party to win, you are thinking about what issues are most important to the members of my party and how can i score policy victories on

those issues. it means maybe you are less inclined to compromise because a compromise might look less like a clear and decisive win. that is true with policy made on the federal level and state level. host: next is -- in irvine, california. how do you pronounce your name? caller: you pronounce it correctly. guest: good money. caller: i want to give a shout out to mrs. smith. host: you want to ask a question or take one? caller: i would like to ask a question. is there a relationship between soft and hard money and soft packs and super pac's? guest: hard money, direct issues -- direct donations to campaigns. soft money sent to national parties. making goals as a bipartisan campaign reform act. soft money is limited and state parties can use it for party building activities.

packs versus super pac's relates to citizens united, one of your founding court cases or landmark cases you need to know. traditional pack is the wallet of an interest group. what i tell my students, you hear pack, you think cash. to achieve goals of a particular interest group. that money can go to candidates and it is limited in what can be spent to candidates or independently. super pac's where you spend virtually unlimited amounts of money but they do not ordinate with the campaign. -- coordinate with the campaign. host: a text, high, my name is alexis. i had a question about how brut us one and federalist 10 contradict each other. guest: perfect.

that federalist 10 is about justifying a large and powerful republican government and saying among numerous advantages fast break and control the violence of faction. it is about faction, which are interest groups, any groups because the guns the cause faction and what do we do about stopping those factions from being problematic in our system. federalist 10 is about having a large and powerful everett. the question about bicameralism, when government is big, it is hard for ideas to get through. only the best ideas can get through. when government is powerful, it is able to draw the line between factions, which are protected by the first amendment and at the heart of what we believe as americans we should have ideas and act on our ideas, petition the government to make policy favoring our ideas, that is a good thing.

fed 10, it is the violence of faction is bad. a powerful government can stop a faction, when those ideas cross the line into violating the social contract? a great supreme court case -- a powerful government can stop that. madison is saying, a large and powerful republican government is good. brutus is saying, no, remember when they were a monarchy and we did not like you, george. we fought this war to get rid of that. we do not want to go back to a government to large and too powerful. it is dangerous to the citizens. that is the general point. host: i'm going to put up a political cartoon. there is a couple of questions. talk about the strategy for approaching those questions. guest: absolutely. the fiu see a political cartoon is to not freak out. it is a question like any other question. generally speaking, a lot of

times you can answer the affiliated question without a clear understanding of the info graphic. about strategy, the first thing you do when you see this question is skip it. go on to less time-consuming questions and come back. when you come back, the attentive to the title. or the caption, or whatever other information you are picture.in addition to the u.s. senators arrived at work suorting new jumpsuits. jumpsuits is a choice. think about, wweee jumpsuits? we see jumpsuits among prisoners, and racing when youa. people are wasting there jumpsuits. what is on there jumpsuits, the name of sponsors. these guys are wearing jumpsuits that have the name different coorate interests on them. thatt a keyword fair. if we are not reading the tit we might miss. from context.l be able to get the year is ma on this.

i had ton reading glasses to see it. it is 2010. that is a huge clue, because if you look, it gives you this information in the question. the second question. citizens united decided in 2010 -- citizens united paves the way for greater spending of money by interest groups in the political process. it gives you a sense that is probably what this year is about. with that framing in mind, you look at the questions and suss out what answer you think best aligns. to the number 13, the second question, citizens united is the answer. the earlier question, maybe there is a lot of different things on there, maybe it is b. when b says diversity, if you look at this a little bit, we do not necessarily see -- there is a diversity of policy. there is not diversity of economic interest. we are seeing all funded groups. that lets us figure out, it is probably see -- c.

host: jesse is next. sioux falls, south dakota. caller: good morning. i want to shout out my government teacher, my friend. host: do you want to ask a question or take one? caller: i will take a question. host: for a chance to win a t-shirt. identify one of the landmark cases centered on the civil liberties of students and describe the background of holding in that case. caller: can you repeat the question? host: identify one of the landmark cases centered on the civil liberties of students and describe theackground and holding of that case. caller: would that be like tinker versus des moines? guest: here we go. one point already. tell me what that is about, if you can. caller: that is when students

were like wearing a black armband to protest the vietnam war. they ruled that they could wear that as long as it does not interrupt the studies of other students. guest: there is a t-shirt coming your way. you can share with rory and her other friend you shouted out. the other thing about -- perfect for a t-shirt for a free response answer, if you can, you did a great job dealing with the facts and the holding. one thought you might want to try to add in is when you said it does not disrupt other students, the language and holding is a material and substantial disruption. that is a great phrase to have in mind. it allows you to connect tinker to other situations.

more see frederick, -- it was a much more materialistic disruption. anything potentially could bother other students, but it has to rise to a level where it is disrupting the school day to be problematic. any time you can use the language of the holding, it is going to be to the good which is my suggestion to one of our very first questions goes through all of -- can you take a couple of phrases that are essential to the ruling. that way, you are ready to go. it is a case about the snapchat cheerleader, a case about the bong hits for jesus, a profane student council speech, you can relate it to tinker versus des moines. share their constitutional rights at the schoolhouse gate.

host: livermore, california. mia, good morning. caller: i would like to give a shout out to my teacher. i would like to take a question. host: here is your question. identify and explain a formal and an informal power the president can use to respond to congressional action. caller: basically, if the president does not like what congress is doing, they can veto it. a veto is the present saying, no, i am not going to this bill into law. there is two types of vetoes. ordinary veto, no, i am not going to sign this. a pocket veto only works if you are 10 or fewer days out from congress ending or taking a recess and you can just leave the veto on his desk, not look at it and congress will sign a bill and it not get past.

informal power would be the bargaining persuasion. i am sure everybody here has watched the state of the union address broadcasting on c-span. basically, the president can have a full speech out and tell the people what legislation he wants to pass and end it with the state of the union is strong. that will influence the public. host: i am thinking that gets a t-shirt. [laughter] guest: that is outstanding. host: make sure you wear it in your high school. go ahead, sunshine. guest: there is a couple of great things that were done in there. first, iterating that formal power is one that is enumerated in the constitution and an informal power is one that is not and it gets back to what we were talking about the top, showing you understand the term and using examples like the -- this happened during the state of the union address, your messaging power. the state of the union is provided for in the constitution

this idea of using that occasion to send messages about what you want to achieve and build public support for your cause is the example using the bully pulpit. the bully pulpit or message power is a great o2 informal power for the president and congress because it works in almost any situation in the same way you hear congress, you should think power of the purse, a formal power that works in just about any situation. that is a good last-minute strategizing. one of the things that has a broad base of usefulness and making sure those are solid and locked down in your mind, no matter what the question is, you will write about something intelligently and strategically. rate job. -- great job. host: harrison says shout out to -- what is the difference between a republican, a democrat and a libertarian in policymaking? guest: usually when the college

board is asking you about it, they aren't looking for what is the degree of government involvement in people's lives that each one of those individuals prefers. if you are talking about being asked to distinguish between a republican and a democrat, typically you are looking for which one is more paternalistic, which one favors a bigger government more involved in policymaking, which would be a democrat. whatever the example they are giving you is. or, if it is something on a social issue piece in which one is a little bit more of a government directed position on an issue. libertarian is looking for, if it is something that is very small government. government not particularly involved in people's lives are policymaking. that is usually when the answer is ever terran. host: kate is next in california. good morning. caller: i would like to shout

out ms. smith. my question is, what happens if there is not a majority vote form -- from the electoral college? guest: do you remember? if you do not, -- it goes to the house of representatives. this is what he framers thought was going to happen most of the time. the constitution did not provide for a two-party system. there are zero words in the constitution about political parties. since the two-party system persisted, most we have had in the modern era somebody -- the elections have only gone to the house a couple of times. when that happens, each state gets one vote. in california, the classes, we are the most populous state, we would get the same vote as smaller states if it went to the house. host: a text from julia in richmond, virginia.

shout out to mr. addison. can you explain the difference between civil rights and several liberties -- civil liberties? guest: civil rights are freedom from and civil liberties are freedom to. effectively, if the question is about its cremation, treating different groups differently, it is a civil rights question. it is about personal freedom, speak, petition, bear arms, etc. , that is a civil liberty question. host: sadie is next in walker, louisiana. caller: we are from ms. hope's class. we want to take a question. host: this is the last t-shirt. here is your question. provide an example of a federal government action that reflected the ideal of participatory --

sorry -- ok, provide an example of a federal government action that reflected the ideal of participatory democracy. sadie. caller: can you repeat the question? host: provide an example of a federal government action that reflected the ideal of participatory democracy. caller: voting. host: voting. caller: and how it -- oh, my gosh. elections and how voting can give you opportunities in state legislature to pick who represents you. guest: i'm going to try and give you a phone a friend and see where you can go from there. participatory democracy is a goal of including as many people as possible in the democratic process. can you think of something, any federal action, any level or

layer of the federal government, executive, legislative or judicial that promoted that idea of including more people in the voting process? caller: election of legislators requiring the people to vote. host: what do you think, sunshine? guest: people are required -- are not required to vote. encouraging more people to vote then i think we can get there. if you wanted to say something like the voting rights act or any of the voting amendments. when someone was asking about which amendment you should know, anything that is taking away restrictions on the basis of gender, basis of race, lowering the voting age, those eminence are proposed by two thirds of congress and ratified by state legislatures.

that is a federal government action, congress proposing in minute those eminence that expand the electorate would be examples of participatory democracy. host: should we give them a t-shirt? guest: i think they should. they are brave enough to call in and take a question. host: hey, i afrom greensburg, north carolina. could you explain the difference , we talked about packs and super pac's. and how we expect those topics to play into the exam. guest: i think mostly how you would expect them to play into the exam is understanding what goals packs are trying to achieve through their actions in the political process. specifically are hoping to influence legislators and other policymakers to behave a certain way to shape legislation in a

particular way or help bureaucrats carry out policy that packs are ash packs are raising money to amplify interest. not to allow people to participate in the process. a lot of times, we think about packs as things that exist in isolation. packs are representing people, giving a face to a particular issue or interest. they are providing an access point to government and linkage institution. there may be other ways you may be asked about what things packs to, but what is the goal they have and what is that goal in service of? if that goal -- is that goal in representing the voice of people or groups that have certain things they would like to achieve in the government process? host: a tweet from zane in maryland. i had a question about the bill of rights and amendments. what is the best way to remember them while under stress in the test? guest: [laughter]

perfect. one of my students was mentioning earlier this week that there is a video out there that has a song for, rising the amendments. -- four memorizing the amendments. easily thinking about having some kind of correlation in your head. first amendment, religion, assembly, press, petition, speech. having tricks like that to help you out. if you cannot remember exactly which amendment something is in, write what you can remember. you do not get marked down for things that are wrong, you get marked up or things that are right. when you are under stress, take a breath, trust your instincts and write what you know. host: leon in pennsylvania. good morning. caller: it is liam.

i am here with owen and abby. we would like to shout out our teacher. host: i do not have any more t-shirts. do you want to take a question or ask a question? caller: i would like to ask a question. our favorite thing this year we learned was selective corporations -- how often do you think that would show up on the exam. guest: a lot. it is smart it is your favorite thing and you know it. for everybody listening, do you want to tell us what it is? caller: i will get it. selective incorporation is the idea the bill of rights was originally only apply to federal cases, but the supreme court had to slickly incorporate these rights to the states so they could also have their rights. guest: they do that using the

due process clause of the 14th amendment into a private bill of the states, that is the incorporation part. selected, doing it gradually on a case-by-case basis over time. this starts -- in new york, we have seen it happen in over -- in cases over time. one supreme court is requiring states to respect will of rights guarantees. mcdonald's v chicago incorporates the second amendment. you can expect to see it on the test, it is part of your understanding how does the application of the bill of rights evolve over time with the role of the supreme court in policymaking. it touches on federalism. it fits a lot of places, selective incorporation. host: last piece of advice for students for this weekend as we wrap up. guest: my last piece of advice, study that vocab and trust what you are doing.

i love to be shout outs -- loved the shout outs to your teachers. your teachers have prepared you well. trust your tips. do not just take the test. attack the exam. treat it as a television. monday morning is a celebration of what you have learned. be strategic in your approach. skip the things you do not know. put what you know on the paper to get the points. good luck to everyone out there. host: cavalluzzi sunshine cavalluzzi -- sunshine cavalluzzi, thank you for joining us. students can get more information on c-span.org/classroom. there is information and

resources for you. we have cram for the exam programs including for the ap u.s. history exam on our website. you can see that as well. good luck to everybody taking exams coming up. make us proud. that is it or today's "washington journal." we will be back again tomorrow morning 7:00 a.m. eastern, live. ♪