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the white cliffs of dover symbolize britain a model of democracy discretion and elegant restraint. but also emotion consistent the skeptical about europe and there can be no doubt that this is indeed a zombie government even suppose every new idea that you know the one i don't respect. are you. are you are i'm not sure the playground you are legislature breaks it means breakfast and we're going to make a success of it. controversy over europe has a long tradition in britain. but nothing.

sometimes britain gives europe the cold shoulder and other times it wants to belong and now britain wants to lead the european union why is britain so different. on the morning of june twenty fourth twenty sixteen many people in britain were still incredulous a day earlier the country voted by a very narrow majority to leave the european union jack the day after the vote on the twenty fourth just imagine what the most frequently asked question on google was what did britain's google most on june twenty fourth i'll tell you who is the e.u. is. the agitation grew from month to month desperately want to completely turn its

back on the continent this is talk less and in the end this is just a continuation of british schizophrenia about europe because britain will remain in europe courseware time where else otherwise. the nation is facing one of the greatest crises in its history. you can look at rex it as being a true. as being something which is a very difficult pain to to feel it's even true if you're on the winning side what do you do know you know you've won. was the referendum a way for some people to vent their frustration because they long felt that they had been abandoned by their politicians. or by those that don't know i mean it's allowed them to let everything out yes a bit like you would do in psychotherapy to say you think everything isn't so great that you're not getting what you believe you've earned over expected feel self and

the next generation you know is that life has simply become more difficult the result comes from this mix of reasons guns motives you count that's like even if half or. there are plenty of cliches about the british. their independence is sacrosanct here over the course of their history the question has arisen again and again do we belong to europe or not. are all. their own belongs interesting to us that does england belong to europe well of course not not. britain is a european country through and through. it's part of the whole history of europe

it's deep european deep people to our history and we are part of the history of the year of europe. as biters it's both of course it's part of europe just look at the geography of us but it's also a neighbor because it's all. offshore as they say it's an island it's not part of the continental. in some places england southern coast is only about forty kilometers away from the continent. on clear days you can see the french coast. for centuries taking a boat was the only way to get there. people see the channel as both a link and a boundary.

during world war two what came over the channel from the continent was by no means good. during the battle of britain in one nine hundred forty german air raids killed more than forty two thousand people in britain. by nine hundred forty five the european continent had been reduced to rubble. hard to imagine that enemies could ever become friends again. by the wars and many british cities were heavily destroyed above all london yet britain still had a functioning administration and a confident government. economically they were ruined but they remain a proud nation unlike their european neighbors therefore england differed from the european nations and that it still felt well in its own national skin while we here in europe were very uncomfortable in our own national skins that's why we started

to think of europe and europe merging into one. mandarin will be proud to say i am and you're a pianist. it was surprising that after the war the former british prime minister winston churchill called for a united europe as a major project for peace and englishmen of all people. yes yes and what an englishman i mean winston churchill who like many of his generation also fought like a european if you did indeed in one thousand nine hundred forty eight he addressed the peoples of europe from the hague in all of. that he encouraged them can essentially what he said in principle was i'll tell you something very exciting and at the center of my idea for europe must be a reconciliation between france and germany and if there's a chance to get this devastated europe which has nearly destroyed itself in two

wars back on its feet well that's in britain's very own interest just not another war for god's sake. you are going to be united. by the hot we are all part come you for i'm to be having been the difficult on i look up time deaf i heard even then lend these funk on some house invention and some i'll still put it god knows you leave me. no matter where they. are away but. i did as mr induction but you must say that churchill was somewhat unclear about the details of britain belonging to this european union. but i'm. out again when the idea became reality britain looked on politely from the sidelines france and germany pushed for the establishment of the european coal and steel community in which six european countries would cooperate in producing these commodities a member of the decision after centuries of national rivalry the people of europe

finally reached out to one another oh. god. our greatest task now is that europe must be created. german chancellor a comment on alan was one of the first to recognize the significance britain could have for european unity. that he's warned about back then he found this wonderful word he said he would like to see britain play a role in europe and then listen to the rest of the quote that so that we won't be on our own with a more or less hysterical french schools that was adenauer in the autumn of fifty three no politician and europe would dare to speak so openly today. in march of one nine hundred fifty seven the people of europe were looking to rome this exam representatives from germany france italy belgium luxembourg and the

netherlands met there to found the european economic community e.c. the predecessor of today's. it was the moment european political unity was born. britain was noticeably disinterested it didn't even send press representatives to the preparatory conference. the dream of a united europe seemed tangibly close and the british simply set aside and watched the events unfold. britain behaved very stupidly in the one nine hundred fifty s. . back then we had the chance to take on leadership of a european community a european union. i know there were many continental europeans who wanted just that this britain was asked. and britain declined saying no no we're still a world power. this is the only life during the fifty's

a slight condescension could be heard in british statements and the arrogance of the old empire. therefore they kept their distance distance churchill's speech got up and running then they said yes be friendly to the europeans but try to end the involvement of. god. all over. europe is too small for britain even today starting in the seventeenth century the nation spread its influence all around the globe to become the greatest colonial power in history. even today the queen is still the head of sixteen states from australia to new zealand. i think you've got to be very careful the british tend to be very nostalgic when they consider their own country and that's a danger because sometimes they nostalgic for something that doesn't exist.

it. is usually pretty easy it's a friend it's real it's as if we still have an empire and that's part of the english mentality to a colonial mentality. we actually want to rule and conquer. we don't accept the invitation. in the one nine hundred sixty s. britain was the source of a cultural revolution it's poppy's it conquered the european continent and the world. no other country in europe was as exciting as britain whether because of its real new ideas spark work each traditions. to say that something we admire about england if they give the world inventions that the whole world the global village is crazy about that or from us from.

britain was good for a few political surprises during this period as well. the economies of the continent six e.c. countries were growing but britain's wasn't suddenly the british were showing interest in becoming a member and applied to join in one thousand nine hundred sixty one. a decade of tug of war began between britain and the continent. prime minister harold macmillan even went to france to visit president charles to go and campaign for membership. four weeks later to go answered at a press conference. we know today on a very. britain is an island it is merry time with its nature structure and economic situation different fundamentally from those of the countries located on the continent leading these conditions are undoubtedly

incompatible with the system that the six countries have developed. among themselves. you'll know born them. since the norman conquest in the eleventh century the peoples of britain and france have had a difficult relationship with each other. no confirmed for many british the widespread cliche of french arrogance. yet at the same time they view france as the land of pleasure and fine cooking. the business knife as it were a bit envious of the french of how they look how they live the flesh that they have in their lives. in laden. like the french but a man would never of an evening leave his lady alone with

a frenchman a bottle of wine. we don't trust the difficult. because vito put an end to britain's joining because in the e.c. all decisions had to be made unanimously a few days later prime minister macmillan appeared in front of the cameras in london. what i have wondered brussels yesterday was bad bad for us bad for your book bad for the whole free world a great opportunity had been missed mcmillian saddle britain asked again to join in one nine hundred sixty seven again france answered no but the british stubbornly refused to give up and began looking for allies in europe that would support their application for membership of the e.c. . the british foreign secretary even went to baun to ask for help.

the germans still favored having the british on board. there's a famous passage in villepin hans memoirs britain's foreign secretary at the time george brown comes to him and says really you've got to let us in so that we can take over the leadership. that's just wonderful. we're back so to speak with the british attitude either a leadership role or not at all or to be seen in the field. the political mood in europe changed during the one nine hundred seventy s. to go ahead step down that put an end to the french resistance against british entry to the e.c. . accepting britain into the european community became conceivable and was the number one topic of conversation everywhere there was a good deal spiritual issue and so on i think it's tires that it's just not making

money here that's one smidgeon lot on the continent and stuff that's on top of them and watch a serious way just be sufficient so i think i need to sign on and learn from a distance so i can feel the guys in line by line is far more important than merely income but i'm children. and i take up as host almost any better than housewives i don't want to go and thank you. one of the main arguments against joining was a fear of rising prices until then the british could import cheap food from former colonies after joining the e.c. they would have to buy more expensive products from europe. the european community in this case was not seen as a political alliance but solely as a common market. is just from what it's already telling that the british would speak of the common market back then. they viewed it mainly as an economic you know

. mind and that is what it was this was all the virtue of the economic question was always at the root of the european question does it benefit us or hurt us well everything gets cheaper or will it become more costly if it's totally. committed. to official membership negotiations began in the summer of one nine hundred seventy. s. . the british were already sparking tensions even before they joined they wanted membership but were demanding special rights but the europeans didn't soften yes to membership no to special exceptions the negotiations went on for two and a half years. meanwhile in britain the economy was struggling continual strikes had paralyzed the country.

the government was hoping that membership would revive the economy but many people remain skeptical. in january nine hundred seventy two the a courts were ready for signing in brussels. but the ceremony got off to an inauspicious start prime minister edward heath was splattered with nk this was immediately beauty as a protest against british accession later it emerged that the culprit was a german with an alleged personal grudge against heath's government. yet for many the incident was nevertheless seen as a bad omen for british membership in the e.c. . if you go still. well we after an hour's delay

edward heath finally signed the treaty of accession in brussels. more than a decade had gone by since britain first asked to join. britain early entered its economy towards the continent. and the british brought new accents to the community it was the start of an exciting partnership. first there was the question of official languages english began to prevail over french. they came on very confidently as an important partner. and they view their own role in a completely self-assured way there never been a problem but naturally you could still sense the distance in that they actually never really felt at home in europe. and europe had to get used to be idiosyncratic behavior of a new car or. the

british were wary from the outset. would happen in this country to join the european union was that it was seen as a necessary thing to do because decline because europe was succeeding economically and the americans were pushing for it it wasn't seen as an expression of. positive growth it was seen as. something we had to do. we know this feeling that this european community was fundamentally designed by different architects by the french and germans and belgians and italians and that since it isn't really our house. the all over europe and also took place in all the major parties in parliament so the government. nine hundred seventy five decided just two years after britain joined

to hold a referendum on them or should. they introduce this referendum because many voices were still saying this relationship this marriage with europe that cannot be our mission our destiny. so we want to put it to the people one more time and sign. in full for the same. supporters and opponents began to campaign. with also the nation why you want to be got out of the summit and often got started on isn't . the sort of. definitely only think. first of four hundred in the minds of unmarked annoyance i'm not the same guy up to . buy that he gave the. plain white.

cent rise to so i think we've got a vendor here which means all along of the incident. in the beach about to begin. tonight again so i'm never gonna. live again your subject as this has no school for us london been. the first referendum in britain's history and produced a surprisingly clear result more than sixty seven percent voted in favor of staying in the european community. a few hours later the prime minister at the time harold wilson gave a press conference outside ten downing street. the british people does better for a cut class on thought resigning his fate. the old patient of mine shaft biden the european community. to me the british were never honestly told what was actually behind the e.c.

namely an increasingly closer union of a political kind that was never said because all the prime ministers knew very well if we told our people the truth that this was about more than free trade and improve economic relations and let's say polemically was a super state then they never would have said yes in the one nine hundred seventy five referendum. yes we want to stay they always kick that down the road and it came back to haunt them later. losing sovereignty and being bullied by drop our deep seeded fears of the british nation. into coal is a fraud the question what is our parliament worth what influence my faint do i actually have as a voter and if the parliament says something then the e.u. can come along and say no. in the european community britain is just one country among many

a fact reflected in the anonymous for sots in brussels. and europe and brussels there subtenants but no on the island there are masters of their own house was. margaret thatcher became prime minister in one thousand nine hundred seventy nine. the first woman head of government in europe was to put european government representatives to the test again and again. she was an iron lady but when it was about europe. as an economic union then she was one hundred percent in favor of that and she wanted to further end. came when things got too political . that's where she drew the line on itself. she marched right in with her big handbag that was already a statement of how she made her entrance taught. such a one

a discount on the british financial contributions she argued that the country was paying in more than it was getting back from brussels in agricultural subsidies. we are not asking for the abandoned. vehicles be time again well live on and on in cost in time zones of us i can and get it own money back. at some point in the night she even burst into tears and pulled out all the stops to make her point and she managed in the end she was really insistent annoying to be honest as well as are. you also a bit disappointed about mrs thatcher stubborn position. of course i'm disappointed with europe has to speak with one voice and we're putting on a miserable show i can't accept that it. is she wouldn't let it go much to the horror of our partners in europe in the end they

gave in because they couldn't stand her battle cry i want my money back anymore and i want my money back we need the money hundreds kate. it's promised. she was an unrelenting woman surrounded by powerful men a new experience for european politicians like helmut cork office want to tell all . of us strangely enough he was the socialist french president song. and then a very conservative prime minister margaret thatcher got on very well and. somehow they understood each other. some of it had a bit to do with the frenchmen and an english lady with helen call it was just the opposite they didn't get on an all from the first time they met. they came from two different planets because she couldn't stand this german one

time on the return flight from summit talks in bonn she said oh my god that man is so german. the british first tried to prevent german reunification too great was there fear of an all powerful germany that would go want to play a new role in the heart of europe. behalf in germany we don't have the luxury of maintaining distance and the british observed germany right in the middle of the continent today we've got nine neighbors all of them friendly the british would have nightmares if they had to bear having so many neighbors scotland is already enough for the english and. an englishman is simply to relate this romantic image of a united europe. finally in one thousand nine hundred there was a new hope for the europeans but john major didn't receive much support for his ideas in the british parliament. the. major

major mark the start of a new generation who very early on made a famous speech in which he said we want to play a role in the heart of europe we want to be at the heart of europe. but the joy wasn't to last major's conservative party forced him to negotiate opt out clause in order to avoid fiscal burden sharing for joint decisions europe closed ranks politically while the british gradually began stepping back. yet there was an event during major's term in office that fundamentally changed britain's relationship to the continent. in may ninety ninety four the queen travelled by train to france through the new tunnel under the english channel. the rail journey from brussels to london was reduced to just over two and a half hours. while center expresses that was

do you belong to your ip i'm building this tunnel together i mean these are told about that. age a wreck trailing france that was a shade too close for many and right you. feel a lot of my garlic from france infections from drinking too much regular and sick sexual behavior from its a nice god knows what else we were afraid of everything european appears just. today more than ten million people travel by train through the tunnel annually it has brought britain and mainland europe closer together despite all kinds of resistance. but anyone who wants to board a train to the continent still has to show their passport. meanwhile on the european mainland the borders between most e.u.

countries were opened in march one thousand nine hundred five here passport checks became i think the past when the schengen treaty came into a fact. they found traces of now the british didn't want to join in another project that was close to european hearts introducing the common currency the euro the british pound remained a symbol of the nation's independence. on a first two thousand for ten more. trees joined the european union. britain became one of the first countries to push to have its labor market opened for people from eastern europe on the european mainland they waited several more years to do that increased immigration stopped british mistrust many saw the newcomers as unwelcome competitors for jobs and housing de politics. has really had

a very hard time dealing adequately with this feeling and this unease to actually respond effectively. since the start of the new millennium the euro skeptic party if you can and its leader nigel for raj exploited these fears for raj maintained brussels influence is too great. a wayside enough's enough we actually want to govern our own country make our own rules control all right go. prime minister david cameron was feeling more and more pressure he wanted to stay in the e.u. and laid the european question to rest once and for all with a referendum memories of the first bout resurfaced. this problem the problem was the same one that harold wilson had already had he wanted to stay in power and reaffirm his position by putting the european question to the people for a vote for ukip demanded that as well and cameron saw himself forced to jump on

board this moving train in order to limit the allure of ukip when. once again the question was remain or leave for a second time the british were to vote on e.u. membership. the progress that campaigners intentionally targeted people's fears. they'd given to why all borders were even given away all our schools this is european union it isn't that. the issue of immigration was ever. presents. the crucial thing to understand about immigration which played a big role in one sense as a fear factor in the referendum is that it represented a loss of faith and control. it was a slogan referendum take back control and in that sense it was about sovereignty it was about democracy it was about how we are governed take back control. take back

control. take back control my friends of our democracy. prime minister david cameron campaigned for printer planning the european union but he wanted before on all saying we are stronger out west safe but we're better off if we stay . here. the government decided that it didn't want to say anything positive about the european union it didn't want to discuss what was good about freedom of movement how we're allowed us to go to european currencies it but it is accepted the basic narrative of the euro skeptics. and then it said but we can't afford to leave so oddly enough the pro european government campaign would also euro skeptic and play didn't have enough reasons to say why the e.u.

was so important the race was run to get the skeptics already had the upper hand on . the atmosphere was so volatile that in the week before the referendum approach e.u. member of parliament joe cox was murdered by a radical e.u. opponent. three days later the campaign resumed. seventy two percent of those entitled to vote did sell nearly fifty two percent voted in favor of leaving. while forty eight percent wanted to remain in the e.u. the margin couldn't have been much closer. was it purely a protest vote why did scotland and northern ireland vote to remain. speculation about the reasons for the outcome began immediately one answer was social inequality. large areas of northern england were facing economic ruin.

london's immensely wealthy the west country the north very poor and people resented that and they felt well you know who are who do these people think they are that are running us and they blamed the english blame the european union for that gradually the question arose of what form bracks it would actually take nobody said to voters it's going to take many years it will be very complicated. searcher and nobody was realistic about it. for a long time there was a great deal of uncertainty about what bracks actually meant it wasn't until january twenty seventeen that the new prime minister theresa may set the course. not partial membership but the european union. membership of the european union or anything that leaves hockey in heart out we're not sick to hold on membership as we

leave feet negotiators open talks and brussels in june twenty seventeen one meeting followed the next again and again the british and european wrangled to reach agreement. intense debate continued back in britain as well in london more than half a million people turned out to call for a new referendum. the demonstrators spoke out against backset and the increasing anti foreign atmosphere one estimate was over over a million relationships have broken up over bret's it families are breaking up over exit very deep growth the coordinates you get at the beginning of a civil war very painful. then after a year and a half of tough to go she asians there seemed to be

a solution. theresa may and the e.u. agreed on a soft plan it guaranteed the rights of e.u. citizens in britain and british people living on the continent. perhaps the most important point was that it would establish a free trade area between britain and the e.u. for industrial and agricultural products. the british people don't want to spend any more time doing about it they want a good deal that fulfills the daves of the allows us to come together again as a country. after that the sparks really began to fly hardline breck's the tears accused her recent day of paying too much heed to the voices of the remainer who didn't want a hard exit from the e.u. she was as she had to get this camp on board whether she wanted to or not because after all she had belonged to it herself she voted for remain in the referendum

remain. and she decided to stay inside the european space and the same time he's going to leave it. which is impossible so she got caught up with movies tensions. fears of crashing out without a deal grew. the authorities even simulated a traffic jam to determine the level of disruption breck's it could cause around the ports. people began to buy and hoard food and other supplies in fear of shortages in the shops. car manufacturers announced plans to move production abroad . and bankers and brokers in the city were worried about their deals. political showdown began in london. on it theresa may was fighting on several fronts against members of the opposition who are demanding stronger ties to the e.u.

and those calling for a hard bracks it from within the ranks of her own party. particularly failed to do so. is a lot of desperation. the border between ireland and northern ireland became a forney issue because of britain leaves the e.u. it will become an external border. i think is still the right to wonder and to do the nurse. parliament voted down the exit agreement with the e.u. twice in the parliamentary vote after parliamentary vote followed against exit ing without a deal for a delay or for exit and a series of amendments. this and from now on that was a sign of course and with it came the people's recognition that complete chaos was

raining in westminster. with mr annan and his colleagues of. britain's confidence in their parliament. representatives has hit new depths these days but i'm so bored with the whole thing i don't read anything more about it. all for it's just gone on far too long we got into this mess because of the incompetence of our government over forty years of looking off themselves looking off the rich not looking after the people but i find it. i'm just sorry but it's going like this person should be invested in this. discord still dominates when it comes to people's feelings about britain's relationship with europe. but nothing that europeans will go well but they see the european union. was terrible we had a totally until. the european community and slowly crept into our

politics and stopped taking over i'm for breaks and i hope that it goes so i wish the english government wouldn't delay it and basically i'd like to leave you up because i don't think it's working for us i mean. but the concept that reading is simple is an illusion. we call it escaped from the european union so there is the this is our reality we have to live in the world that we are really in and we have to we have to have a political system which can face that. if the view does the british how will this political class that has shown itself to be incapable of meeting this challenge how will they regain their prestige to govern in the name of the people when they were unable to achieve consensus in the name of the people i'm. so what's next still nothing is clear delay play for time.

meanwhile the unrest continues. ico india more than twenty five hundred points within thirty five years. that's her mission call a hockey day from concord in northern india she's revolutionizing access to safe sanitation in her hometown but everything you just saw is a clue to minutes give you shall go the kind of people who will allow it to zero. in thirty minutes on w. six the tumble

challenge. the rhythm of the markets. the momentum of the working world. your business magazine made in germany in ninety minutes on d w. six make. raring to me. if there is any erotic benefits remember you have to find it between the lines. the literature hundred german on street.

this is the w.'s life from the algerians president faces fresh calls to step down but this time they're from the head of the army and the king coalition allies they won't be anything president to be declared unfit to rule after weeks of street protests will this bring an end to the nation's political crisis also on the program turkish president project type the ones ruling a k party prepares to be tested in local elections by discontent is widespread with many turks suffering in the country's economic recession. i have one.