years of war for the faint hope of been a better life. this is the interview news live from the lead up next we have a documentary about the secrets of the stone age and the forget there's always more news ahead of you dot com for now though for me bryan thomas and all of us here in the length of a happy day. cut. her first day at school in the jungle. her first climbing lesson and then doors grandma was arrives. joining your ranting on her journey back to freedom. in our interactive documentary during an orang utan returns home monday w don't come to tanks.

the human race has been building stone structures for ages. what are the origins of these structures. what were they used for. and how did people move them into place. a place of lava. about ten thousand years ago humans became sedentary they started growing crops and raising livestock. neolithic people were no

different from ourselves they appreciated the finer things in life the aesthetics the legacy of the neolithic age endures to this day. the new lives of people were the first to become heavily dependent on material goods just as we are today. our knowledge of this period is based on archaeological discoveries. chinese into stone structures are a key to understanding early civilizations. much of the archaeological evidence has been buried for example our ancestors concealed their large stone tombs today these sites resemble hills. such landmarks were meant to last any turn it. is the oldest evidence of sedentary cultures has been found in what is now jordan syria palestine northern iraq and southern anatolia.

nine thousand years ago this region was probably more humid in densely forested than it is now. archaeologists discovered several prehistoric settlements near the ruins of the ancient city of patron in southwestern georgia. the yacht is about ten kilometers west of wadi move or the valley of most. it was an extremely important find. now for the first time archaeologists mario unbends and her colleagues are trying to reach the excavation site during the winter. of the site is located on a plateau twelve hundred meters above sea level to reach the plateau the team has to hike through a gorge. sometimes the gorge is blocked by rain water or snow but today the

weather is fine. and ben's is a member of the research association x. oriental which is affiliated with the free university of berlin. this site was discovered more than twenty years ago by the german archaeologists hans-georg abel was also the director of the excavation project and the chairman of x. oriental. union leaders. so far the team have carried out excavation work at six different sites in the area and have taken samples from several others. the entire site covers one point five hectares. the evidence recovered so far indicates that coopt were grown here.

not one hundred r.t. or is either one of the big questions for us is why would people want to settle up here. but possibly to protect themselves as can be closed off very easily. because it's also possible that the surrounding area has become overpopulated so these people move to the pluto. as a business and it was a founding society and people also raised cattle sheep and goats that sort of to save on bits and they developed specialized methods of farming and breeding livestock and soon bomba there was a social hierarchy but we've not yet been able to determine the presence of a differentiation in social status is no it's not like his income. was. the houses are all about the same

size and that indicates that this was an egalitarian society it also appears that they were built close together there was no room for pathways between them. the rooms of the houses were very small i thank. people seem to have spent a lot of time on the roofs thank you thanks. the small chambers were used to store food and house live stock. from this side was very carefully planned for example we determined that all three of these passageways of the same height are the odd the small axes and the masonry is quite neatly layered in places so it's likely that specialists did it in the early

days of the settlement. none of the time as i understand it in the whole time on the other hand they knew nothing about using support beams to shore up the walls this was the month so they kept the walls from falling down by building the structures that you see here. so hard and that was one. since the boyar settlers built with stone part of their history can be reconstructed. but these structures tell us nothing about the people who lived here their thoughts and beliefs. tombs are better suited for this. archaeologists have already discovered neil with the graves here and in summer two thousand and sixteen the team made a discovery that revealed much about the way that this community buried its dead. on his new home is there a thundering that had three different graves and one clinic it was

a collective site where adults and children were buried together and the guns have all they was also supposed example of an individual site which contained a rich assortment of burial items cannot we also found a grave in which two children aged three to five years old and a baby were buried just out to. the only genetic analysis might help determine the relationships among the deceased. but it's not yet clear whether the bone material will provide enough d.n.a. . archaeologist spent a lot of to. i'm analyzing the data that they've compiled. their primary goal is to document the original state of the site as accurately as possible. the excavation work at the but ya site indicates that it was an autonomous settlement that had no recognizable social hierarchy. if so that was

a remarkable achievement. those they flushed and have just imagine a settlement of more than a thousand people that lasted for more than five hundred years in a similar area surrounded by deep gorges. they lived in a very confined space and they did so without major conflicts that's an enormous social accomplishment for people who had only recently become sedentary. wouldn't. it's not yet clear why the settlement was later abandoned. there's no evidence of communal violence. it's possible that the residents depleted the local forests and grazing land. war perhaps the area was hit by a major drought. there are many possible explanations.

scientists have proven the existence of one major climate phenomenon that changed living conditions throughout the mediterranean region. six thousand so i don't know in approximately sixty two hundred b.c. and ice dam in north america collapsed and that caused two huge lakes to pour their contents into the atlantic ocean stock up the crude this major inflow of water interrupted the gulf stream for more than a century that in turn produced cooler temperatures in the mediterranean region perhaps one or two degrees celsius the middle. and there was a big drop in precipitation when these phenomena posed a real threat to early neolithic peoples who does include two and on the edge to the point understood. perhaps that's why people abandon the by ya settlement even today jordan suffers from water shortages and in summer temperatures often rise

above forty degrees centigrade. a climate change incident that took place about a thousand years ago has left its mark throughout europe the middle east and north africa. since the end of the last great ice age sea levels have been rising containing wrestling. just four thousand five hundred years ago the water level on france's britany peninsula was several meters lower than it is today. or. over time the sea moved about five hundred meters further inland. french archaeologists costs and believe that many stone age relics have been covered up by the sea the sort of in the whole of didn't evil but the rise in the sea level

certainly depends on fluctuations in climate including the ice age and post ice age phases the ice off to sea levels have been rising in this part of brittany for more than sixty thousand years he says but in the last thousand years of hunter gatherer societies it rose especially rapidly lovable to us here happy to. know that all the supposed injured over just one generation entire fishing and food gathering ground simply disappeared can you describe a serious search for will take. between forty five hundred and. thousand b.c. an advanced megalithic culture developed along the coast of britain. there are three large stone structures near the village of locum arioch in the air gras passage be every man here and it to call the tabla demo shop.

no human remains or burial objects have been found at the marsh on site but there are a number of impressive rock engravings. over the full benefit of several symbols were carved into the ceiling there are three separate groups of symbols this time there's an x. with a handle so. you can see the polished blade and its edge you can also see the pointed handle pick. it end of the handle is curved in the shape of a snail equal to the me above that a crooked stick or crook you know through and finally a drawing of an animal like you'd find on the island of nice new civil war against . govern nice lies in the gulf of more beyond so the local residents must have had boats they could transport huge rocks. so poorly.

to get from here to the island and it really was an island at that time you had to have a boat as it was but not just a rock or a duck out those and if you're going to exceed a certain height. i think they needed a proper water craft to get that had planks tied tightly together. the governess capstone weighed more than twenty tons so you can imagine that the boat had to be pretty large in to up a c. and you'll soon be back to. the megalithic tomb site on governing once contained a stone structure that was even taller than the ground men here of local arioch.

the column was later torn down but some of the stone was later we used a tribute to the symbolic importance that the structure once held. to the south of the core business short of the men here of aircraft is certainly the greatest example of this kind of monumental stone structure that the city explore. several hundred years after it was a wreck did the men here fell over and broke into four pieces no one seems to know exactly how or why this happened. the men here had towered eight hundred meters

over the countryside. at the time it was the tallest upright stone structure of its cause you're. just adding on and see here is the guns and these monumental structures played an important role in the collective memory of society and they continue to do so even fifty generations after they were built feel again that it's not later generations probably associated the structures with something entirely different landing in the uk or going to get out of town and from which it must count on that estimate for born. we can only speculate on the thought processes of neolithic peoples. how did they imagine the world that they lived in. the engravings on these huge stones at the money loot site also. may provide some insight.

at first glance they may seem unrecognizable but a closer inspection shows that each has a story to tell. the siege and here's one both you know the c. and s. and then other the paralleled vertical lines represent the crew got keith c.g. to keep the. images of boats waves and whales is it possible that these neolithic people had developed certain aspects of maritime culture. you see decision here's an image of a whale the body including a square feet and is clearly visible if you know the sheep. taking a city all there. and up here you can see the spout which is depicted as a diversion to obviously you because see it could be your confession of the devil.

we can't say for sure whether the local residents thought that whales were dangerous wild animals or were merely a symbol of marine life in the gulf of more beyond. ancient peoples often painted or carved images of animals. did they do so out of respect and admiration or simply because they enjoy doing. some of this artwork including paintings engravings and relief decorations is beautifully down. the farmers and herders who

moved west from asia minor did not do so directly it was an irregular process that took place over several thousand years. does i know one. thing these neolithic immigrants first encountered local european hunter gatherers about seventy five hundred years ago at the latest these india the original inhabitants had been in europe for forty thousand years they'd probably seen archaic human species such as neanderthals and had experienced various periods of glacial activity as you can feel about these in fact the hunter gatherers were their first guns and they were genetically distinct from the immigrant population on. their last common ancestors probably date back thirty thousand years or so did let's look at mines and for fun which is older than certainly enough time to develop their own culture language and even physical appearance into beacons on an

authenticity that is often. the differences between these two groups were quite obvious and his friend forced. europe's original inhabitants were hunters. in the new immigrants have been farmers for several generations. and hunters and gatherers left behind little archeological evidence. later they probably migrated to less fertile regions perhaps near newly populated areas. along the coast of northern europe they found rich fishing grounds and decided to settle.

here in the colony modern region on the west coast of ireland archaeologists are researching this key transitional phase. this is the only model of this type of targeting was stretch of coast here so this is clearly a very significant place that has survived in the landscape it's likely to be much bigger in the past. so i only need to show the shows pointed to a seasonal occupation site as part of a seasonal round of living on the shore here we have all the shell middens on the shoreline here but there are inches or centimeters deep this is a monumental mitten if you like on like any other one along the shoreline here so it's it's it's a particular sites phantasm hobby is sokal are sacred dimension to us. hopefully

we'll get to explore in time as the site has been ruled an alibi by the elements. but it looks like a court site now archaeologists have uncovered a number of small treasures here. that they are pushing it's a kitchen midden which is a site that was built are the result of cooking here between six and maybe eight thousand years ago to create a by early farmers here are the preceding population of hunter gatherers living on the shore of galway bay or sort of right along the atlantic coast the hour night is out behind us and is very border a grad landscape very in fact i growing saw fish resources and shellfish resign. this is hugely important so some of the areas sites in europe and the areas investigators archaeological sites and you have our share of the very north to denmark but over the last two hundred years to be an investigations carried out on shell mounds with this is a classic example of one. for years experts disagreed on the origins of these accumulations of shells the size of much of some thought that

they'd been washed ashore over time by ocean waves but now the majority opinion is that they were created by humans. as we suspect it is a mesolithic our transition site between the misery of the hunter gatherer world is really a question here of an archaeology designs a gathers because the neolithic to the adopt a new think already displace by early farming groups coming in from the consulate this isn't going to be political and from one of the great unanswered questions about the neolithic period is whether the farming peoples emigrates to this region of the hunter gatherers turned to farming and became city entry and its mission field it's difficult to say for sure but in many cases we can assume that it was both from us out of this evidence to support each of these theories biases can that is frustrated by this could just begin.

between thirty eight hundred and twenty hundred b.c. neolithic peoples in northern europe built a number of massive stone structures. german archaeologist speculates on why they did that. because from what i flung. it was a time during the ice age glaciers deposited huge boulders throughout northern germany and large parts of north central europe. this didn't bother the hunter gathering peoples but as. as soon as they became seven terry and began to cultivate large fields the boulders became a big problem. was even after him beginning. by this time people had learned how to move heavy objects like boulders. this was

a major development. good now as it would have to if we get the think people's discovered the concept of traction and approximately four thousand b.c. this is just about the time that the first megaliths were built as well get the good people have used teams of oxen to pull the boulders out of the fields to teach us to feed them and they use these boulders to build cult sites or tomb sort of many years these large single structures. so they found practical uses for these boulders and they cleared their fields as well. they used the same teams of oxen to plow those fields and became incredibly productive much more so than southern european peoples who hadn't discovered that kind of ploughing yet you know how to. farming at this time was hard work particularly for those who used simple tools to

till the soil. and since people were living more closely together in small spaces they ran an increased risk of contracting disease. still the population of farmers grew more quickly than that of the hunter gatherers. and there was a big increase in construction in scotland the first stone circles were built. burial grounds began to appear in northern germany. and huge stone columns were erected in brittany for example the men here shown don't know. the structure is nine point five meters tall and the component parts were hauled from a site that was at least four kilometers away.

the men here did not tom de lay is eight meters tall and weighs about one hundred sixty times. it lame slightly to one side because it was built on soft ground. this structure and two others near it were said to guard the entrance to hell. there are more than three thousand men here as in the area around car now. why do the local residents build these structures. to. search cosson has been trying to answer that question for years. and sort of get all of the truth to the local residents place the trust in those who are able to ensure their survival. and they were willing to work to put up a ritual structures to one of them and that's the fault of the. store you see examples of this just about everywhere to want to extent or not. do so because it was a way big sis we presume when they see. this

is the barn in a burial mound in the northern brittany. it's one of the oldest structures of its kind and was often expanded over the course of one thousand years. the mound contains eleven dolan's or single chamber tombs. the structures consist of at least two vertical megaliths and a horizontal capstone. it's often difficult to spot them from a distance they are either part of a large stone complex or they've been covered over with soil. i think i'm. going to. go for the draft animals can haul large objects only on a flat surface. sometimes neolithic peoples build ramps to make this possible.

good. news. out of the. large stone slabs like these can weigh up to one hundred thirty tons. it took huge teams of workers to move these objects even just a few centimeters you could imagine the amount of work that was required to place a huge capstone on top of the vertical pillars of. these projects require an enormous amount of planning and organization. so why did people build these structures. because it was just a beautiful limited i think they wanted to create something that was truly monumental get able most of the structures were built at grave sites it wasn't enough to simply bury the deceased people wanted to put up some sort of memorial later generations have no idea that it was

a burial site but the structure did last but century straw the new league can dish it to a few eaves crates of all. the first neolithic farming peoples continue to migrate across europe. sun even made their way to northern scotland probably by sea. the nests of broad gar is a major archeological site in the orkney islands. the nests and the area around it were designated a world heritage site in one thousand nine hundred nine. these

just stone buildings means all pieces of all potential beautifully constructed and it's not just an overnight sensation this site boys special for over a thousand years. this is what the nasa might have looked like stone buildings covered with pete. as far as we know these were not residential structures still. excavation director nick card and his team can only work here for two months a year because of the bad weather. the rest of the time the site is covered by protective sheet. the archaeologists have unearthed hundreds of beautifully decorated relics. now. each item could shed some light on what life was like here. at this point archaeologists are still filling in the blanks.

what were these decorated stone slabs used for and there are indications that some of them were painted. a large amount of animal bones have been found this indicates that the local residents organized feasts here. and. experts believe that the nests of broad gar was abandoned and partially dismantled by about twenty two hundred b.c. archaeologists have found no evidence of bronze age culture here. color seems to be in a very important part of the everyday life of people. in some ways been lucky nice that some of the preservation in particular areas of the site has been very cute and so we stopped managed to pick up evidence for color not just in the ceramics but also actually in the walls of the buildings. nic card and his team have found

evidence of painted walls. the use of decorative paint or dye has also been confirmed that neolithic sites on the mediterranean island of malta. the first large temples were built around forty five hundred b.c. and all were colorfully decorated. the color red is the color of blood so if as we are assuming that was and then the mental i'm a sucker for ice the collection of blood boiled new blood in some form then one could be led to believe the thread drift is into the color of blood which represents a life full represents the thoughts the sacrifice of anonymous so there may be this link between. ritual.

relief artworks were carved in sand style and indicate that animals were important to the local residents both game animals and pets. why didn't the olympic artisans choose these particular subject. a number of food result include. during the. the worship of nature the worship of fertility the idea of a mother god this comes from the discovery of a number of statues which are believed to represent a fertile woman. the idea coming from one's mother how the mother of the mother but the origin of mother's mother. these images indicate that women in military

society enjoyed a special status. defy all its. women represented not only fertility but also strength and political power this is because this image would change later of course but it was stable for at least a few millenia in near lithic times it was an age where gender equality was the norm and men didn't dominate women among the fall of the mutants. milicic peoples also developed an interest in acquiring personal property. in their little hundred men during the neolithic period people began to define themselves by the material goods. and they put a lot of time and effort into this process side of an industry and for the first

time they began to attach economic value to these goods and being and that value became the basis for trade on that done with these about four hundred. the nearly six settlement of by god in southwestern jordan is guarded by a narrow gorge of red sandstone. the local residents use that sandstone to make distinctive semi-circular handicrafts. that these people would carve out a disc shape. and then they create these items out of the material that was left over on a pulley yet they'd send down. and until they were quite fit. they gave us and these items were probably too delicate for people to lead they are very fragile there's nothing to replace not just my sign if one does a thing it does have it's possible that these rings were used like money so the title. was still in exchange for food overall materials for example the narrative

don't i'm to tell a start. perhaps the boy ya saddlers chose this site because of the color of the rocks. red colored artifacts have been found at other sites and this indicates that the yacht may have served as a model. meal the big people's war ornamented objects made of teeth animal horns and plant fibers they also use flint jadeite and obsidian. the use of axe heads made of jade was popular at the time the trade in jade items was widespread and they maintained their beauty even today. she seemed to shimmer in exquisite lustrous stores of value. they were used for up to fifteen

hundred years and constantly reshaped. before one of our colleagues. determined that all this jade came from a visa in the western alps copeman would forbit was extracted there and then traded over an area of up to fifteen hundred kilometers house order for hundreds. some jade x. heads were also discovered on the southern coast of brittany near karnow. people who are gathering muscles came across for accents that had ended up in what was in the olympic times alou veal soil. thank you did so to. see these x. heads were probably actual work tools at one time but they were later reshaped and assigned various other functions to. see the local residents smooth and clean the plates to make them a sharp as possible. also sometimes they broke the axe heads into two

parts a good old piece of tissue not so we'll see. in the summer of two thousand and sixteen french archaeologist found a deposit of jadeite in the aging region. the material may have been mined there up to nine thousand years ago. patrick constance coverage provided new historical insights. but trading was not limited at this time to jade obsidian or sandstone rings which the shells of spiny oysters were also used. here austrian archaeologists marco price it uses a reproduction of an ancient tool to make jewelry out of these shells. the shells are found all the way from the black sea to the coasts of central europe

. neolithic people fashioned them into pendants bracelets and belt buckles. and they were popular as gifts. in. the neolithic period covered several thousand years. that's not very long in the timeline of history but our ancient and. sisters had the same spiritual and emotional needs that we do today. this period saw fundamental changes in everyday life and the ways that people lived and worked together. they began to bury their dead and to honor them afterward they built houses they raised crops and livestock.

they organize themselves into construction for games and erected huge stone structures and some of these have survived to this very day. does it seem as if. the transition to civilization in europe began with the arrival of the migrants from the east and even short migration produced civilizations in one series or to. be indigenous hunter gathering peoples either merged into these new societies or adopted sedentary farming culture on their own. there was no turning back. just want to see

that was absolutely a major step forward and says of history this neolithic sadan tree culture provided the basis for the development of later or bombs civilization instead of the multi we did it also created a number of challenges but people dealt with them successfully she going. to understand the present we must also understand the past rapid population growth of consumerism and the rise of megacities our phenomena whose origins lie in the near olympic period where sedentary life began to.

eco india. how can a country's economy grow in harmony if people violent when there are do or look at the bigger picture india a country that faces many challenges and whose people are striving to create a sustainable future clever projects from europe and india.

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for god. cut. this is day w newsline from bali and the first funerals of victims of the christ church mosque shootings take place among them for a father and son to reflect syria's civil war all for new zealand believing it to be the safest country in the also on the program. starts to get through to parts of mozambique stricken by cyclists any day now u.n. officials say it's one of the worst storm disasters to hit africa five decades. friend behind shape but frosty relations between the united states on germany.