this is the interview news live from berlin stay tuned for our dock film secrets of the stonings that's coming up next don't forget you always find out more about these and other stories or a website you know me dot com i'm dr thomas for the entire news team thanks to the first. place. the floods have taken everything they own now despair is lives god left leg climate refugees time to. play seek shelter cut cut cut cut but even here the water's rising above. the floods the church could call d.w. .

if the fall of the human race has been building huge stone structures for ages. what are the origins of these structures. what were the circular constructions used for. the. place. many of these structures were sealed up thousands of years ago by the people who built them. but in some cases wind and waves wore away that protective covering over time.

these structures are called make a list. you could call them gigantic works of art with a little sad moment understand they were built long before the pair in the technical and logistical muster paces that pushed the limits of human imagination. large stone structures like these were built in many places around the world. for example in the far north of scotland you'll find ancient constructions that are older than stonehenge. every home but long involved that you see could be a new off your logical site i'd be sheer particularly during the climbing season new sites are discovered by farmers. these discoveries outline an important chapter in human history. from the birth of.

intel about twelve thousand years ago our ancestors were hunters and gatherers. then and the reversible transition to a new way of life got underway. all the fix-it form of the void the transition from hunting and gathering to sedentary farming was a key development something from damage discussions to sadly for millions of years people had lived by hunting and gathering in that season and suddenly their lives changed radically much more so than joining the transition to industrialization or the digital age. this is. a small hill in southeastern turkey. here in one thousand nine hundred four gentlemen archaeologist klaus schmidt discovered a series of huge stone structures including decorated pillars that way up to twenty tons.

a few years later austrian archaeologists babak a whole fresh began researching the site. does this assume border give a key is not only an architectural treasure and one of the most important structures of its kind in the world. it also symbolizes the beginning of the new lithic a sense. the good berkeley to pick complex was built by hunters and gatherers that is before mankind became sedentary this fact revolution ally's the conventional archaeological wisdom. and we discovered a society that was completely new to us. that society had such a long history and yet some aspects of it were familiar to us and also why it is an aggressive lion for example that was just as much a threat to the people who built as it is to us today but.

for those who live near the site a parallel supernatural world was part of everyday life. in. this crane may have symbolized the connection between the earth and the heaven. beetle and snakes were important mythological symbols in many cultures. there seem to have been few barriers between the natural world and the supernatural . teams of archaeologists from germany and turkey have only excavated a fraction of the site but they've determined that this period of mysticism was

relatively short lived but. they stand good out in our research indicates that the early jim. of sedentary societies kept covering up these sites and sealing them shut so that they could no longer be used. actis not since all that these sites were preserved in the collective memory of society for a very long time that there are good reasons why a abandoned for thousands of years the ticking of the public was. perhaps the first farmers wanted to distance themselves from the practices of their ancestors. good backley had lost its original meaning people had become sedentary. for.

the director of the state museum of prehistory and holler mellor says this was a major turning point in human history. if you were to just merely to cool it was really decisive. here we have nearly four thousand acts heads from the neolithic period. that i. used axes to clear forests to create farmland. they also used them to spit wooden beams which were then used to build complex housing. this construction of housing was a key element in the transition to sedentary life. in dimension would get sis huffed. hunters and gatherers also stayed in one place for extended periods provided that they could find enough food. but the changes that took place in the neolithic period or revolutionary. he says of journalist mentioning this

transition to sedentary life was a key development. for thousands of years people had lived as hunter gatherers a natural way of life. this is not true they felt themselves in a natural way as well as if they had relatively few children because the women did not become pregnant while they were breastfeeding. where but all that changed radically with the development of agriculture because that prompted people to change their diet. graeme now provided carbohydrates and domesticated animals provided meat and fats. well they should certainly who would fit that increased the fat content in the body. also women became pregnant more often and this led to a population explosion. that in turn meant that people had to live together in

smaller spaces and houses settlements and villages. the work of archaeologists is often like trying to solve a puzzle they carefully dig up artifacts that belong to a specific society and then try to recreate an image of what that society was like . some objects like the shards of decorated pottery have lent their names to entire cultures for example the linear pottery culture which coincides with the first appearance of food producing societies. burial sites are often rich sources of information for archaeologists not just human remains but various items that were buried with the deceased. for example an expert can determine whether a person was buried properly. if not animals may have gotten into the grave and

shoot at the bones. maria tesla nicholai is the director of the archaeological biology department at vienna's museum of natural history she says you can learn a lot from skeletons. for example we've confirmed victim and deficiencies unstressed symptoms in some remains and that helps us to reconstruct what people ate and other aspects of daily life on and in me we found evidence of anemia in the upper reaches of i saw the man we'd seen evidence of vitamin c. deficiencies in the alveolar ridges and other bone formations as i'd asked if we analyze this evidence systematically and we can extrapolate it to the entire population and try to reconstruct specific living and working conditions.

archeologists always try to determine the age of artifacts the development of radio carbon dating was a major step forward in this process. over the last twenty years genetic analysis has also provided important evidence. experts can now examine human and animal d.n.a. that are several thousand years old. then for apologists yorkie says that genetic analysis of livestock can provide information on the migration patterns of neolithic farmers. they are asked not as often via we did our very first tests on domestic animals and determined that all the european cattle are descended from iranian cattle and as a guy looked at it today that's why those animals are found in switzerland or east breeziness somewhere order but they originally came from another tallia and the

middle east. and then we thought perhaps we can apply that hypothesis to the migration of neolithic people in the fold and up to ten years of research we were able to determine that these people from anatolia especially northwest anatolia are indeed the ancestors of all the european new little peoples of and would. not risen at all and for fallen a little hurt a little place near little and. it's difficult to find well preserved genetic material from this period in warm environments bones decay more quickly and with them the genetic evidence another problem is that sometimes older genetic material has been contaminated by newer material which produces inaccurate results . still archaeologists have come up with some interesting findings. in their time to get. a genetic analysis of skeletons from northwestern turkey

specifically an area south of istanbul shows that nearly fifty people in modern day germany and spain were descended from an ancient people that knew called a.g.s. . there is evidence that the migrants at that time highs used both the mediterranean as from and a buncombe route to order and about a kind of. farming people spread rapidly throughout europe over several hundred years but not in an organized way and. this research facility is located in torn in austria. maria and her colleague thomas pasco are using analytical chemistry to try to determine the migration patterns of ancient people's . dignity can't even yet have the technology we have today is incomparably better than it was twenty years ago. we

can use invasive and noninvasive methods class isotope analysis which has been widely used in anthropology for about fifteen years to track prehistoric migration patterns. into paste join us to fourteen. peer examines a tooth that's about five thousand years old tooth enamel does not change over the course of a person's life so scientists can tell from its composition where people grew up the same technology is used to determine the place of origin of some modern day foods. the place of origin can always be clearly determined whether in plants animals or humans. in plenty business orders we can now use this data to confirm a definite pattern of migration and not just a transfer of ideas he won't need in effect we've been able to track the colonize

ation of your own person. i hope our colonies see that. there are a few traces of europe's original residents the hunters and gatherers who lived there for thousands of years. they were probably displaced by the new settlers or absorbed into new societies. at this point europe had been settled by migrants from the middle east. but what prompted them to move into this new territory. he couldn't get out of the main shock of wonder to sing the beautiful lost it's hard to say i don't think it had anything to do with overpopulation not at that point in time in choppy elation dentity was low compared to what it is today if you would sneer listening to people's may simply have heard about this region and decided to go there if you must perhaps some groups have been there and came back and spread the word contact if i can only speculate but i think one reason may have

been simple human curiosity and when the mission of to be using one does far more good. hunters and gatherers eventually learned to travel by seeing. later some of the sedentary farmers also use boats to travel west we don't know whether they used sailboats or rowing boats. in any case rowing boats were easier to maneuver. these migrants spread gradually to mediterranean islands including one that today is known as malta. the republic of malta actually consists of three inhabited

islands mata itself plus camino and goes on and several smaller islands that are uninhabited malta is located approximately eighty kilometers south of sicily on a clear day one can see sicily from goldsboro and likewise one can see gold so from sicily so one must assume that. there was a degree of curiosity in the people from system the just wondering us toward this land was that lay slightly beyond the horizon. however. it's hard to grasp why people who would decide to leave such a fertile island a society and in order to occupy and colonize somewhere the earth was far away. the first to arrive were probably explorers perhaps then followed by their families

. about two thousand years later some of the residents started building temples. the origins of these monumental structures are still shrouded in mystery. some of these limestone blocks way up to twenty tons they could turn to dust before we find out more about them. timmy gambon a marine archaeologist at the university of malta is trying to preserve the ruins

here he's photographing some of them. gambon converts the photos to three d. animated images. this is what the temples might have looked like. but he says he's running out of time to complete his work. what's incredible is that the rate of erosion has been much faster over the past seventy years than it has been in the past four thousand five hundred years and that is not just because they have been uncovered bottom because you have aspects such as as in the rain newsham carbon monoxide and so on but actually accelerates so it's not just the period of time since they've been uncovered but since you've got all these modern body mutants this is really accelerating the rate fell for ocean.

this is the house our team temple complex on the main island it's a major tourist attraction. the canopy is designed to protect the site from the elements and slow the process of erosion. you know when these temples are for hours and years older than stone age which for a country that's a colony of britain this becomes a. big thing all over southern our new olympic is a thousand years older than the people that are ruling us you know also this is a this is also this is what i mean about the political factor that these structures come to play. but why did people build these structures. we humans

want a comfortable life we want not to be hungry not to be sick and the way to do it was to make sure that the gods work were smiling up on a new one one way to make the gods smile upon you was to build monuments and. this is what the site looks like without the canopy. we can now we construct how the temple might have looked in its original form. but we can only speculate about its actual purpose and what sorts of rituals might have been carried out there who was allowed to enter the inner sanctum and who was not. there is a clear division between the inside space and the old door space the temple this built covered those it is the real name of the priest or priestess is the outsiders open to the elements and the real the common people this vision is killin the thought of in the design of the tempest.

the interior of the temple is hidden from the outside world. this hole in the stone may have been used by an oracle if it provides a connection to the temple interior. what was sacred to the local residents at that time. what gods did they worship if any. did they have sacrificial rituals. we can only speculate the site leaves many questions unanswered. the temples of mata were used for about two thousand years and then they were abandoned. why did that happen. it was in the moment that time and this is very typical of prehistoric cultures is

that they were not able to achieve real societal consistency to obscure they had no established traditions that could be passed down from generation to generation like written records to a class of priests or a line of her records are muslims from the those are key elements in cultural development prehistoric cultures that did not have these elements didn't last long need for god. some of the farming peoples who sailed toward central and western europe travelled as far as what is now spain and portugal and the brittany peninsula in modern day france. going to. the rocky coastline provided building materials for these new settlers.

they created a new society at the dawn of the neeld ific age a society that remains a mystery to this day. the temples that were built in malta are unique to that island. just as these rows of standing stones are to the village of car knock on britain a south coast.

the legacy of these and other structures has been preserved in one of the regional languages breton. the word men here means long stone. dallman means stone table it describes a specific kind of grave it's impossible to accurately translate these words into other languages experts have tried to solve the mystery of the standing stones in vain seraj cussen is an archaeologist at the university of not. this spectacular sight they were to the stone rose of kanakas. found in pressure on everyone who sees it. people or spanish by the scope and the size of it it is all sort of it simply boggles the mind that when you walk and it gives new meaning to the word monumental. circuit i mean the more money might then pick.

the rows of stones cover an area of more than three kilometers the site used to be much larger. it came. to me. every rock is distinctive and each one could have its own individual meaning. some researchers believe that the stones represent an expression of political power. others believe that supernatural forces were at work here. still others simply see role paan role of gravestones. noon. news.

was simple enough did you know regional or local design. we don't know it's all related but you really can call it architecture gosh i think through. the rows of stones extended from the coast into the interior. perhaps they indicated a pathway of some sort if so where did it leave. you that i'm story one thing is clear is that and this applies to war megalithic structures it's a sacred construction that involves the landscape and living space this is going to you really can see that in the rows of stones and they're linked to a sacred site while i'm talking. man. megalithic sites are found on many mediterranean islands and along the atlantic

coast as far north as britain. they were also built along the north sea and the baltic sea coasts. but there are none of these sites in modern day hungary austria or southern germany that is places where migrants traveled overland. what's the explanation for that. good in the only tickets and not as these new little pete doesn't lend centered on the toll the air they experience the shop production in cultural diversity they were farmers when they arrived in europe as they traveled along the balkan route they lost their connection to their previous society including the construction of large monuments walk around david came highly specialized farmers and they were very good at it would have it it was not a life that was rich in culture. when

did humans only is not much of a migration from the first question to australia continued for nearly five thousand years. in many parts of europe receding ice age glaciers left behind lots of boulders. a meal we think migrants found large areas of fertile topsoil and what is now eastern austria. but there weren't a lot of large rocks that could be used for construction so they used other materials. in the one nine hundred eighty s. researchers who were analyzing aerial photographs discovered circular shapes in the soil in austria's danube region. this was definitely something worth looking into.

getting yes nicky have missed meeting the in the meeting yes we call this a goes aerial photos led to excavations and they found these huge money meant that were more than six thousand years old wolf you would think archaeologists just wondered what they'd been used for for the schools and there was a lot of discussion about it back in the one nine hundred eighty s. . and phone call there were all sorts of possible explanations everything from fort to meeting places temples cattle pens to put the. fear archaeologist use radar to scan the area to get an idea of what sort of structures might have been built here fences ditches or entryways archaeologist vulcan noise has used this equipment to investigate sites around the world.

for example know about how it was able. to prove that stonehenge perhaps the world's most famous prehistoric monument was originally made of wood. these circular shapes can be seen from the air only at certain times of the year provided that they've not been covered up by blowing soil. know about or found a total of forty circular ditches in the vine thehotel region of north eastern austria. in two thousand and five archaeologist vulcan low base there and his team reconstructed one of these ditches near the town of helton there they used stone tools and the same materials that would have been available during the stone age including wood bone and plant fibers.

but it's the stone structures that tell us the most about our ancient ancestors. on the north sea island of silt for example there are more than five hundred burial sites made of stone. a number of neolithic tombs can also be found on the northern german mainland and in denmark archaeologists continue to excavate and analyze some of the sites. these large stone tombs were often used for centuries. these negative tombs give people a sense of identity the local residents perform their rituals that help them to reaffirm their existence so these sites really did help to shape society at that

time in their land mentioning the. burial practices can tell us a lot about a given society and its people. make a living at people's used common burial sites but there's little evidence of individual graves it's as though the deceased lost their identity. during the early neolithic period the focus was on the community not the individual . those who could contribute substantially to the community were held in high regard. over time our ancestors began to create high quality elaborately designed ceramics this beautifully decorated bowl was found in a grave there little's than in the eastern german state of saxony on hold. items

such as these and burial practices in general can tell us much about society including the status of women just the longer five newly we've observed in no major differences in the way that man was women whether buried in the olympic societies that are used in many cases women were given burials that were just as elaborate as those for men and sometimes even more so most of what i have started. with the only. the i. but didn't think burial objects really indicate the status of women in society. stone constructions represent spiritual immortality that is the deceased will be remembered forever.

shine isn't the biggest a key element in reconstructing ancient architecture whether it's temple buildings or tombs are the stone building blocks and yes if these structures had been made of wood it we would have found very few remains we could only speculate as to how large the structure had been but the stone blocks really gave us an idea of what it was like in prehistoric times and let me tell you take it in page two options fight and watch. there's an amazing variety of neolithic structures in the orkney islands off the northeastern coast of scotland. excavation work began at this site in two thousand and two led by archaeologist nick card. i think what we're seeing today is just really very simply i experience of what was

here five thousand years ago our eyes are drawn to these wonderful upstanding monuments but over both the last ten years the university the highlands and islands eyes and bog talk a large scale geophysical program all five of the surveyed arrived in these monuments to see what else was potentially here i mean what we've discovered is that the landscape which is filled with more new bins. excavations have yielded evidence of sites that were used by cults as well as settlements and graves the concentration of neolithic structures on the island is extensive. this is the main burial site. the standing stones of stenness form one of the oldest circular structures in britain.

one hundred fifty. meters away are the remains of the barn house settlement. the entrance to the narrow headland is guarded by a five point six metre high monolith called the watch stone. further along we find the nests of broad ghar a major settlement that included houses a huge stone wall and even a version of a cathedral. archaeologists have discovered other neolithic structures that lie directly on the coast. of. this settlement include some small stone houses much of the excavation site has been covered to protect the masonry from the elements no visitors are allowed only nic card and his team.

people were really no different from those you see here is everything that you'd expect a house with a city in the water. the flat construction protects the structure against stormy weather the grass roof provides warmth. people lead a decent life here as far as we know there were no armed conflicts or other serious existential threats at the time. the local forests were more widespread in the times and the climate was relatively mild thanks to the influence of the gulf stream. the conditions were ideal for growing crops and raising livestock. and there were also plentiful supplies of fish. during the neolithic the fire is that all green. areas

and what we've found is that this material being drawn to it from right the real force. pretty but equally a lot of the ideas that seem to dominate the true history of britain seem to of originated in the or near islands. was the stone circle of orkney a model for similar structures throughout britain. meanwhile archaeologists have been able to pursue eisley determined militant migration patterns. all they need to carry out a comprehensive analysis are a few bones or teeth that contain traces of d.n.a. . this is the same method that proved that central europeans were descended from the

people of anatolia. researchers also came up with another surprising discovery. in i'm so i am sure it would they examine the genetic material found in what is now iran that is the heartland of the fertile crescent and they found a break in the migration patten approximately between western iran and western anatolia just as the population groups had become so diverse there are indications that they may have split up between fifty and seventy thousand years ago following the migration of anatomically modern humans from africa both major groups became sedentary farm the land and built houses. horse of all. populations made the transition to sedentary culture in both europe and asia at about the same time but of course independently of one another.

megalithic structures can be found throughout asia and especially in korea. constellations the patterns of stars play an important role in korean mythology. well into modern times it was not unusual to find images of constellations engraved on headstones but it's not always easy to determine the precise age of these relics . the neolithic age appears to have been a relatively peaceful period in human history. archaeologists have found no evidence of armed conflict during this time. the neolithic period in europe came to an end around two thousand b.c.

when it gave way to the bronze age. the stone structures remained of course today some of them serve as road markers. and others took on a christian look. churches were built atop burial grounds. and some stone monuments simply faded into the local background. in milicic times temple served the same purpose as mosques synagogues and churches do today. this period saw the development of communities where people lived in small settlements raised their families and tended their crops and livestock. i didn't mean to and these new living elements still shape our society today sometimes more than we think sins.

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but i am. glad. this is good of your news live from berlin britain faces a no deal bragg's it vote today after through some may second crushing defeat and parliament lawmakers will decide on whether to leave the e.u. without an agreement after two years of negotiations last night the prime minister's final deal to leave the european union was rejected by a huge margin. also coming up he was trusted to guide and protect children instead one of the catholic church's most senior clergymen will go to prison for sexually abusing pyre boys in australia.