flows faster everyone but i know why gulf war is equally dangerous. there's junk it is the people move south so they can plant crops and find food. floods and droughts food climate change become the main driver of mass migration you can write any notice you want them. on it starts earlier on t w. hello and welcome to tomorrow today the science show on t.w. this week we meet an engineer who plans to manufacture his own electric cars. why don't we see a moment of darkness when we blink. and we head to south africa where

elephants are being kept in line by bees. but first to a story that concerns many of us. today more than half of the world's population live in cities. in twenty eighteen tokyo was the world's most populous city followed by delhi and shanghai. these urban centers are referred to as megacities meaning they have a population of over ten million. for years the nigerian city of lagos has been the world's fastest growing conurbation satellite images show how lagos has been wounded in recent years. the city state of singapore is used to a high population density here high rise buildings make maximum use of the land could singapore be a role model for the future. how can densely populated

urban centers solve the living space problem in singapore a swiss team is developing solutions together with local universities and a project called the future cities lab. one of the first things you notice here is how heavily built up singapore is but that it's also astonishingly green. that verdant sea is largely down to visionary city planning rules here stipulate that any land used for construction has to be at least partially compensated for by green areas in and on the structures the future cities lab is looking at how people in green high rise buildings like these live neighbors know one another how does the vegetation affect the city's climate and house the quality of life here. future cities lab research director thomas shop father lives in a green high rise with his family the interlace is viewed as

a successful example of this type of architecture. its structure doesn't just rear up it's also interlaced horizontally. functional spaces are staggered over various levels communal areas on one the swimming pool on another and courtyards on yet others the old garbage you are hitech you sure are an architect the mission is of course to create decent living space in a high density environment and i think the interlace is a very good example of how you can create that high quality of life while not accepting that high residential density will have negative effects. in the gulf air force. the scientist says that the people who live in the interlace like it and it also provides opportunities to participate in a neighborhood and community. that. a difficult and delicate

challenge in a high rise. buildings in singapore have proven a lot less successful at mastering at. social scientist michele zhang as also part of the future cities lab project she's looking at how green spaces are used and how they contribute to community building . you give me that even if what you think of. this garden is used mostly by the people who live here like this retiree who comes here every day for a workout he's proud to show us the apartment he owns in the block not only does it have a great view he says it's area enough that he almost never has to turn on the air conditioning. like him most people in singapore live in public housing. places like sky

three thousand people live here around the same number as an average village and the idea is reflected in the development which groups blocks of eighty units into villages. the green areas and sky vale are meant for communal use but the project's roof terraces are nearly empty apparently building a community involves more than just providing spaces for it to happen. it's not just a provide a space and a boring. stair we have to consider what kind of people what they use like to use says base what kind of needs they. are what kind of activities. even though the terraces are attractively laid out and could easily service areas for interaction they remain empty if certain key conditions aren't met. when we did a survey we understand of people concert

a very much a. part temperature humidity direct sunlight and the noise if we cannot find a way to improve and then it's very difficult for people to go to the upstairs to. the pinnacle is a complex made up of over eight hundred apartments home to about nine thousand residents around the same number as a good sized town. the roof terrace is open to the public you can just stroll around and admire singapore skyline. fifty floors above rolling traffic a miniature biotope has formed here. still big questions remain even if life can be made pleasant and vertical spaces aren't we humans at heart more come. down on terra firma are plants on

a roof really an adequate substitute for green spaces on the ground. simmons want to go out into nature ground to others specialists have said that time and again. that means that humans are oriented towards green on the ground towards feeling real soil under their feet. that said humans have changed over the millennia. we've accepted certain influences. so i also think the ground well is like us accepted if the ground we're on happens to be up on the twentieth floor of the building. finding common ground between human nature and vertical living a challenge for architects today and in the future. on facebook we asked what are the biggest problems facing your city. mom and says cairo has

so many problems he doesn't even know where to begin. hilder lives in berlin wave a city of one and a half million that has no proper sewage system. that has lots of water but ninety five percent of it is polluted and there's little political will to change that. frederick says nairobi struggles with traffic emissions housing estates that are filled with smoke as a result of garbage burning and plastic that some bottles everywhere which also clog up drains. the same says khartoum is a quiet city between two rivers which give the place a special charm but one problem is the lack of cleanliness in many areas very serious in concepcion in chile where rush hour traffic is a big problem he'd like to see an overhead railway system to relieve the pressure on the street. thank you for coming.

most big cities struggle with traffic congestion and car emissions could images like these one day be a thing of the past what's needed is an environmentally friendly alternative to gasoline and diesel. which could come in the form of electric vehicles we meet an engineer who's not only designed his own electric car he's also forging ahead with manufacturing it's. there it is again acceleration you could use your driver's license in a car like this you just want to speed up a little but then you look down and it's just topped the gas but now i'm doing over seventy. that's not good in traffic. certainly not in town anyway going to shooting signs the ico of the city car it began as a study at athens technical university professor an engineer was determined to see

his model go into siemens production but established car makers weren't interested . it's really annoying for scientists when good concepts they've developed over a long period just disappear into a bottom drawer so we said not with us i was getting all of that i thought come on you can tell this i wanted a mini porsche or a porsche killer so to speak when anyone can afford. the ego might indeed an oil luxury sports car makers because it can be had for as little as sixteen thousand euros sixty eight thousand less than comparable models because she didn't just build it from scratch he also set up a tailor made production line one big advantage electric cars work with far fewer components than traditional field driven models. where a combustion engine production line and the entire building or be too small. fewer

parts equals fewer potential problems as well as low investment costs for components automation and assembly. working within the car industry's traditional structures are serious that churns out fewer than one hundred thousand units a year just isn't worth while that's because the initial set up requires such a big investment that you need huge production runs to turn a profit here we're showing that producing just ten or twenty thousand cars a year can still be economically viable on one saving using an allen minium frayne instead of the standard integral body that saves the costs of expensive presses for bodywork components be like. drivers made by a german company. this company couldn't make an electric drive that won't last one hundred years that's what's special about electro mobility something not possible with internal combustion technology and we've built a body that will also last that long it looks so good we don't even painted it

can't rust it doesn't soften that's the basic plan for a car that can last for a century if that's what you want. to. go doesn't have metal panels that all made of thermoplastic and i'm ready to mount so the eco plants doesn't need painting facility. if you can produce a painted surface like this and it's also extremely durable it takes four times the normal force to scratch it and then you can hardly see to scratch and because the material itself is colored there is no problem a coating that makes it a wonderful material. but the path from concept to serious production from scientists to car maker was anything but wonderful. i think during the nearly four years since we set up the go mobile there have been six or seven disasters where we could easily have given up. just said ok that's that.

but you know what's really great about that what my team here have been through after you've overcome the problems they all appear wonderful in retrospect was going to shoot is currently building two new production holes soon to be manufacturing an electrically powered berth and further eco models. there goes. and again. and again. most of the time linking it is an automatic reflex linking helps to fend off germs and protect our eyes from sunlight. it also spreads to follow it's which helps ensure that the surface of the i doesn't dry out. all good and well but it does still leave one question. every few seconds everything goes dark around eleven

thousand times a day we should be seeing this but we don't so what's going on in our brain. wanted to find out the neuroscientist at the german primate center in putting in studies perception. that we don't notice the darkness when we blink is odd because the i actually reacts extremely quickly to change. it can perceive a black image lasting just ten milliseconds and the dark face of a blink is much longer about fifteen times longer. so we want to notice it. for this grooms and for the brain one hundred fifty milliseconds are an incredibly long time when you close your eyes during a blink the brain isn't getting any input so it fills up that gap food and gives a look of. as a result you don't notice the one hundred fifty milliseconds of darkness but what fills that gap. to find out shit sick how to watch the brain in real time as it

processed visual. but he needed the help of electrodes to. the neuroscientist got the opportunity to carry out a test on epilepsy sufferers who had had electrodes temporarily implanted in their brains to treat that disease. one group had electrodes in their prefrontal cortex is. the prefrontal cortex is in front here traditionally it's associated with your higher cognitive functions for example how you concentrate how you retain things in memory those are the functions typically associated with this part of the brain not perception. but we suspected that the region does play a role with this filling in effect such as when you blink. to question much from. the electrodes read just a neural activity while the test subjects look at two images one after another showing lattices of dots. they have to decide whether the dots are oriented

vertically horizontally or die acne harder than it sounds as the arrangement of the dots is ambiguous. picture vertical horizontal or dark no using the green point the subject selects diagonal to the upper right. second picture. again diagonal to the upper right. most of the patients showed a kind of memory effect. the image of the lattice they saw first had a strong influence on what they said they saw in the next image in the scene between. those who chose vertical in the first picture and nearly always chose vertical in the second picture two at that moment the nerve cells in the prefrontal cortex were highly active even though the images aren't stored in this part of the brain. only one patient made decisions at random in her case

part of the prefrontal cortex had been surgically removed. the composition she couldn't remember what she'd seen in the first image. so we concluded the information from the first image couldn't be merged with the information from the second which is what would normally happen. so it seems the prefrontal cortex is necessary for us to perceive images seen one after the other like the use the separated by a blink. if outlook is read right but if you. do you have a science question that you've always wanted on say it we're happy to help out send it to us as a video text over as well if we answer it on the show will send you a little surprise as a thank you can i just ask. chuck will as you know mark who from nigeria wants to know what is d.n.a.

. it's in every cell in the body along molecule that looks like a twisted rope ladder and it contains all the instructions for making a human being. its rungs are made up of four different building blocks you can think of them as letters that can be used to create an infinite number of words what we call genes that endless variety and the d.n.a. is what makes each and every one of us unique. some sections of d.n.a. are like the different departments in a company that keep business ticking over listen for instance borders to the cells manufacturing facilities to make and deliver more of this or that product. the instructions in coded in d.n.a. are used to make a vast array of proteins and they control every aspect of metabolism and the body.

d.n.a. is found in every species on earth. that's made it a powerful tool for determining the course that evolution has taken since law. first began. the development of the tree of life as similar to that of a real tree whose branches continuously split and i urge. researchers used to determine how species were related by comparing their physical characteristics for example by looking at whether an animal had wings or not however that can be misleading. but comparing d.n.a. can help clear up mistakes because it provides a much more accurate map of degrees of kinship between species. some ancient human d.n.a. has survived in fossilized bones and teeth for over one hundred thousand years that gave researchers the idea to use the molecule as a way to save other kinds of data. when d.n.a.

is dried it looks as in conspicuous as flour but a single gram of it could contain as much information as a trillion c.d.'s a medium that takes up a little space and doesn't require any power. researchers have already packed artificial molecules of d.n.a. in tiny glass balls for saving and reading data a first step towards making the technology a reality. do you have a question or a comment visit our website or drop us a line on twitter or facebook. speaking of d.n.a. a colony of bees has a queen bee male drones and female workers whether a female becomes a queen or a worker is determined by the food she gets as another not her d.n.a. . nature does have many surprises in store.

owners so surprising the unusual role buz play in the south african conservation project. in the middle of the south african bush right next to kruger national park zoo all of jests robin cook and brownie. have set up fifty beehives. to conservationists attesting whether honeybees can protect selected trees inside the park from the park's largest residents' elephants. just like people elephants don't like getting stung they have an acute sense of smell and hearing so one hint of a bee hive and they're all. and the reason we're doing that is that in our protected areas here in south africa we've got a build up of elephant densities and concern over the impact that they may be having on our large tree species and so we're trying to fight. ways that we can

mitigate the effect that elephants have on trees and they are by placing honeybees in these trees we hoping that we can find a new method to actually protect the trees from elephant in fact. while elephant populations are in serious decline in other parts of africa their numbers are growing in south africa here in nature reserves a fenced in and equipped with also official ritual holds protected and well provided for the big animals have flourished so much so that they've become a problem the elephant stripped trees and shrubs naked often up brushing them in the process and destroying the habitat other animals and plants in the park rely on elephants are particularly partial to one of the park's largest trees the marina really trees are a highly sought after tree by elephants and that's because they've got a lot of forage for the elephants and we're seeing a lot of impact on these trees and for example in the study site here we've seen a decline of around thirty five percent of the military's sense of being in the

system so i'm really trees are very important in our ecosystems they provide a lot of food for species that provide habitat and so we know them as a keystone species. the elephants often flatten them religion just so they can get to the leaves but so fall them really is with bees living in them remain largely untouched out of fifty trees only one was damaged during the past year. cook speed project is a new approach in park management in the past a large number of elephants was simply culled nearly seven hundred thousand was shot dead in kruger national park to keep the population stable and protect the vegetation so when it comes to managing the effects that elephants have been launched there's been a mindset shift from controlling the elephant numbers themselves as previously thought to mitigating the effects that they actually have on the trees. so you

could have courses on a large scale where you could try and manage a different distribution. of actually managing the facts or managing the large trees and cells protecting the large trees themselves. with the beehives. hoping to control the elephants movements by keeping the moving when the animals stay in one place too long they can inflict extensive damage but above all the conservationists say bees are the perfect way of keeping elephants away from trees when one of the big animals has ripped off that bark they can fall prey to other assailants like tom minds in the villages around the park people have little experience with bees many are afraid of them an attitude running to calais is working to change he plans to start keeping bees in his village and to train some of the local residents as. a bit of preserving this community. how to.

produce the honey barbeque. go. back inside the park the conservationists have found another way of reducing elephant numbers in problem areas they've laid dry a number of watering holes that means the elephants have to keep moving to find fresh water relieving the pressure on the local ecosystem but smaller parts don't have that option so there is growing interest in the results of robin cook's experiments with bees he believes it's a groundbreaking method with huge potential but we would love to see it applied to new species particular. species which elephants are often such as the bad species and then to see if it can be applied to other projects such as the vaults and this project to see if we can protect trees with faults in this in them using african honey bees and whether that relationship will not work. they should soon find out

the first hides are already in place if it all works out the bees could in future protect not only trees but also the birds and animals that depend on the trees for their survival. that's all for now next time we'll look at spiders a creature many of us are afraid of but scientists say protein from a spider's web provides the perfect substrate for growing hard cell tissue that and more on the next edition of tomorrow today see that.

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