floods have taken everything they own now despair is a god left climate refugees sunday. they seek shelter the top playfish place waters rising plague the floods are coming. starts much twenty dollars to double. dutch. little love. the human race has been building stone structures for eight years looking for. what are the origins of these structures. luck what were they used for.

and how did people move them into place. love luck for. about ten thousand years ago humans became sedentary. they started growing crops and raising livestock. people were no different from ourselves they appreciated the finer things in life space place exists the legacy of the neolithic age endures to this day. it is nancy the neolithic people were the first to become heavily dependent on material goods just as we are today and is tied to how it is tied to.

our knowledge of this period is based on archaeological discoveries. news and stone structures are a key to understanding early civilizations. much of the archaeological evidence has been buried for example our ancestors concealed their large stone tombs and today these sites resemble hills. such landmarks were meant to last and he turned to. the oldest evidence of sedentary cultures has been found in what is now jordan syria palestine northern iraq and southern anatolia. nine thousand years ago this region was probably more humid in densely forested than it is now. archaeologists discovered several prehistoric settlements near the ruins of the ancient city of patron in southwestern georgia. the yacht is about ten kilometers

west of wa the most rock or the valley of moses. it was an extremely important find. now for the first time archaeologist mario unbends and her colleagues are trying to reach the excavation site during the winter. when. the site is located on a plateau twelve hundred meters above sea level to reach the plateau the team has to hike through a gorge. sometimes the gorge is blocked by rain water or snow but today the weather is fine. and ben is a member of the research association x. orient which is affiliated with the free university of berlin. this site was discovered more than twenty years ago by the german archaeologists hans-georg able. who is also the director of the excavation project and the

chairman of x. oriented. so far the team have carried out excavation work at six different sites in the area and have taken samples from several others. the entire site covers one point five hectares. the evidence recovered so far indicates that coopt were growing here. is either one of the big questions for us is why would people want to settle up kids off but possibly to protect themselves gorgeous can be closed off very easily . because it's also possible that the surrounding area has become overpopulated so these people move to the pluto. as a reason that is not it was

a founding society and people also raised cattle sheep and goats that sort of to see if. they developed specialized methods of farming and breeding livestock and mom there was a social hierarchy but we've not yet been able to determine the presence of a differentiation in social status is not it's not like his income. the houses are all about the same size and that indicates that this was an egalitarian society it also appears that they were built close together there was no room for pathways between them. the rooms of the houses were very small. people seemed to have spent a lot of time on the roofs. the

small chambers were used to store food and house livestock. fun and this site was very carefully planned so for example we determined that all three of these passageways of the same height the small axes and the masonry is quite neatly layered in places so it's likely that specialists did it in the early days of the settlement as fears even then i got tired as i understand hold on the other hand they knew nothing about using support beams to shore up the walls and this was the month so they kept the balls from falling down by building the structures that you see here. so hard when that was. on.

since the boyar settlers built with stone part of their history can be reconstructed. but these structures tell us nothing about the people who lived here their thoughts and beliefs. are better suited for this. archeologists have already discovered neil with the graves here and in summer two thousand and sixteen the team made a discovery that revealed much about the way that this community buried its dead. this morning on these new homes there with found a room that had three different graves and one kind of it was a collective site where adults and children were buried together i mean guns have all they was also supposed example of an individual site which contained a rich assortment of burial items cannot we also found a grave in which two children aged three to five years old and a baby were buried there started. genetic analysis might help

determine the relationships among the deceased. but it's not yet clear whether the bone material will provide enough d.n.a. . for an. archaeologist spend a lot of. i'm analyzing the data that they've compiled. their primary goal is to document the original state of the site as accurately as possible. the excavation work at the but ya site indicates that it was an autonomous settlement that had no recognizable social hierarchy. if so that was a remarkable achievement. because they flushed and have just imagine a settlement of more than a thousand people that lasted for more than five hundred he is in his small area surrounded by deep gorges. and that they lived in a very confined space and they did so without major conflicts and that's an

enormous social accomplishment for people who had only recently become sedentary says south was a. room. it's not yet clear why the settlement was later abandoned. there's no evidence of communal violence. it's possible that the residents depleted the local forests and grazing land. war perhaps the area was hit by a major drought. there are many possible explanations. scientists have proven the existence of one major climate phenomenon that changed living conditions throughout the mediterranean region. six holes in one another in approximately sixty two hundred b.c. an ice dam in north america collapsed and that caused two huge lakes to pour their

contents into the atlantic ocean stock up the crude this major inflow of water interrupted the gulf stream for more than a century that in turn produced cooler temperatures in the mediterranean region perhaps one or two degrees celsius the middle. and there was a big drop in precipitation when these phenomena posed a real threat to early neolithic peoples who does include two and ordinary to poor dogs. perhaps that's why people abandon the bay ya settlement even today jordan suffers from water shortages and in summer temperatures often rise above forty degrees centigrade. a climate change incident that took place about a thousand years ago has left its mark throughout europe the middle east and north africa.

since the end of the last great ice age sea levels have been rising continuously. just four thousand five hundred years ago the water level on france's brittany peninsula was several meters lower than it is today. over time the sea moved about five hundred meters further inland. french archaeologists costs and believes that many stone age relics have been covered up by the sea listen i'm in the hole didn't evolve the rise in the sea level certainly depends on fluctuations in climate including the ice age and post ice age phases of the ice a few sea levels have been rising in this part of brittany for more than sixty thousand years he says but in the last thousand years of hunter gatherer societies it rose especially rapidly lovable to the sea or hockey that.

no girl is supposed to drink over just one generation entire fishing and food gathering ground simply disappeared can you describe a serious cyclone located. between forty five hundred and. thousand b.c. an advanced megalithic culture developed along the coast of britain. there are three large stone structures near the village of local arioch in the air gras passage a great. man here and it took the toddler demo shot. no human remains or burial objects have been found at the marsh on site but there are a number of impressive rock engravings. all over for the next several symbols were carved into the ceiling there are three separate groups of symbols this time there's an x. with a handle so. you can see the polished blade and its edge you see you can also see

the pointed handle pick. it end of the handle is curved in the shape of a snail heap of the me above that a crooked stick or crook you know third hole and finally a drawing of an animal like you'd find on the island of gavriel nice new civil war against. covering nice lies in the gulf of more beyond so the local residents must have had boats that could transport huge rocks with. poorly made them all. to get from here to the island and it really was an island at that time you had to have a boat this was but not just a rock or a dock out those and so proud if you're going to exceed a certain height. i think they needed a proper water craft to get that had planks tied tightly together shall source of the governess capstone weighed more than twenty tons so you can imagine that the

boat had to be pretty large and do up and see it and you'll soon be back to. good. the megalithic tome site on governing once contained a stone structure that was even taller than the ground men here of local arioch. the column was later torn down but some of the stone was later we used a tribute to the symbolic importance that the structure once held.

to go to the core business the men here of aircraft is certainly the greatest example of this kind of monumental stone structure of the city. several hundred years after it was a wreck did the men here fell over and broke into four pieces no one seems to know exactly how or why this happened. the men here had towered eight hundred meters over the countryside. at the time it was the tallest upright stone structure of its cause. that's acting on and see is the guns in these monumental structures played an important role in the collective memory of society

and they continue to do so even fifty generations after they were built the again that's not later generations probably associated the structures with something entirely different now did it not for going to get up to and from work it was going to underestimate who born. we can only speculate on the thought processes of the olympic peoples. how did they have madge in the world that they lived in. the engravings on these huge stone that the money loot site also mia. may provide some insight. at first glance they may seem unrecognizable but a closer inspection shows that each has a story to tell of the siege and here's one both you know the c. and s. and another the paralleled vertical lines represent the crew got the coup key scene she'll be keeping. images of the boats waves and whales is it possible that these

neolithic people had developed certain aspects of maritime culture. he says he hears an image of a whale the body including a square feet and is clearly visible here if you know the sheep. take a seat it won't be there. and up here you can see the spout which is depicted as a diversion to you because you're giving your confession of india. we can't say for sure whether the local residents thought that whales were dangerous wild animals or were merely a symbol of marine life in the gulf of more b.-o. .

ancient peoples often painted or carved images of animals. did they do so out of respect him admiration or simply because they enjoyed doing. some of this artwork including paintings engravings and relief decorations is beautifully done. the farmers and herders who moved west from asia minor did not do so directly it was an irregular process that took place over several thousand years. does i know when the new looting these neolithic immigrants first encountered local european hunter gatherers about seventy five hundred years ago at the latest. the

original inhabitants had been in europe for forty thousand years they'd probably seen archaic human species such as neanderthals and had experienced various periods of glacial activity as you can feel. the hunter gatherers were there first guns and they were genetically distinct from the immigrant population on. their last common ancestors probably date back thirty thousand years or so did let's think of minds and for fun as a sort of man certainly enough time to develop their own culture language and even physical appearance into beacons on and off and to see this is often. the differences between these two groups were quite obvious and his friend forced the. europe's original inhabitants were hunters. the new immigrants had been farmers for several generations.

and hunters and gatherers left behind little archeological evidence. later they probably migrated to less fertile regions perhaps near newly populated areas. along the coast of northern europe they found rich fishing grounds and decided to settle. here in the colony modern region on the west coast of ireland archaeologists are researching this key transitional phase. this is the only moment of this

type of tarting was stretch of coast here so this is clearly a very significant place that has survived in the landscape it's likely to be much bigger in the past. so only need to show the show has pointed to a seasonal occupation site as part of a seasonal round of living on the shore here we have all the shell middens on the shoreline here but there are inches or centimeters deep this is a monumental mitten if you like on like any other one along the shoreline here so it's it's it's a particular site and has probably a sacral are sacred dimension to us. hopefully we'll get to explore in time but as the site has been ruled by by the elements. but it looks like a core site now archaeologists have uncovered a number of small treasures here. that there are shades a kitchen midden which is a site that was built out of the results of cooking here between six maybe eight thousand years ago two created by early farmers here are the preceding population

of hunter gatherers living on the shore of galway bay or sort of right along its line to coles the our night is out behind us and is very boldly granite landscape very unfair tiger on saw fish resources and shellfish resign. this is hugely important so some of the early asides in europe and the areas investigated archaeological sites in europe are shown in the very north to denmark but over the last two hundred years to be an investigations carried out on shell mounds but this is a classic example of one here. for years experts disagreed on the origins of these accumulations of shells the size of mice and some thought that they'd been washed ashore over time by ocean waves but now the majority opinion is that they were created by humans. as we suspect it is and misled think our transition side between the misery to hold together world is really the question here in archaeology there's always a gathers because the new lazic to the adopt

a new think already displace by early farming groups coming in from the consulate isn't going to be political and from one of the great unanswered questions about the neolithic period is whether the farming peoples emigrates to this region of the hunter gatherers turned to farming and became sid entry in the suspicion trying to difficult to say for sure but in many cases we can assume that it was both from us out of this evidence to support each of these theories by this is can it is true by this could just begin. between thirty eight hundred and twenty eight hundred b.c. neolithic peoples in northern europe built a number of massive stone structures. german archaeologist manner speculates on why they did that. because not dug flung.

it was a time during the ice age glaciers deposited huge boulders throughout northern germany and large parts of north central europe. this didn't bother the hunter gathering peoples but as. as soon as they became seven terry and began to cultivate large fields the boulders became a big problem and it would get my student was even as we have beat me. by this time people had learned how to move heavy objects like boulders. this was a major development. given that i was to try to if would get people's discovered the concept of traction and approximately four thousand b.c. this is just about the time that the first megaliths were built as well get the good people who had used teams of oxen to pull the boulders out of the fields to

cheat the system for them and they use these boulders to build cult sites or tunes or many hears about these large single structures. so they found practical uses for these boulders and they cleared their fields as well. they used the same teams of oxen to plow those fields and became incredibly productive much more so than southern european peoples who hadn't discovered that kind of ploughing yet you know how wild was about. farming at this time was hard work particularly for those who used simple tools to till the soil. and since people were living more closely together in small spaces they ran an increased risk of contracting disease. still the population of farmers grew more quickly than that of the hunter gatherers.

and there was a big increase in construction in scotland the first stone circles were built. very old ground began to appear in northern germany. and shoes stone columns were erected in brittany for example the men here to shandong all. the structure is nine point five meters tall and the component parts were hauled from a site that was at least four kilometers away. for. the men here dr tom de lay is eight meters tall and weighs about one hundred sixty tons. it lame slightly to one side because it was built on soft ground. this structure and two others near it were said to guard the entrance to hell. there are more than three thousand men here as in the area around car now. why did

the local residents build these structures. search cussen has been trying to answer that question for years. and so it could all over to the local residents place the trust in those who are able to ensure their survival. and they were willing to work to put up a ritual structures to one of them. confuse security of the store you see examples of this just about everywhere to one extent or another they used to do so because it was a way big prison when they see clear. this is the barn in a burial mound in northern brittany. it's one of the oldest structures of its kind and was often expanded over the course of one thousand years. the mound contains eleven dominance or single chamber tumors. the structures

consist of at least two vertical megaliths and a horizontal capstone. it's often difficult to spot them from a distance. they are either part of a large stone complex or they've been covered over with soil. draft animals can haul large objects only on a flat surface. sometimes neolithic peoples build ramps to make this possible. to. move. large stone slabs like these can weigh up to one hundred thirty tons. it took huge

teams of workers to move these objects even just a few centimeters could you could imagine the amount of work that was required to place a huge capstone on top of the vertical pillars of all these projects were wired an enormous amount of planning and organization. so why did people build these structures. and. it was just a beautiful limited all i think they wanted to create something that was truly monumental get able most of the structures were built at grave sites it wasn't enough to simply bury the deceased people wanted to put up some sort of memorial later generations had no idea that it was a burial site but the structure addict lost for centuries struggling to secure jewish food even streets of all.

the first neolithic farming peoples continue to migrate across europe. some even made their way to northern scotland probably by sea. the nests of broad gar is a major archeological site in the orkney islands. the nests and the area around it were designated a world heritage site in one thousand nine hundred nine. he's just gone buildings these are pieces of all content should be viewed a fully constructed and it's not just an overnight sensation this site was special for over a thousand years. this is what the nasa might have looked like stone buildings covered with pete. as far as we know these were not residential structures

just some. excavation director nick carter and his team can only work here for two months a year because of the bad weather. the rest of the time the site is covered by protective sheet. the archaeologists have unearthed hundreds of beautifully decorated relics. now trying. to each item could shed some light on what life was like here. at this point archaeologists are still filling in the blanks. here. what were these decorated stone slabs used for there are indications that some of them were painted. a large amount of animal bones have been found this indicates that the local residents organized feasts here.

experts believe that the nest of broad car was abandoned and partially dismantled by about twenty two hundred b.c. archaeologists have found no evidence of bronze age culture here. color seems to be in a very important part of the everyday life of people. in some ways been left in a suit some of the preservation in particular areas of the site is being very cute and so we pop managed to pick up evidence for color not just in the ceramics but also actually in the walls of the buildings. nic card and his team have found evidence of painted walls. in the use of decorative paint or dye has also been confirmed at neolithic sites on the mediterranean island of malta. the first large temples were built here around forty five hundred b.c.

and all were colorfully decorated. the color red is the color of blood so if as we are assuming there was an element of m of the sacrifice and the collection of blood gold you saw blood in some form then one could be led to believe the thread represented the color of blood which represents a life full represents the thoughts the sacrifice of anonymous so there may be this link between color and ritual. relief artworks were carved in sand and indicate that animals were important to the local residents both game animals and pets.

why did neolithic artisans choose these particular subject. they're all a number of food result include. during the. the worship of nature the worship of fertility the idea of a mother god this comes from the discovery of a number of statues which i believe to represent a fertile woman. the idea coming from one's mother have a mother of a mother but the origin of mother is mother. these images indicate that women in the olympic society enjoyed a special status. the fall is. women represented not only fertility but also strength and political power this has been this image would change later of course but it was stable for at least a few millenia in nearly think times it was an age where gender equality was the

norm and men didn't dominate women among the fall of the mutants. meal they think people's also developed an interest in acquiring personal property . in their little corner of the man during the neolithic period people began to define themselves by the material goods. they put a lot of time and effort into this process side doesn't and for the first time they began to attach economic value to these goods. and that value became the basis for trade on that's done with these about five hundred that the nearly six settlement of by god in southwestern jordan is guarded by a narrow gorge of red sandstone. the local residents use that sandstone to make distinctive semi-circular handicrafts. owes it to so far

that these people would carve out a disk shape. and then they'd create these items out of the material that was left over happily yes but sundown. each and until they were quite thin and so focused hi dana. they've asked these actions were probably too delicate for people to weigh they very fragile there's nothing to replace not this mass sign if one does a thing it does have it's possible that these rings were used like money to. was still in exchange for food overall materials for example an addict and i'm to tell us what. perhaps the but yeah settlers chose this site because of the color of the rocks. red colored artifacts have been found at other sites and this indicates that the yacht may have served as a model. meal that take people's war ornamented

objects made of teeth animal horns and plant fibers they also use flint jadeite and up city or. the use of axe heads made of jade was popular at the time the trade in jade items was widespread and they maintained their beauty even today. she seemed to shimmer exquisite lustrous stores of value. they were used for up to fifteen hundred years and constantly reshaped. before one of our colleagues. determined that all this jade came from monte vizio in the western alps copeman would swell for a bit was extracted there and then traded over an area of up to fifteen hundred kilometers house order for hundreds. some jade x.

heads were also discovered on the southern coast of brittany near karnow. people who are gathering muscles came across for acceptance but it ended up in what was in the olympic times alou veal soil. thank you did so you. see these acts heads were probably actual work tools at one time but they were later reshaped and assigned various other functions. both. the local residents smooth and clean the plates to make them a shop as possible. also sometimes they broke the axe heads into two parts little piece of tissue nothing else salt. in the summer of two thousand and sixteen french archaeologist pierre petrarca found a deposit of jadeite in the age and region. the material may have been mined there up to nine thousand years ago. patrick constance coverage provided new historical

insights. but trading was not limited at this time to jade obsidian or sandstone rings which the shells of spiny oysters were also used. fear austrian archaeologists marco prices uses a reproduction of an ancient tool to make jewelry out of these shells. the shells are found all the way from the black sea to the coasts of central europe . neolithic people fashioned them into pendants bracelets and belt buckles. and they were popular as gifts.

in. the neolithic period cover several thousand years. that's not very long in the timeline of history but are ancient and. sisters have the same spiritual and emotional needs that we do today. this period saw fundamental changes in everyday life and the ways that people lived and worked together. they began to bury their dead and to honor them afterward they built houses they raised crops and livestock. they organize themselves in the construction brigades and erected huge stone structures and some of these have survived to this very day.

is it seen as a shop on the transition to civilization in europe began with the arrival of the migrants from the east and even in short migration produced civilizations on t.v. sets or. the indigenous hunter gathering peoples either merged into these new societies or adopted sedentary farming culture on their own. there was no turning back. the small position that was absolutely a major step forward and says of history this neolithic sadan tree culture provided the basis for the development of later or dance civilization stevie motivated it also created a number of challenges but people dealt with them successfully given. to understand the present we must also understand the past rapid population growth of

consumerism and the rise of megacities our phenomena whose origins lie in the military here and where sedentary life began to. the law. the law. the law. come on. the law. the law. a.

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