here at sawgrass it goes to seamus our just take a look at this. all come up first hole in one of his career. you're watching the news live from berlin coming up next the first part of our documentary secrets of the stone age and don't forget you can get all the latest news and information from around the clock on our website that's t w dot com or follow us on twitter at news i'm com assman for the whole crew here thanks for watching. the floods have taken everything they own now despair please god love climate refugees conflict as. they seek shelter in the capital to come but even here waters are rising. the floods come and

stores like. g.w. . you. leave the front of the human race has been building huge stone structures for ages. what are the origins of these structures. what were the circular constructions used for. many of these structures were sealed up thousands of years ago by the people who built them. but in

some cases wind and waves were a way that protective covering over time. these structures are called mega lists. you could call them gigantic works of art we get a little sad moment that is done and they were built long before the peronist that technical and logistical most of paces that push the limits of human imagination. large stone structures like these were built in many places around the world. for example in the far north of scotland you'll find ancient constructions that are older than stonehenge. every home but love from both that you see could be an ewok illogical sight. each year particularly during the climbing season new sights are discovered by farmers. these discoveries outline an important chapter in human

history. in tell about twelve thousand years ago our ancestors were hunters and gatherers. then and the reversible transition to a new way of life got underway. to. fix it from the void to the transition from hunting and gathering to sedentary farming it was a key development at something don't damage discussions to sydney for millions of years people had lived by hunting and gathering in this season and suddenly their lives changed radically much more so than join the transition to industrialization or the digital age. this is. a small hill in southeastern turkey. here in one thousand nine hundred four german archaeologist klaus schmidt discovered a series of. huge stone structures including decorated pillars that way up to

twenty tons. a few years later austrian archaeologists babak a whole crash began researching the site. these assume borders go pretty good make a is not only an architectural treasure and one of the most important structures of its kind in the world. it also symbolizes the beginning of the need to think in the ten sense. the good berkeley to pick complex was built by hunters and gatherers that is before mankind became second terry this fact revolution ally's the conventional archaeological wisdom. and we discovered a society that was completely new to us on this story that society had such

a long history and it some aspects of it with us. also why it is an aggressive lion for example it was just as much a threat to the people who built as it is to us today but first on. for those who live near the site a parallel supernatural world was part of everyday life. in. this crane may have symbolized the connection between the earth and the heaven. beetle and snakes were important mythological symbols in many cultures. there seem to have been few barriers between the natural world and the supernatural

. teams of archaeologists from germany and turkey have only excavated a fraction of the site but they've determined that this period of mysticism was relatively short lived. this dentist is good out of our research indicates that the illiterate. of sedentary societies kept covering up these sites and sealing them shut so that they could no longer be used. back to snopes and so that these sites were preserved in the collective memory of society for their e long time that there are good reasons like abandoned for thousands of years. old well. perhaps the first farmers wanted to distance themselves from the practices of their ancestors. good bakley had lost its original meaning people had become sedentary. for.

the director of the state museum of prehistory and holler mellor says this was a major turning point in human history if you were to have this new little it was really decisive that here we have nearly four thousand acts heads from the new little period. two hundred badly used axes to clear forests to create farmland. they also use them to split wooden beams which were then used to build complex houses. this construction of housing was a key element in the transition to sedentary life. the leap in dimension would meet since huffed. hunters and gatherers also stayed in one place for

extended periods provided that they could find enough food. but the changes that took place in the neolithic period or revolutionary. uses of journalist mention this transition to seven to relight was a key development for thousands of years people had to live as hunter gatherers a natural way of life. would not through they felt themselves in a natural way as well as if they had relatively few children because the women did not become pregnant while they were breastfeeding. where but all that changed radically with the development of agriculture. because that prompted people to change their diet. brame now provided carbohydrates and domesticated animals provided meat and fats. well this would certainly a good fit that increased the fat content in the body. also women became pregnant

more often and this led to a population explosion. that in turn meant that people had to live together in smaller spaces in houses settlements and villages. the work of archaeologists is often like trying to solve a puzzle they carefully dig up artifacts that belong to a specific society and then try to recreate an image of what that society was like . some objects like the shards of decorated pottery have lent their names to entire cultures for example the linear pottery culture which coincides with the first appearance of food producing societies. burial sites are often rich sources of information for archaeologists not just

human remains but various items that were bear. and with the deceased. for example an expert can determine whether a person was buried properly. if not animals may have gotten into the grave and shoot at the bones. maria tesla nicholai is the director of the archaeological biology department at vienna's museum of natural history she says you can learn a lot from skeletons. we are. for example we've confirmed victim and deficiencies unstressed symptoms in some remains and that helps us to reconstruct what people ate and other aspects of daily life form and in me we found evidence of the knee mia in the upper reaches of ice the man we've seen evidence of vision and see deficiencies in the alveolar ridges and other bone formations as i'd asked if we analyze this evidence systematically and we can extrapolate it to the

entire population and try to reconstruct specific living and working conditions. archeologists always try to determine the age of artifacts the development of radiocarbon dating was a major step forward in this process. over the last twenty years genetic analysis has also provided important evidence. experts can now examine human and animal d.n.a. that are several thousand years old. anthropologists yaki says that genetic analysis of livestock can provide information on the migration patterns of neolithic farmers. the island has not those of i'm glad we did our very first tests on domestic animals and determine that all the european cattle are descended from iranian cattle and as

a guy looked at it today that's why those animals are found in switzerland or east breeziness somewhere but they originally came from another tallia and the middle east. and then we thought perhaps we can apply that hypothesis to the migration of neolithic people in the field and up to ten years of research we were able to determine that these people from anatolia especially northwest anatolia are indeed the ancestors of all the european near little peoples of and would. not risen at all and for far a little hood over personality and. it's difficult to find well preserved genetic material from this period in warm environments bones decay more quickly and with them the genetic evidence another problem is that sometimes older genetic material has been contaminated by newer material which produces inaccurate results. still archaeologists have come up with some interesting findings.

in that our time to get. a genetic analysis of skeletons from northwestern turkey specifically an area south of istanbul shows that nearly think people in modern day germany and spain were descended from an ancient people that we called a.g.s. . and there is evidence that the migrants at that time highs used both the mediterranean and bunkum root word order and about a kind of. farming people spread rapidly throughout europe over several hundred years but not in an organized way. this research facility is located in torn in austria. maria and her colleague thomas prague are using analytical chemistry to try to determine the migration patterns of ancient peoples . dignities can't even yes tom the

technology we have today is incomparably better than it was twenty years ago we can use invasive and noninvasive methods plus isotope analysis which has been widely used in anthropology for about fifteen years to track prehistoric migration patterns. into pains to join us to fourteen. peer prochaska examines a tooth that's about five thousand years old tooth enamel does not change over the course of a person's life so scientists can tell from its composition where people grew up. the same technology is used to determine the place of origin of some modern day foods. the place of origin can always be clearly determined whether in plants animals or humans. in plenty business orders we are now use this data to confirm

a definite pattern of migration and not just a transfer of ideas he won't need in effect we've been able to track the colonize ation of your own. hum i hope our colony see that. there are a few traces of europe original residents the hunters and gatherers who lived there for thousands of years. they were probably displaced by the new settlers or absorbed into new societies. at this point europe had been settled by migrants from the middle east. but what prompted them to move into this new territory. dick or indifferent i mean she gave under to send a beautiful loss and it's hard to say i don't think it had anything to do with overpopulation not at that point in time in choppy lation density was low compared to what it is today if you would sneer listening to people's may simply have heard

about this region and decided to go there if you must perhaps some groups have been there and came back and spread the word kentucky i can only speculate but i think one reason may have been simple human curiosity as an addict linda mottram of good news was one of my good. hunters and gatherers eventually learned to travel by sea. later some of the sedentary farmers also use boats to travel west we don't know whether they used sailboats or rowing boats. in any case rowing boats were easier to maneuver.

these migrants spread gradually to mediterranean islands including one that today is known as malta. the republic of malta actually consists of three inhabited islands mata itself plus camino and gozo and several smaller islands that are uninhabited malta is located approximately eighty kilometers south of sicily on a clear day one can see sicily from goldsboro likewise one can see gold so from sicily so one must assume that. it was a degree of curiosity in the people from sicily just wondering us toward this land was that lace likely to be on the horizon. however. it's hard to grasp why people would decide to leave such a fertile island assistant and in order to occupy and colonize somewhere that was

far away. the first to arrive were probably explorers perhaps then followed by their families. about two thousand years later some of the residents started building temples. the origins of these monumental structures are still shrouded in mystery. some of these limestone blocks way up to twenty tons they could turn to dust before we find

out more about them. to me god than a marine archaeologist at the university of malta is trying to preserve the ruins. here he's photographing some of them. gambon converts the photos to three d. animated images. this is what the temples might have looked like. but he says he's running out of time to complete his work. what's incredible is that the rate of erosion has been much faster over the past seventy years than it has been in the past four thousand five hundred years and that is not just because they've been uncovered but because you have aspects such as us in the rain. carbon monoxide and so on but actually accelerate so it's not just the period of time since they've been uncovered but since you've got all these modern body mutants this is really

accelerating the rate fell for ocean. this is the hotshot team temple complex on the main island it's a major tourist attraction. the canopy is designed to protect the site from the elements and slow the process of erosion. you know all these temples are a thousand years older than stonehenge which for a country that's a colony of britain this becomes a. big thing all over southern our near lithic is a thousand years older than the people that are ruling us you know so this is a this is also this is what i mean about the political factor that these structures come to play.

but why did people build these structures. we humans once a comforter. in life we want not to be hungry and not to be sick and the way to do it was to make sure that the gods were smiling up on new in one way to make the gods smile upon you was to build monuments in their own. this is what the site looks like without the canopy. we can now we construct how the temple might have looked in its original form. but we can only speculate about its actual purpose and what sorts of rituals might have been carried out there who was allowed to enter the inner sanctum and who was not. there is a clear division between the inside space and the old door space the temple this built covered over it is the realism of the priests the priests the says the old

site is open to the elements and the rear of the common people this vision is clearly the thought of in the design of the tempest. the interior of the temple is hidden from the outside world. this hole in the stone may have been used by an oracle it provides a connection to the temple interior. what was sacred to the local residents at that time. what gods did they worship if any. did they have sacrificial rituals. we can only speculate. the site leaves many questions unanswered. the temples of mata were used for about two thousand years and then they were abandoned why did that happen.

the moment that time and this is very typical of prehistoric cultures is that they were not able to achieve real societal consistency to obscure they had no established traditions that could be passed down from generation to generation like written records a class of priests or a line of hereditary listening to those are key elements in cultural development prehistoric cultures that did not have these elements didn't last long and need for naught. some of the farming peoples who sailed toward central and western europe traveled as far as what is now spain and portugal and the brittany peninsula in modern day france. and.

the rocky coastline provided building materials for these new settlers. they created a new society at the dawn of the neolithic age a society that remains a mystery to this day. the temples that were built in malta are unique to that island. just as these rows of standing stones are to the village of car knock on britain a south coast.

the legacy of these and other structures has been preserved in one of the regional languages breton. the word men here means long stone. dolman means stone table it describes a specific kind of grave it's impossible to accurately translate these words into other languages experts have tried to solve the mystery of the standing stones in vain. carson is an archaeologist at the university of not. sick of this spectacular sight of us they were the scum rose of kanakas. found impression on everyone who sees it. people are stone age by the scope and the size of it that is all sort of it simply boggles the mind that when you walk and it

gives new meaning to the word monumental. success a kid i mean the more money not that he could make. the rows of stones cover an area of more than three kilometers the site used to be much larger it. came. to me. every rock is distinctive and each one could have its own individual meaning. some researchers believe that the stones represent an expression of political power. others believe that supernatural forces were at work here. still others simply see roll upon roll of gravestones. noon. news.

listen brainwashed if true is not a regional or a local design of the mist and we don't know it's already ships but you really can call it architecture gosh i think through all. the rows of stones extended from the coast into the interior. perhaps they indicated a pathway of some sort if so where did it leave. it would i'm still. one thing is clear is that and this applies to war megalithic structures it's a single it's a sacred construction that involves the landscape and living space this is because you really can see that in the rows of stones and they're linked to a sacred site and all of. them.

megalithic sites are found a many mediterranean islands and along the atlantic coast as far north as britain. they were also built along the north sea and the baltic sea coasts. but there are none of these sites in modern day hungary austria or southern germany that is places where migrants traveled overland. what's the explanation for that. supposed to be nearly tickets and as these new little peoples left central anatolia they experienced the shop reduction in cultural diversity and. they were farmers when they arrived in europe as they traveled along the balkan route they lost their connection to their previous society including the construction of large monuments

they became highly specialized farmers and they were very good at it but it was not a life that was rich in culture. much of the migration from the first question to australia continued for nearly five thousand years. in many parts of europe receding ice age glaciers left behind lots of boulders. mineola think migrants found large areas of fertile topsoil and what is now eastern austria. but there were a lot of large rocks that could be used for construction so they used other materials. in the one nine hundred eighty s.

researchers who were analyzing aerial photographs discovered circular shapes in the soil in austria's danube region. this was definitely something worth looking into. it and yes nicky had missed me to be a little bit in the us with all this of those aerial photos led to excavations and they found these huge money meant that were more than six thousand years old wolf you're thinking archaeologists wondered what they'd been used for for these clothes and there was a lot of discussion about it back in the one nine hundred eighty s. . and phone call there are all sorts of possible explanations everything from fort to meeting places temples or cattle pens the point that's. here archaeologists use radar to scan the area to get an idea of what sort of structures might have been built here fences ditches or entryways archeologists

vulcan noise has used this equipment to investigate sites around the world. for example know about how it was able to prove that stonehenge perhaps the world's most famous prehistoric monument was originally made of wood. these circular shapes can be seen from the air only at certain times of the year provided that they've not been covered up by blowing soil. noid bower found a total of forty circular did. in the vine fearful region of northeastern austria. in two thousand and five archaeologists involved there and his team reconstructed one of these ditches near the town of helton bag they used stone tools and the same materials that would have been available during the stone age including would bone

and plant fibers. but it's the stone structures that tell us the most about our ancient ancestors. on the north sea island of silt for example there are more than five hundred burial sites made of stone. a number of neolithic tombs can also be found on the northern german mainland and in denmark archaeologists continue to excavate and analyze some of the sites. these large stone tombs were often used for centuries. these make a little people a sense of identity the local residents perform their rituals that help them to

reaffirm their existence so these sites really did help to shape society at that time in their. burial practices can tell us a lot about a given society and its people. take a look at people's used common burial sites but there's little evidence of individual graves it's as though the deceased lost their identity. during the early neolithic period the focus was on the community not the individual . those who could contribute substantially to the community were held in high regard. over time our ancestors began to create

high quality elaborately designed ceramics this beautifully decorated bowl was found in a grave their little season in the eastern german state of saxony on hold. i don't such as these and burial practices in general can tell us much about society including the status of women. just i don't know if i am nearly we've observed no major differences in the way that men would women whether buried in the olympic societies that are in many cases women were given burials that were just as elaborate as those for men and sometimes even more so most of what i get her started. to move. but did neolithic burial objects really indicate the status of women in society. stone constructions represent spiritual immortality that is the deceased will be

remembered forever. trying isn't to be just a key element in reconstructing ancient architecture whether it's temple buildings or tunes other stone building blocks and yes if these structures had been made of wood getting we would have found very few remains we could only speculate as to how large the structure had been the stone blocks really gave us an idea of what it was like in prehistoric times when human talita it in paste lucian's fighting one. hand. there's an amazing variety of neolithic structures in the orkney islands off the northeastern coast of scotland. excavation work began at this site in two

thousand and two led by archaeologist nick card. i think what we're seeing today is just really very simply i experience of what was here five thousand years ago our eyes are drawn to these wonderful upstanding monuments great all. the last ten years the universe the highlands and islands i was in bar talk a large scale geophysical program all four of the survey i wrote in these monuments to see what carroll choice potentially here and what we've discovered is that the landscape which through the more new bits. excavations have yielded evidence of sites that were used by cults as well as settlements and graves the concentration of neolithic structures on the island is extensive. this is the maze burial site. the standing stones of stenness form one of the oldest circular structures in

britain. one hundred fifty meters away are the remains of the barn house settlement. the entrance to the narrow headland is guarded by a five point six metre high monolith called the watch stone. further along we find the nests of broad gar a major settlement that included houses a huge stone wall and even an eel i think version of a cathedral. archaeologists have discovered other neolithic structures that lie directly on the coast. of. this settlement include some small stone houses much of the excavation site has been covered to protect the masonry from the elements no visitors are allowed only

nic card and his team. people were really no different from our selves you see here in the house is everything that you'd expect really in a modern day house without the eye. tricity in the water. the flat construction protects the structure against stormy weather the grass roof provides warmth. people lead a decent life here as far as we know there were no armed conflicts or other serious existential threats at the time. the local forests were more widespread meal of the times and the climate was relatively mild thanks to the influence of the gulf stream. the conditions were ideal for growing crops and raising livestock. and there were also plentiful supplies of fish.

in the neolithic what they find is that all three had a kind of predominance amongst many other areas and what we find is that there's material been drawn shortly from right now we'll call scrutiny but equally a lot of the ideas that seem to dominate the tree history of britain seem to rejuvenate it in new orleans. was the stone circle of orkney a model for similar structures throughout britain. meanwhile archaeologists have been able to pursue eisley determined militant migration patterns. all they need to carry out a comprehensive analysis are a few bones or teeth that contain traces of d.n.a. .

this is the same method that proved that central europeans were descended from the people of anatolia. researchers also came up with another surprising discovery. in a. so i can shoot good they examined genetic material found in what is now iran that is the heartland of the fertile crescent and they found a break in the migration paten approximately between western iran and western anatolia these days the population groups have become so diverse there are indications that they may have split up between fifty and seventy thousand years ago following the migration of anatomically modern humans from africa both major groups became sedentary farm the land and built houses. horse of both. populations made the transition to sedentary culture in both europe and asia at

about the same time but of course independently of one another. megalithic structures can be found throughout asia and especially in korea. constellations the patterns of stars play an important role in korean mythology. well into modern times it was not unusual to find images of constellations engraved on headstones but it's not always easy to determine the precise age of these relics . the neolithic age appears to have been a relatively peaceful period in human history. archaeologists have found no evidence of armed conflict during this time.

the neolithic period in europe came to an end around two thousand b.c. when it gave way to the bronze age. the stone. structures remained of course today some of them serve as road markers. others took on a christian local. churches were built atop burial grounds. and some stone monuments simply faded into the local background. in milicic times temple served the same purpose as mosques synagogues and churches do today. this period saw the development of communities where people lived in small settlements raised their families and tended their crops and livestock. i didn't him into and these new living elements still shape our society today sometimes more

than we think since. more. than. one hundred men must reads we use list of not to be missed german novels in the english translation. among them one of the many visits and it is written like an e-mail from chris. we visited her in los angeles and on still what it's like to be

a german reisa in the us. in. thirty minutes to deliver. sarno just couldn't get this song out of his head. musicologist began searching for the summers of this captivating sound. deep in the rain forest in central africa and look to the left was able to evoke. the anyone save. money leave the. united by their culture that he stayed. only a promise to his son made certain only the jungle and returned to the concrete and glass jungle but. the result reverse culture.

the prize winning documentary song from the forest starts first on w. . plate. play. this is d w news live from berlin the death toll in the christ church mosque shootings rises to fifty eight. zealanders mourn the victims of the country's worst ever terrorist attack while the government promises police protection from mosques and tougher gun laws the residents of christ church struggled to come to terms with what has happened in their city. also

coming up the philippines turns its back on the international criminal court today the country will big.