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the missing piece is basilica and the vatican city and run the cathedral on st peter's square is a magnificent edifice capped with larger than life statues of the apostles. it's the most impressive monument of the renaissance with colonnades reminiscent of the temples of antiquity. same pieces is the largest church in the world yet its construction would have been impossible just a few generations before. no one had the knowledge of mathematics physics and structural engineering needed to plan and organize such a vast project. then in the mid sixteenth century artists and scholars stepped onto the stage and

managed to do things that it seemed impossible for the previous thousand years. within just for generations they've created the knowledge necessary to carry out most of projects such as same pieces. europe was transformed under the influence of individuals like michelangelo buner aussie men of extraordinary accomplishment and versatility who found ways to bring seemingly impossible ideas to life. a rich even still resonate today. but how did they do with what was the secret of an age when the world seemed to undergo a paradigm shift in the age of the renaissance the bat . rome

fifteen forty seven that's one man stood out above all michelangelo bureaucracy project manager architect and artist on the construction side for st peter's. although he was in his early seventy's by this time he was still driven by ambition . michelangelo was a painter sculptor and architects a scientist iconoclast and a genius but we now refer to as a grimace announcement. in one of his works would become the icon of an entire era . if. that's not what. he said michelangelo's david is perhaps the best known sculpture in history.

to men like michelangelo with the managers of an era in which art and culture knowledge and technology developed at near lightning speed. florence fifteen zero one michelangelo astonished his contemporaries with works that seem to border on the miraculous he set out to carve david from a twelve ton block of marble a feat at which two sculptors before him had failed. michelangelo became obsessed with the undertaking and spent three years working nonstop on the five meter tool stretching the first monumental sculpture of the high renaissance. from a cumbersome block of marble michelangelo's hammer and chisel revealed

a human figure. in the produce of a gun. in your hand the sounds in. the image of mankind changed and the renaissance. pope innocent the third said at the end of the twelfth century that man was rottenness formed of slime and ashes a contemptible creature in the medieval belief that the sinful nature of man was visible in his appearance. in the ring the renaissance we can see how this pessimistic view had become tiresome the idea arose that man was almost like god man was god's creation endowed with reason with strength and created in his image man could almost become a god. some ten years after he completed david michelangelo finished his figure of moses for the tomb of pope julius the second.

launch of the new life this moses is an angry prophet with bulging veins and a system visage the way gods were depicted in the ancient world. michelangelo may have learned from the masters of antiquity but he didn't copy them . live initials was more than just the replay of antiquity. men like michelangelo created something neat they typically take neat and alice of the ancient greeks and romans and to fit them further. you won't find a single artwork of the renaissance that simply copies an ancient. the crucial thing is that the renaissance didn't just rediscover the critical spirit of the greeks for example it didn't just grapple with the science and scholarship of antiquity it developed everything further it invented completely new things and toppled the ancient giants who had originally been its teachers.

but he chile's primavera one of the best known works of renaissance arts. rather else cool of athens glorified ancient thought. and leonardo da vinci's mona lisa. for more than a thousand years the skill of realistically capturing the three dimensional world on a flat canvas had been forgotten the renaissance rediscovered perspective. it was a quantum leap for architecture which took its inspiration from the symmetry of the great buildings of the ancient world. the art of building huge dome structures had fallen into oblivion in the middle ages and was rediscovered in the renaissance. but the renaissance didn't limit itself to on.

the invention of double entry bookkeeping also meant that men of business now knew what funds they had available the surplus fortunes of the newly wealthy flowed into the pockets of the era's artists. it was like an investment program for scholars and artists never before had so much been invented or devised in such a short period of time. new mechanical machines were created. and the human machine was researched in increasing detail the study of anatomy and reached a peak. the first pocket size timepieces were invented this also made it possible to track the orbits of planets and the movements of celestial bodies. as the heavens guided seafarers adventurous discovered new trade routes the known world tripled in size. it's good for friends there's

probably no place anywhere in the world where so much was discussed in one big conversation involving such a large number of participants. things were invented in such quick succession. printing triggered a huge discourse that captivated large parts of the population. elite scholars and clerics to of course ago exchanged ideas and so invented groundbreaking new things more useful. but what was the impetus with this exceptional period of history. what were the ingredients in this explosive development how could men like michelangelo suddenly reacquire knowledge antic meek's that had been lost for centuries. let's look back to rome in the first century. back then the romans were capable of constructing buildings like same pieces as seen in the roman forum the power center

of an empire that ruled the western world. rome exploited its way of life to its full of those provinces it dictated the culture and architecture of an entire era. at the time rome was home to a million people twenty times more than one of the largest cities of the renaissance. but rome is dominance was built on the oppression of millions of slaves entire peoples were subjugated. for centuries the roman military machine succeeded in holding the impiety gether.

but at some point about variance gain the upper hand the gym and tripes the guts and the vandals. in the fifth century the western empire has ceased to exist. roma couple monday once the capital of the world and home to a million people fell into decay and the dark ages began. much of the knowledge of antiquity was lost in all areas but particularly in engineering architecture mathematics and physics. the ruins of the ancient world were plundered for building materials. just a few generations after rome fell no one was capable of creating anything remotely comparable. in the year three hundred thirty the roman emperor constantine had

moved his capital to the prosperous and what is now turkey naming it constantinople in his own honor. after that the empire split into an eastern and the west and how. the eastern roman empire also known as byzantium endured until the fifteenth century constantinople was the second row home to more than half a million people who call themselves. roman. the byzantine emperor saw themselves as descendants of seas and augustus while it's patriarch was head of the also docks christian. constantinople also became the repository of ancient wisdom. it's scholars with leading figures in every field.

the rome of the east was the bulwark of antiquity in the medieval world. no one had been able to conquer the city on the prosperous. earth but one seventh of its population were merchants from jenin. and the republic of venice known as latins this affluent minority had a reputation for arrogance and the literal and were unpopular with the eastern romans. in only eleven seventy one riots broke out in paris the genuineness course and. the imprimatur where the first come then i was accused of the nations of causing the trouble. the nation merchants were imprisoned and their possessions confiscated.

and then is tried to defend its people to no avail. it was the start of the conflict that was to last for decades and ultimately end in disaster for constantinople. the conflict culminated in what history cools the fourth crusade. this wasn't a crusade against people of a different faith but a catholic war against also ducks christians. the crusaders laid siege to constantinople and on the night of the twelfth of april twelfth before broke through its defenses. for three days they plundered the city abusing raping and killing many of its residents. also all of the collapse of byzantium its defeat by the west during the fourth crusade and its subjugation by the ottoman empire all played a major role in the development of the renaissance man from

a few think in the year up to now many scholars fled to italy taking manuscripts with them and trying to instil new values and ideas into a culture they still saw as barbaric no gave an unprecedented boost to innovation and that's why. i was. the libraries of constantinople will repeat with treasures of immeasurable worth the collective knowledge of antiquity. as hundreds of scholars and artists led the advance of the ottoman turks they took valuable books with them. money where chris lawrence was one of them when the chancellor of florence offered him a chair at the university there he also sent him

a wish list of ancient words. this exodus of scholars from the three introduced ancient techniques to the west. sculptures took on a realist movement and vitality unknown in the middle ages ancient frescoes inspired painters. long forgotten engineering techniques triggered a wave of technical innovations. ancient ideas about the movement of the heavenly bodies which one small. science especially mathematics and physics experienced an unexpected revival of to centuries of oblivion. for the europeans learned from several civilizations they learned from the greeks and romans the arabs the byzantines and also from the indians the arabic numeral system we use today actually came from india. but they didn't just

copy they develop something new with what they had learned and disseminated these ideas through printing. there was an incredible flourishing of discussion and debate. to go forward. florence in fourteen ten a city state with a population of fifty. thousand the size of london and bursting with self-confidence. the italian says he was like the silicon valley of the renaissance a fount of knowledge and a meeting place for artists and sculpts. the ambitious plans for the cathedral of maria belfiore were drawn up around thirteen hundred it was to be the largest church in kristen dim bigger and more beautiful than the cathedrals of pisa sienna and milan. a hundred and fifty

three meters long florence cathedral remains the fourth largest church in the world but back then it was number one. by the time it's forty five meter diameter dome was completed it set a world record george of us ari an artist and architect began work on the four thousand square metre fresco in its interior which was to rival michelangelo's last judgment. but the salaries figures on lost in the heights of the don't. visit is below can barely see them. in fourteen eighteen more than one hundred years after its construction began the cathedral dome had not been built. no one in the middle ages had the knowledge to solve the structural and technical problems. filippo brunelleschi took on the task.

brunelleschi was an architect and sculptor as well as an engineer and an inventor. inspired by the ancient toes of the pantheon and i as the fia he had clear ideas about how to realize the ambitious project. he developed special cranes for the domes construction and new inventions that would revolutionize building methods. machines were a novelty of his era and were widely admired. the cable that lifted the blocks of stone was seven centimeters thick one hundred eighty meters long and wait for the time. later the builder would receive the exclusive rights to build a ship with a crane on it the first pate and industrial history phillipa bringing leskie

rediscovered perspective a technique largely forgotten since antiquity. it was a jew magical system that made it possible to depict three dimensional views realistically. using it you managed to put the building plans down on paper and render them visually comprehensible. it was the dawn of modern architecture. respective drawing also inspired painters and their works took on a new realist and. artistic view is on a journey to new worlds and renaissance paintings became more realistic than ever before. the rediscovery of perspective drawing was a powerful engine of progress.

the fashionable architects in italy's competing city states particularly in venice milan florence and pisa became some of the top earners of the renaissance. no longer nameless as they had been in the middle ages they were celebrated and pampered elites. venetia noblemen spend fortunes on palaces in the new style. architect antonio container designed and built the bridge of sighs one of the most photographed motifs in the world. this new style of building became popular outside italy the city will in spirit is a masterpiece of the late renaissance one hundred years earlier the sculptor and builder until an eastern man had built one of the most picturesque examples of italian renaissance village cern town hall in switzerland.

the new style inspired by the buildings of the ancient world was characterized by symmetry and a clear system for the arrangement of columns arches and don't. architecture gardens and sculptures were designed as complete artistic ensembles the aim was to please the eye and please the people not praise god. in view simply i mean really medieval art was basically religious art that's all part evident. by the fact that we only know the names of a handful of the artists. and although it was customary to sign individual works we often speak of the master of such and such whose name we don't even know and given the songs and the renaissance we see the creators of works being named would built for you from art and became free from religious motifs and turn towards everyday life. but also describe that everyday life more accurately pick can think of perspective painting for example. art try to reflect everyday life in great detail

. but was extremely self-confident artists stepped up and made their demands confining the powerful who in turn then court of them for good but he can feel michelangelo for example who would even dictate certain things to the pope pops'. who to pick to you can come. in thirteen forty seven the black death spread out in europe. bubonic plague killed almost tough the english population within just seven months and at least a third of the population of europe in the next four years as. millions perished. it was the most horrific epidemic in european history and it changed everything ultimately even people themselves.

so tunisians cling marketplace hope it might sound cynical but the plague didn't just have a negative effect on the culture of the renaissance and the arts and. by the wealth of the dead was concentrated in the hands of the survive or since. those who survived saw life with completely different eyes. some must have said let's enjoy our days and spend them in the best way possible. maybe they wanted to surround themselves with beautiful art. others would have wanted to square their accounts with god and do something for the well being of their souls like maybe who built an entire church. had a fundamental influence on people's attitudes to life. and.

parish have of the renaissance was live this life and enjoy. renaissance art was a complete apart from the art of the middle ages needed bodies everywhere beautiful people and meshed and it. opened. in michelangelo's last judgment the heavenly host the show needed in great anatomical detail it was a revolution. the plague ravage florence only a fifth of the city's population survived the black death. it also changed how wealth was distributed and led to the rise of a new elite tycoons who became unimaginably rich. families like the maid ichi were merchants and bankers people who had been held in contempt by the feudal

society of the middle ages no they were the ones in charge. let's go back to the year fourteen twenty five and the sculpted on a tenner. his patron kusum omitted she was the first great sponsor of the. marriage she was a wealthy banker and a shrewd strategist who employed almost mafia like methods. he was one of the richest men of his day and his money filled the development of art and architecture in florence. it provided the spark that ignited the italian renaissance. but his success would never have been possible without a seemingly minor invention that revolutionized banking. double

entry bookkeeping was the simple financial instrument that involved keeping a credit account showing income and a devotee account without going payments. in the first complete double entry bookkeeping system can be traced back to thirteen fourteen alleges from genoa showing government income and expenditure to double entry bookkeeping showed account holders how much capital they had on hand allowing them greater overview and control of their finances. the global place they issued loans and signed secured credit notes with travelers that could be cashed in many countries the precursor to today's traveler's checks. and huge sums and spend them again by the time he died he spent six hundred

thousand florins equivalent to more than a quarter of a billion euros on taxes donations to the needy on buildings and on alt. host of writers scholars artists and architects were dependent on his money and they repaid him in p.u.c. . palace is a glorious stage of renaissance art it's hard to believe that cosima instructed the architect not to make it too magnificent as he didn't want to rouse the envy of the other patrician families. maybe she's also invested in the spiritual well being they donated money for a new church the vicinity not ends of. supported artists

careers and spawn something that had not existed before the celebrity. star fleet in this celebrity arose in a sort of intellectual hothouse in a market full of competition where humanists intellectuals creatives and artists of all kinds were supported and often very well paid by patrons. these patrons in turn hoped these artists would bring their courts greater fame and status of your plans for your fantasy book painters and sculptors purple they soon became just as important as skill lost it's because this in this very competitive arena they acquired fame and status and we still know their names today. but that also means the unrecognized artist the suffering genius was a particularly frequent phenomenon. and it was on the. people's.

done a telephone was one of the first great celebrity artists of the renaissance. he was almost sixty when he came to cousin murder with designs for his statue of david the boy who defeated. this his most significant work was also a brave one. because donna teles david was naked. just a few generations earlier ancient statues were destroyed for showing nudity. both made ichi and on a teller was certainly aware of how revolutionary it was done it hello state it was the first life science sculpture of a new since antiquity. i'm just. unlike other cultures the renaissance didn't worry about depicting naked or semi-naked bodies were passed mark but that was very significant for the development of medicine. you can't study anatomy if you can't depict naked bodies it's.

a concentrated that was crucial to a different way of looking at people who. didn't mind a person wasn't just animated by the spirits and guided by the stars storybook he was a mechanically functioning machine an organism a few know and organisms. what was also unusual was this interpretation. dennett tennis david is not a muscular adult but a youth with a rather fame and in appearance. and he is fascinatingly lifelike. but where did on a teller get his knowledge of the human body. with the enthusiasm of the early renaissance for all things classical interest in anatomy was growing as well. almost all the artists sculptors and painters of the renaissance would have studied human anatomy if only from books and drawing. and there was

a flourishing trade in fresh corpses it was illegal in many places and punishment for this crime was often draconian but curiosity often triumphed over fear. didn't tell you quite possibly deceptive corpses to. do her michelangelo and leonardo da vinci one of two generations later. but even in donna telos time in the early renaissance artists were very familiar with the structure of the human body which allowed them to create new very lifelike depictions of people. many like donna teller who were either artistically talented scholars all scholarly artists. as fate would have it done a teller's interpretation of the old testament hero didn't achieve the same popularity is another sculpture of the renaissance one that was also created in

florence. at five meters tall michelangelo's david is a monumental statue. half a century after dinner tello it symbolized the self-confidence of the new renaissance man. even under when to say explosive thing about the renaissance was that people became aware of their abilities and strengths in a new way before. they unleashed an incredible energy in their thinking and actions in business and technology. of just there was an outpouring of self-confidence and now you don't mention that before science. in the middle ages nearly everyone was illiterate the few who could read and write with from wealthier families all men and women of the church. the people who may need

all owned books looked after them like treasures. the capias might only produce ten to fifteen volumes and an entire lifetime which made the books incredibly valuable. but that was about to change and. to obtain a lovely kodak such as a bible for example you would have to slaughter an entire flock of sheep and that was expensive. but suddenly books could be had for a little money and reading became democratic the knowledge became accessible to larger numbers of people. more and more people were able to participate in scholarly discussions about new ideas. that's the only way we can explain how europe became the continent of innovation more so than any other. it was on the effects of. the scribes of the church hadn't just copied

works they had also changed them and falsified sources claiming their interview taishan as the word of god. that gave them great power. but the renaissance broke them an awfully our knowledge one of the most important bastions of the church. is in truth and for high and awareness of sources. and the truth grew not least because these sources were now accessible and people started analyzing them using classical techniques techniques used in antiquity. the traditional myths propagated by the church simply one excepted anymore. fifty printing. invention may have been the most significant one in a thousand years and yet we don't know what he looked like. his achievement was to combine existing methods of reproduction and printing into

a single system. the handheld cost was the key to his printing press. it allowed letters to be cost individually more quickly and with greater precision. this marked the invention of modern printing. it was also the dawn of mass communication. information became more widely available opening the door to new opinions and perspectives. information also became valued. as the printed word took precedence over tradition . printing was of truly enormous significance and gutenberg is the person who did the most important thing in a thousand years of world history reading became increasingly widespread. the great

scientific innovations and the great religious revolution the reformation wouldn't have been possible without printing. the first sixty years after the invention of printing the publication of four hundred different binocular editions of the bible . at the same time the number of people who could read and write grew. more and more people now have direct and immediate access to biblical texts to the word of god. fruits of the people of the renaissance felt close to god they felt they were becoming god like themselves and they would have said that in the middle ages it would have been considered blasphemous people refer to the bible and call themselves god's creations god made us in his image were almost gods in miniature god came closer to people in the renaissance than he ever was in the middle ages. but it wasn't books that made up the bulk of the printing shops

business. and pamphlets. they were affordable and. three. now even ordinary people could print. their opinions and drawings. three subjects sensations and. religious instruction and political and military propaganda. they could be an invitation an opinion or of. social media networks they served as a vehicle for the nation of opinion. through . the renaissance had fly sheets it had literature that was printed and spread very

quickly make it be printed in tomorrow and in today's time would be an. information disseminated more quickly and was much harder to control to. censorship of the church that dictated what was right didn't work anymore once the fly sheets began circulating. you can only understand the huge boom in free thinking in the renaissance if you look at the media and the fly sheets in particular. most communication. helped create that new type of individual celebrity. joshi of us ari who had painted the frescos in the florence cathedral dome was also a biography of the most dazzling personalities of his time the artist. bizzare also produced portraits of raphael and michelangelo but it was particularly taken with leonardo da vinci knew not it was unconventional and wasn't afraid to

acknowledge his homosexuality. he was remarkably creative and talented but also rather vain. the story was the first to coin the term. renaissance. in doubt his subjects with your of that made them stance the shining lights of society. and he created an image of the artist that hadn't existed before. most artists were craftsmen. that's how they saw themselves and that's how others saw. but mazari created the image of the genius the strange crazy man the artist in thrall to ideas painted a picture of an artist that seems strangely familiar today in fact he created the modern artist. the painter holbein was the first to paint a portrait of his family. style paintings by the chilean and tear her even painted

themselves the south push it became the expression of a new self-confidence. and then finally rutherglen titian the first painters to sign their paintings a further step toward celebrity. the great names in art suddenly became world famous one hundred years earlier it would have been unthinkable. the towering figures of renaissance art first and foremost leonardo da vinci and michaelangelo with face it invited to court and paid handsomely. in thirteen hundred phoenician glassblowers invented the convex mirror and its importance is widely underestimated compared with what had come before its reflection was bright and almost free of distortion. most people in the middle ages had only seen their faces as blurry reflections and we'll say. people could

really see themselves clearly for the first time. maybe that's why they were more self-confident the limited evil ancestors. of self-confidence and pride in personal achievements would no longer seen as sinful. humility was out of step with the times. in a person who held his head high and walk tall in the presence of god or a reason as a special gift from god those were the new values. as a result of humility became less important as humans we're capable of work and god wants us to use our gifts in the world we. can on. but most the secrets of the great renaissance artists this immense flourishing of

creativity remains a mystery but there charisma indias to this day. and the sound. is that possible scientists are on the university of researching the future of agriculture strips of wild flowers with insects could replace pesticides useful plans for the need for fertilizers can a balance between highly bio diversity be found to our world today ninety minutes on d w rag.

sometimes books are more exciting than real life. raring to read. what if there's no escape. church or list. german loss trades. you know into an official estimates more than one point two million venezuelans live in colombia legally and illegally. already at all why return to vast whaler. visit friends and i don't think i'd ever go back there to live you know what i live there again i don't know so i'm not sure . witness global news that matters. made for

mines. this is good news coming to you live from the death toll in the sri lanka bombings rises to two hundred ninety another pile of hundred people wounded in a string of ordinated attacks targeting churches and luxury hotels on easter sunday officials blame religious extremists and have made several arrests we'll have the latest.