on patrol. in a poker game of power and money the competition is fierce battles most important natural resource bluffing and betting checking how much will they be able to play and who will win their school we believe that renewable energy we flew for the role in the future moving on the geopolitical east coast starting monday to t.w. move to. welcome to tomorrow today the science show on g.w. . coming up. the stuff of life is it possible to create spell out officially. outside of the internet of things we show how easy it is to happen

a robotic vacuum cleaner. and what happens in our brains when we try to multitask and how can we avoid mental overload. them when many jackie late they can release from fifteen million to over two hundred million sperm per milliliter. but only a fraction of those reached the woman's fallopian tube and usually only one sperm actually manages to penetrate an egg it's a difficult journey. and plenty of kumar from new zealand have a question for us about sperm. is it possible to create sperm artificially low. the reproductive cells are complicated no one purpose in life is to fertilize an egg cell. father

a child but sometimes they fall short of expectations. and in the western world have a sperm count just half that of forty years ago if that trend were to continue by twenty fifty they'd be sterile. a range of culprits are being blamed for moans and water supplies to chemicals in plastic all can disrupt the body's hormones but is helping hand from the lab. researchers in china the u.s. and britain have created artificial sperm in mice at least. the technique involves converting embryonic stem cells into image sure sperm cells. of mice produced using lab grown sperm were later able to produce offspring of their own. but they had a shorter life span than ordinary mice and were also more prone to disease.

the root of the problem is and how sperm are created during the cell division process called meiosis chromosomes are duplicated and recombined. with this process is reproduced in the lab it's more prone to errors. the lab grown sperm also have no motility they can't move some of their only suitable for in vitro fertilization. the technique can't be used to create artificial humans for yet and ethical guidelines would likely ban its use. but scientists hope this research will provide new insights into infertility and new approaches to treatment . a team of researchers led by hardy shafi at have it is currently developing an app that will allow men to test their fertility levels at home. he says the digital device can assess semen quality by measuring

total sperm count and matelot or the number of non-viable emitter sperm cells. all this technology is pretty impressive but it also has weak points and not just online platforms are vulnerable to have her attacks in twenty sixteen people were able to use public transit in san francisco for a day for free after the ticketing machines were hacked. to ticket only worrying cyber attacks on hospitals. in germany reportedly some two out of three have been hacked in some way. showbiz has also been targeted in twenty fourteen sony pictures was subject to a massive attack stuff was forced to resort to pen and paper. and smart appliances are now handing had his the keys to our homes by security loopholes that are

frighteningly easy to exploit. a robot vacuum cleaner moves around the apartment it's one of many smart home gadgets controlled by computer. normally the controls of search for the person who owns the vacuum cleaner. but on this occasion of taking control. or dead and norm on or in the office in tel aviv. they showed us how easy it is to hack into the device ok here we do cool control that's made it. what makes it possible is that all smart vacuum cleaners made by this manufacturer are accessible by the cloud. so even though oded and his team don't have one of their own they can register as new users and replace another users id code with their own lack of time. then they can access the vacuum

cleaner which might be anywhere in the world so we actually acted here. this applies to all gadgets that are part of the internet of things or i.o.t. it can include everything from smart baby phones to televisions heating systems and refrigerators. users can control the gadgets remotely using their smartphone that's because all these gadgets have an on board computer that can receive commands. but if there are security loopholes criminals anywhere in the world can access these household devices and even gain access to personal computers at the same time. can start to do commons with it and then i can start to look which devices there is in my network and then start to move to does devices and move on so it's like it's related to the goals of cybertron or for for the bad guys what they want to achieve but there is no limit. in twenty sixteen there were six point four billion i.o.t.

appliances linked to the internet with more going online all the time. experts estimate that around half are not secure and those are the ones the hackers have set their sights on. developing malware for these smart household appliances has become big business for hackers as the german authorities have also observed. in twenty eighteen there were some eight hundred million our programs in all with three hundred ninety thousand new ones emerging every day the best place to earn the most money is the weakest link in the chain and io t. devices aren't a secure as they should be but. this hacker jar from the united states was convicted last year of programming malware to infiltrate household appliances. the malware link the appliance used to form a criminal network known as a bot net. like

a remote controlled hostile army the healthful devices were used to carry out a series of cyber attacks in twenty sixteen. one of them knocked out dr telecom routers leaving more than a million customers in germany without a telephone or internet connection the first known attack on critical infrastructure in germany carried out by household appliances. but the european union's law enforcement agency europol the man in charge of fighting cyber crime told us that io t. devices are being used for crimes ranging from cyber extortion to the trade in child pornography. possibly a sin is a convict and we're seeing a convergence among the cyber attackers they may have political motives or financial motives or they may be terrorists but they all basically use the same tools to achieve their goals that the act of picking and. the only way to solve the problem is to close up the security loopholes in io two devices except only the

manufacturers can do that everything that we we're walking directly with it when they're not if in a very quietly to fix. but many manufacturers aren't interested. but far beyond mr meyer has discovered repeatedly he too demonstrates how easy it is to exploit the security loopholes by hacking the camera of his colleague in another country even hits the cloud id select the cloud id it's an id that's easy to ascertain so that's done and then we can log into the camera then i just say ok now i'm connected as it says and it's now i just click on monitor and open the camera that we've hacked. and as you can see we're now links directly with the office network. the people there don't notice a thing they have no way of telling what someone's watching them. every camera and every device of this money factory can be hacked in the same way. fabienne mackay

ma says that this security loophole affects nine million cameras. and the cameras connect to the internet on their own. they've been integrated into many devices including televisions. but the manufacturer appears disinclined to take action. so how can we stop side the criminals from infiltrating out and full of all. to prevent attacks from the outside on the smart home device as a user needs and she was an only legitimate uses are allowed to access this device and there are two basic principles to implement this one is to have special pass watch so this means that any end user needs to change the default passwords on the other hand the second approach. only allow communications forms i would he device

to specific points in the internet and to implement this is the user needs to configure a specific file of a which changes a password is pretty easy for most of us but is a bit more challenging to implement so i had to have one of the words because for this is the end users a device needs to know to rich and point to device communicates and this is usually not publicly available some vendor us gives us information but most don't i think savan us and also companies should. do much more about this and presents for example an easy to use. so security is that also. what do you think about smart homes and the experience with one we asked you on facebook and i wrote i'm amazed how advanced technology has become but it also

worries me to think we'd stop doing such everyday things as switching on and off lights. miguel has a more positive take he says that small technology could help us to use energy more efficiently and optimize electricity production. mary and then i think that it just encourages laziness. it doesn't cost anything to get up and put off the lights. she has got a point thanks for your posts. because that is read right but only if you. do you have a science question that you've always wanted answered we're happy to help you out send it to us as a video text ovoid smell if we answer it on the show was send you a little surprise as a thank you can i just ask. interested in most stories from the world of science those don't belong in many things vying for our attention.

in the past human brains were able to deal with most stimuli pretty easily. but as time passed we were confronted with more and more challenges we were bombarded with more and more input. and nowadays in the digital age it feels as if we are permanently on call or on line and our brains never get any rest bite it's far from ideal. in the no wise under normal circumstances we'd be exposed to a stimulus and. our brains were processed then we focus on the next one. but this kind of situation is becoming increasingly rare neuroscientists iana from the cove or is investigating how our brains cope when they're forced to continually switch between tasks. he's conducting experiments in which people have to solve

a set of complicated exercises. they're asked to distinguish between monsters on a computer screen that entails keeping track of nine different distinct characteristics and identifying them by clicking on the right keys. shunk their actions hard as they really have to concentrate. the experiment is intended to simulate situations we face at work and in our leisure time but we have to tackle a wide range of tasks in rapid succession. the program first tests how quickly the test subjects consults simple tasks. then they're asked to focus on more and more features such as color form and pattern under increasing time pressure. attorney these are situations in which our

brain has to make a clear distinction between various steps and decisions we do these things more or less automatically but for our brain it's hard work into. a frantic over also carries out m.r.i. scans on her test subjects she wants to see exactly which regions of the brain are being activated the frontal lobes are responsible for handling complex tasks. to him that's the part of the brain that's located behind our forehead practice allocates how many resources are devoted to each particular task it ends it when we're dealing with several tasks that once this part of the brain has to work hard to ensure that the various tasks i don't get muddled up thus i shouldn't. come here the test subjects are being asked to keep track of various faces and places and how they are linked in quick succession of course the more complex the tasks

the slower the response this process can be observed in the frontal lobe. then the mess lower responses correlate with increased brain activity when the task is very difficult when the test subjects respond more slowly or make mistakes and then we see more activity in this part of the brain. when the brain processes the same information over and over it becomes familiar with it and responds quickly but when it's bombarded with a lot of different information in quick succession the brain needs more time to process the various elements the faster the tasks change the more mistakes we make . different tasks also compete with one another distracting us and lowering attention. just now he

can get a phone and we've all experienced something like this and it often feels quite unpleasant house from our experiments here we found that we indeed do make more mistakes in such situations and our response time is slower and. when you're in the middle of one task and get distracted by a new one you first have to show the old task that gives your brain time to identify what the new one entails and attend to it that's hard work. so how did children and teenagers respond to this challenge they were born into a world where multitasking has become the norm and they tend to be more open to new things do they solve the tasks more quickly than the adults. that. we know that children solve the tasks. and they make more mistakes or.

the frontal lobes take charge when we switch rapidly between tasks on the left as an adult brain on the right a child's. frontal lobes are not fully developed until we're at least twenty so children can switch gears as quickly as adults but it will take at least ten years before researches know exactly how multitasking affects brain development when the children growing up with smartphones and tablets are fully mature. staying on top of things in the digital era certainly isn't easy. and. over the last ten years access to the internet has risen thirty percent worldwide. millions of people own smartphones and spend an awful lot of time online time spent

an average of three hundred and thirteen minutes over five hours a day using mobile internet access followed by the philippines and brazil. the global digital population is growing and nearly four billion exclusively use mobile internet. but many life is a relentless digital tyranny an endless lot of emails task lists information and text messages and work and increasingly at home as well. day in day out. his club it's important to understand that we've been govt by technology so quickly that we've had no chance to learn how to deal with it properly and the fleet leishman and we have to constantly keep reminding ourselves of what our brains need to function well. as a psychiatry and psychotherapist foca bush knows how digitalisation is overwhelming

people but he says solutions are available for everyone. one strategy one thing at a time. often have to deal with the constant barash of demands especially at work. puts us in a state of ongoing stress which is both a middling counterproductive. and a good if we want to perform well in what we're doing but we have to discipline ourselves a little. to discipline you stick to one task at a time and nurse ourselves in it even if this doesn't seem rewarding immediately lorn it is but it does pay off in the long run with fewer mistakes and greater efficiency don't know when if it and. thirty even if we do manage to focus on one thing at a time there's still

a risk we'll continue to feel stressed out. in the workload and digital networking we often forget one simple thing. take a break. for fewer than twenty five percent of people in germany take regular breaks at work with that i say the majority do without a break at least once in a while because they think they've got so much to do. but regular breaks are essential. you need to schedule them and then. take them ideally ten to fifteen minutes every two hours fifteen percent. that's because switching off is believed to activate a neural network called the default mode network. it's a brain network that kicks in when we're not engaged in a specific mental task but that doesn't mean our brain is resting it's collating and storing the information and data it was processing and forming new connections

and insights. into the rhythm of the brain these aren't just the moments when inspiration strikes it's also healing. you should give your brain short breaks in the daily routine to process what you've seen and learned the hour by the good news is that your brain does this almost automatically you just have to be willing to stop the constant flow of stimuli to photo midnight and. time offline is extremely helpful. especially after work it's good to decompress from the demands of the day for example by setting up times when you go offline to take a break from the constant flow of information. many people find that surprisingly difficult. every time we interact with our smart phone it sets off

a quiet chemical process involving the release of dopamine at all for cuts a hormone that's part of the brain's reward system. we develop habitual behaviors that many people find hard to change even after work for a loss and can buy one out of twenty people today have developed a dependency a kind of addiction. going offline can help change the said bit you'll behaviors but also cars out time for leisure activities like going on a bike ride or jogging. exercise helps reduce levels of the body's stress hormones including courters old which helps us relax. only works when you're talking about moderate intensity and your infectious side. to high intensity competitive support does create mental strain which isn't as restorative for the brain. going offline also gives us a chance to foster our social connections socializing online can actually lead to

greater feelings of stress and inadequacy since we often tend to measure ourselves against the idealized image but those projective themselves. in this noida death we now know that there's no substitute for genuine social connections with virtual relationships you can't replace them in the crowd. and a good night's sleep is also priceless. sleep is especially important when our brains have to cope with a heavy workload. but that's a lesson we seem to be forgetting. some studies show that the average sleep duration in the industrialized world has been falling for years it's fallen by thirty minutes a night over the last two decades. that's not a good development when we sleep brain is tidying up it still is the important experiences and information we encounter during the day until it's useless information like

a cerebral spring clean. and enough to schools within our brain our frontal lobe needs a lot of this clearing out it's the region that handles the highest order mental activities guys the lies to win the war that includes willpower self-discipline the ability to plan tasks on carry them out as well as impulse control and all of the fuel inputs called hollow ideas are. enough sleep is essential. it's what gives us the energy to begin a new day ready to concentrate and to tackle the digital challenges of modern life . that still for today next week will explore the world of many satellites and take a look at a billion stars have the next step. for that next time till then.

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a difference in knowledge printed for express as undergone a sense that exists to add the part of the horse haven't been and then put it in china patsy and not the tax people wondering if they're fully paid but if you for have the right to learn all that is this is their job a job that are very much how i see it and that's why i left my job because i tied to do exactly that every day my name and the names and i was asked did that do. the same for your five keys to see for food. clean to prevent contamination.

draw and cook foods to avoid cross contamination. third to kill microorganisms. keep food safe temperatures of the cold cold to prevent bacterial growth. gives safe water and safe raw materials to avoid content. producers are the ones primarily responsible for the safety of the food. but you can protect yourself and your family from the seas is an old pipeline the five key is to say for food use them you also have a role to play here. the i believe. any theo pia investigators are trying to determine the cause of

a plane crash that killed all hundred fifty seven people on board the boeing seven thirty seven max jet lost contact with air traffic control minutes after taking off from the capital addis ababa for nairobi kenya. several thousand people have rallied in moscow to protest legislation they fear could lead to widespread internet censorship the bill would route all internet traffic.