called vertical wind tunnel they're judged on their performances in a series of moves either pre-determined or artistic while balancing on a jet a fast moving air within the top routines last forty five seconds are either solo with a partner or with a team of four u.s. and france won a number of gold lefts. so you news now we've got a documentary film for you coming up thanks for watching. here's what's coming up on the bundesliga have plenty to talk i hear what he tells you that it's cut take a look at what all that means for the table of course. the fund is legal every weekend here on t.w. .

in the one nine hundred twenty s. the russian revolution in the armenian genocide led to millions of people being forced to leave their homelands to make it impossible for them to return their respective rulers revoked their citizenship matters. jurors sin traduced the term stateless to describe people who had been driven into permanent exile. writer vladimir noble cause himself one of those affected said it was as if they had dropped off the face of the planet over two million people mainly russians and armenians were brutally up rooted in force to begin a new life elsewhere they dispersed. the four corners of the earth. but

in spite of all their misfortune these stateless people who are lucky enough to have a headstrong humanist norwegian on their side his name was freaking off months. after the first world war had ravaged europe and left millions dead the league of nations was founded in geneva in one thousand nineteen its goal was to prevent such a catastrophe from ever happening again. the forty founding nations sent delegates there and with high hopes. norway chose for a day off once and to be its permanent representative. to share the ideals of the league of nations a city book just. at the time since the first world war the intellectuals were

a man with authority whose opinions were sought after. at the league of nations people came together who had never been trained for the roles that they were now expected to fill after world war one you know toward some pivot when you again. triggered off once and was primarily a scientist who liked to work outdoors he led several perilous expeditions to conduct zoological endos you know graphic research. in one thousand nine hundred five he came close to reaching the north pole and explored that made him world famous. his scientific discoveries also learned him recognition from academics around the world nansen used his fame to support norway's independence movement which led to the dissolution of norway's union with sweden in one thousand no five. nansen was

celebrated as a hero by his countrymen. his first mission for the league of nations was to repatriate prisoners of war in late one nine hundred ninety nine some set off for russia where thousands of men good been captured by russian forces during world war one were still being held in far flung parts of the country. it's right that the league of nations takes the repatriation of the prisoners in hand as their suffering is the result of a war the likes of which the world has never seen the league must make it impossible for such a catastrophe to ever repeat itself. nansen its mission was made more difficult by the fact that russia was in the midst of a revolution nicholas the second the last tsar had been forced to abdicate in one nine hundred seventeen he was then imprisoned by the bolsheviks and later executed along with his wife and five children under lenin the communists swore to rid

russia of its old aristocracy but people who use it you know at the start it was viewed as a coup d'etat. but then the whole course of history and what was to come next wasn't clear. still it was a declaration of war on the ruling classes. you don't. not hear called there my great grandfather was a chamberlain or something like that at the winter palace that he said that until the revolution and even in the months that followed that ended badly because there was an attempt to assassinate lenin when assessing fanny kaplan shot him well i think lenin survived the attack and reacted by a resting five hundred dignitaries including my great grandfather and locking them up in the crunch that fortress. from what i understand after

a few days or maybe two weeks because they didn't know what to do with these hostages they tied them together back to back and tossed them into the gulf of finland. they all drowned including my great grandfather neither he nor my grandfather have a grave they just disappeared disappeared you saw it all just that it comes. to communists came to power in moscow and st petersburg and raised the red army to fight a life and death struggle against the counter-revolutionary whites jetted took from october one nine hundred seventeen when everything blew up until the moment when they fled they lived in a country which was still their own but surrounded by terra result all the bushehr he caught in the bolsheviks would derail entire trains and then davy up the passengers they check people's hands and if someone had a well kept hands they shot him on the spot when they saw it as a sign of the bush was easy aristocracy you can't overstate the savagery of the

revolution this is with us evolution. in mind this was given a christmas queue at the start of the revolution the thing which people remember most vividly both the whites and the reds for the expropriations. the expropriation of people's homes first confiscation then dispossession symbolized the collapse of the social order. it was into this chaos that freed you off once and came to arrange for the repatriation of six hundred thousand soldiers captured in the first world war. i've returned from the land of shadows and when i think of all the unbearable human suffering i saw there i can't sit back and do nothing but strong forces before it's too late.

manson's travels through russia convinced him that the country was on the verge of famine so he asked the big western powers to provide food aid right away. when they refused he turned to humanitarian organizations like the american red cross mentions persistent sun news is very first mission earned the reputation of being an on panto replay at the league of nations. and was also one of the few westerners to predict the coming apocalypse which would drive so many russians into exile. don't you see surface appears is where three centuries of history for the suspension ski family came to an end. they rose with the romanovs when they ascended to the throne in sixteen thirteen by one nine hundred twenty it was all

over. look if we measured this is he did imagine that it's night the seas frozen all the way to the finish coast thirty five or forty kilometers away you set off in the dark to reach the finish border. my grandfather was accompanied by his two eldest sons my father was twelve his older brother fifteen my grandfather was forty one of forty two he and his eldest son were on cross-country skis. my father was in a horse drawn sleigh possibly with other escapees the red guards would patrol here at night i'll shoot whenever they heard a sound. a horse galloping or noises made by a sleigh or skis. is this good for male bruce and each night the reds would send out an ice breaker from petrograd to foil escape attempts. to treat a little nearer to me but what my father remembers most is the sound of the ice

cracking and wondering if they'd make it across before the ice breaker. lobby maginnis because if you can imagine how risky it was to meet with the people traffickers who had to be paid as my grandparents didn't own much they were expelled they might have had a little jewelry with them i don't know about. it with them and it all ended right here that involved its moving. list today left everything behind them absolutely everything. this could his own. people were fleeing mainly from the big cities like moscow and st petersburg which were in the hands of the bolsheviks only elicit a rallying cry among the classes opposed to the revolution was goes south. you were a forerunner of the white army was already forming.

with the capture of rostov on don in january one thousand nine hundred twenty the reds victory was sealed the white army forces were pushed back and eventually driven out of russia. the allies also played a major role during this huge up evil and really during the entire civil war as well not only did they supply the whites with weapons they also played an important part in their evacuation their ships were docked nearby. they came and collected people in the caucasus region and on the black sea coast. that was the start of the mass exodus because a walk in will. i

don't get it at first the reds let the white forces go but many civilians went along with them. by the final months of one nine hundred twenty people were fleeing in panic from the national. by the end of one nine hundred twenty one and a half million russians had left their own land and more waiting to be taken in by various european countries most of these refugees hope to settle in germany or france but in constantinople the company of the ottoman empire their situation only worsened becoming a humanitarian catastrophe. hundreds of thousands of soldiers from the defeated white army streamed into the city with their families and became stranded there. they lived in cramped emergency shelters scattered throughout constantinople. at the time of their arrival turkish nationalists were driving orthodox christian

minorities out of the ottoman empire and so the russians who were also orthodox christians were unwelcome. the red cross cared for the russian refugees as best they could but soon realized that the problem was too big for them to handle on their own they sent a telegram to the diplomats at the league of nations who decided to create the post of high commissioner for refugees and gave the job to frege of months. you should not send a decision to make munson high commissioner for refugees was prompted by the success of his mission to repatriate the prisoners of war. in addition that the league of nations humanitarian affairs were considered matters for smaller nations . so the major powers were more than happy to intrust this task to the representative of the nordic country a few resource. when once in arrived in constantinople in his function as high

commissioner for refugees he was shocked by the russian refugees living conditions . i thought i saw a whole city before me with its thousands of lights it was their camps spread out over the playing camp fire by camp fire and there they were sleeping on the ground without any shelter of any kind they do not know where they are going and will find no shelter when they come nansen quickly realized that the russians had to be evacuated from constantinople sokol selman just like that raised the question of how they should be distributed among the various host countries and who should care for them look as to that you but right from the start there was also the question of their legal status who are these people and how can we protect them from a legal perspective miles and also everyone assumed that nuns and would also be organizing the refugees expected return to their homeland a short while later pip. here

in december of one nine hundred twenty one issued a decree in the form of an ultimatum. all russians living outside of the country were called upon to recognize the new regime and had three months in which to register at a soviet consulate if they failed to do so by this deadline their citizenship would be revoked one and a half million russians ignored this ultimatum and consequently became state less. the bolshevik government's wholesale and collective disenfranchisement of millions was completely unprecedented with a simple decree a stroke of a pen people's worlds fell apart. piece couldn't. because russians who weren't living in russia were no longer russian

citizens they now had no nationality at all finding themselves in a legal vacuum that raised the question who are they then they were stateless and that wasn't just a fact but also a legal issue. so some thought had to be given to introducing a system to care for those who no longer benefited from the protection of any state of being he he did a pretty soon you can only imagine diffusion refugees were now seen as people without nationality who no longer had a country of origin and so were anomalies in the context of international law. at this time when new nation states were arising out of the ashes of empires the first thing that these new states did was to introduce border controls from soon visit up.

to some entrance and exit visas and identity papers were now required most everywhere book reduce but as many russians had left their country with documents that were only valid in their own land and had since expired or had no idea at all they had nothing to show. this morning the first time that europe was confronted with the issue of undocumented migrants a solution had to be found which would allow these people to travel within europe. the idea for the nuns and passport was born in the p.s. if you know it was called a certificate at first it was the solution to a very concrete and urgent problem it was your house you. these kinds of then there never really been any agreement at the european level on the refugee issue so this was a real innovation and one that was realized in a very short time and will cool.

nansen assembled a group of lawyers comprised of stateless russians together they considered what rights and responsibilities would be associated with such an identity document for different host countries their goal was to coordinate residency and working conditions and to facilitate travel nansen embarked on a bearable world tour to present and promote his passport in as many countries as possible. look i'm single so i commissioned munson and his office which was linked to the league of nations had virtually no financial resources and when no funding didn't do all they had was an operating budget that was simply ridiculous rigid function mulching to true the league of nations gave nansen just fifteen thousand pounds sterling which were allocated for the evacuation of the refugees from constantinople. when

the people left constantinople they had no idea they'd be in paris only two years later project why they only found their way there gradually. relatively few made their way directly from constantinople to paris or to france at all. about the one there is really was a journey in stages. whether in paris berlin new york or shanghai russian refugees had to register with the committee comprised of a representative of the office of the high commissioner and other russian refugees checked whether the state was people met the criteria to receive a nansen passport it was valid for a year and could be extended for a life time holders were expressly. forbidden from returning to their countries of origin after receiving the passport they were under the protection of their host country. it's gone up and up even at the beginning of the one nine hundred thirty

s. people were talking about the nuns and passport but in reality it was only a collection of these does that looked like anything but a passport from this description everyone thinks of a complete document but flipping through its pages you can see it wasn't that way at all but in reality it took many years until the nuns and pass had become this little booklet. still it was viewed as an outstanding solution to the refugee problem which was considered huge at the time when you're not on. a good deal of where you have to give way yes there's nothing but travel and more travel. they went through call and first to kiev then to poland and then arrived in berlin . is this solve i was born stateless in berlin i didn't have

a homeland days and i was like my parents i had nothing i was completely stateless are the hands of yasser. arafat country defeated ya as a student in berlin papa did any job going he was dying of hunger. if you hear he was studying to be an engineer but he did all kinds of work ethic three me see he looked after an awful boy whom he took for walks in the park and who treated him like a dog you think of the shia i have a the hasidim wife is that you worked in a cinema and made the music by turning the hurdy gurdy public did it all. high commissioner nansen also tried to find work for all of the stateless refugees. of course it's not easy for former princesses who've never held a broom in their hands before to kneel down and scrub the steps and floors of public buildings but now they do it without grumbling because it's still better

than selling themselves on the street which many unfortunately had to do. to be able to complete his time nansen worked closely with alberto toma director of the international labor office he had also been set up by the league of nations shortly after its founding in one nine hundred ninety. by collaborating they could relocate stateless refugees to places where workers were needed they sent out questionnaires to discover what measures the governments would be prepared to take i bet tomorrow. wanted to turn the international labor office into an organization that could create a macro economic balance between unemployment and labor shortages worldwide now he had a project that legitimized his organization and its role due to the refugees why because no one asks for stateless. refugees.

france was one of the countries to play a decisive role at the time france was seen as the united states of europe meaning it was open to immigration yes it was the only country that was in need of workers and prepared to accept them even with halfway open arms. the russians were mainly concentrated in paris at first they gravitated there automatically because most of the big russian organizations were there. on the. twenty the russian high school was founded and infrastructure that played an important role in the organization of the russian community in paris was created.

to preserve the key some companies relied on russian emigre zoo for one very simple reason because they were very left wing if not outright pro-communist elements in the french labor movement poor. communities time he exists to a company that employed a large number of russians whose hearts didn't exactly yearn for revolution was guaranteed a reliable workforce. of one hundred. i don't so in certain circumstances such as at the beginning new plant and beyond cool it was desirable to take on russians. who. owns the which you will you. close to nine thousand russians with nansen passports worked in the car factories of train no in-situ and. in french society the image of the russian prince denigrated to driving a taxi cab was typical of the fate of russian emigre. russian restaurants and

nightclubs were popular with revelers in paris but many russian artists had become stateless also made it clear to westerners what it meant to be uprooted and forced into exile. or year it is. soon moved officially robbed of their nationality they only possessed a nansen passport and yet remained russians among them composers sergei prokofiev igor stravinsky and sarah gave up on enough. dancer on a puppet of a. painter's nicholas to stale and mark sure guys and writers in iran born in the know about over and bloody mary noble cough in one of his letters he wrote mother we must return mustn't way we cannot be that all his died turned to dust such an idea could drive one mad not having a corner to oneself is simply torture at times. almost

a million once in passports were issued to stateless russians allowing them to find new homes around the globe one of the phrase also thank god they survived like all the others. they survived but they still had to live with their memories. my poor grandmother own my god. in nineteen twenty two and was awarded the nobel peace prize in recognition of his three years of service to the international community. the nobel committee honored him for his commitment to repatriating prisoners of war aiding famine victims in russia and finally for introducing the passport for stateless russian refugees which bears his name. but this international recognition didn't mean nonsense work was through on the contrary

just weeks after the nobel prize ceremony nansen the former polar explorer embarked on his last big mission fighting for the rights of the armenian people. just so. he said working it out from this point and nace it up he had to believe you oh no also for your i can see every ship coming in going out. the rehearsal bottles you read walter from the pool from history or you.

along with his commitment to helping russian refugees nansen had long been preoccupied with the plight of the armenians. he repeatedly called the ethnic cleansing that occurred in the ottoman empire in one nine hundred fifteen the greatest catastrophe in human history. the armenians one of the christian minorities in the ottoman empire had suffered a number of massacres since eight hundred sixty then in april of one nine hundred fifteen things took an even more serious turn. my grandfather was a lawyer in kai's area in central anatolia. it's the major city in that part of capital. he had

a good relationship with his colleagues and the presiding judge everything was fine to say goodbye then one morning two police officers knocked on his door and said to my grandfather him the presiding judge wishes to see you because something's unclear with one of the files. and with incredible clairvoyance and utmost calm my grandfather turned to my grandmother and said the files are all perfectly clear. they've come to take me away you won't see me again to convert to islam so you can flee as quickly as possible. these were the last words they ever exchanged words but my grandmother was holding my father in her arms he was just two and later had no memory of his father only bob do the mon mailable. but do some bear. back home after. my grandmother lived

in the pontus mountains they killed her husband her family and her sisters all this done she and her two children were deported to the syrian desert they had to walk hundreds of kilometers. between in the desert you have to cross the entire length of the ottoman empire through the highlands. the wall so tough on edge mashi to kill the cubit i know she was wealthy because she had diamonds and gold. but i believe that little by little she tried to convert them into money when he's completely her children were still very young and didn't survive i still think. said general memo this young mother had to endure all kinds of horrors she and all the others and the usual. one and a half million armenians were killed on the orders of the government of the so called young turks they took advantage of the chaos created by the first world war

to massacre the armenians in their own land without having to fear any foreign intervention. news of the massacre spread quickly and a number of high ranking individuals first and foremost for joff once in him self swore that justice would prevail and that the young turks would be held responsible for their crimes. armenians who survived the massacre and deportations were left to fend for themselves in the syrian desert after the end of world war one this area was under french control france had been given the mandate for syria and lebanon orphanages and emergency shelters were quickly set up. and don't look at the question is what's going to happen to these people yemeni and it's themselves a scene in letters to the french authorities wanted to return home they write that

autumn is almost over and they must return to so that crops so they'll have nothing to eat next summer. many of them were pharmacies easily. but the survivors didn't return to armenia. in one thousand nine hundred two most a fog came on ataturk came to power though he wasn't involved in the armenian genocide of nine hundred fifteen ataturk was a fervent turkish nationalist he drove the last autumn insult not of his palace and founded the modern day republic of turkey in which christians had no place it edge of who god is only when i mean this wanted to attend to turkey because the land was now called the republic of techie they were denied entry because they went turks and when they presented them papers from the ottoman empire because they were also

means the consulates were instructed not to provide them with papers that would give them to fish nationality. not initially to check. to be rid of the armenians once and for all ataturk collectively revoked their citizenship just as lenin had done with the exiled russians the previous year. i have confirmed to the council that we are resolved to helping the armenian refugees with a piece of id like the one we introduced for the russians employing the same methods as the russian regime the current turkish government refuses to let our meeting refugees return home on turkish soil this government has no reason to reject the granting of such a certificate to the armenians. it should also be remembered that the league of nations has already on three occasions issued resolutions on behalf of the armenians and their national status to no effect. this is an opportunity for us to at least do something for these refugees and i think we must seize it. if it's more

a demand of healy official request was made at the league of nations mansome was already high commissioner for the russian refugees so the leaks general assembly put it in writing that the certificate introduced for the russians could also be expanded to include the armenians. from ports throughout asia minor from constantinople to is mer the remaining armenians in turkey left the land of their birth for good. survivors and the french controlled mandate territories mainly orphans came aboard in beirut. several hundred thousand total they wound up scattered around the world and they are many and desperate. am. electrician receptivity to the allocation of nuns and passports was

conducted by refugee organizations themselves. the league of nations and the office of the high commissioner had a delegation that headed the refugee committees in each country. in france two committees of minion refugees were mainly responsible for handing out least documents. from a news went to them to attest to their identity is the birthplace date of birth that bad the sun if so when you say then they could get to documents proving their identity fulton's was but it. was a little tricky. at that time my father was twelve years old yeah yeah he came in france of the having been. in the orphanage in lisbon and not only among yeah he was. eleven or twelve years old and he came with nouns and passport to france yeah. this

is armenian yes. object of deeply danish september nineteenth twenty four. famous for edition of the armenian question by settling refugees and. ok to buy the russian government. none turned it down to one hundred nine some was a man who represented the transition from the nineteenth to the twentieth century so then he did a lot for no we didn't independence he believed in nations in peaceful nation states and he was convinced that people were always better off in their homelands than in exile so he felt that the situation of the armenians couldn't last that the best thing that could happen to the exiled armenians scattered around the world

would be to get their own land a place to call home she's. nansen invested much energy in this project which he felt particularly passionate about his plan was to settle fifty thousand refugees at the edge of the caucasus and soviet territory after receiving the mandate from the league of nations nansen visited the site accompanied by technical experts. even democrats all to compress at first glance this project looked great but in reality there were huge ideological problems. first of all this union was soviet young will often say the western power was one very keen on creating ties with the soviet union which they were fighting elsewhere from. all could do so the question was could the western backers and russia which was also investing in the project reach an agreement in the end nothing came of it oppa. i want. to get the western powers and the soviet union to agree so his resettlement project failed.

this very hard he quit the league of nations for failing to support him. one nine hundred forty seven tens of thousands followed stalin's call to come and start a new life in the soviet republic of armenia. but for a joke monsoon didn't live to see. the old. me of one nine hundred thirty. thousands of norwegians flocking to his state funeral to pay their last respects to a famous polar explorer international diplomat and nobel peace prize laureate.

in the years following his death europe experienced new waves of refugees called in conflicts who had been driven out of iraq and jews fleeing from hitler's nazi germany. for years my parents were russian jews and their situation had become intolerable the nations united mauga for a time they were living with a german woman who treated them like. it was awful she humiliated and treated them like swine because they were jewish or short finally they decided to leave germany because it wasn't possible to live under hitler they had no rights no life their every. quick review of. even though they held dunson passports the russian jews in germany shared the same fate as the german jews they were forced to flee. but times have changed the great depression and mass unemployment had caused

many countries to close their borders stateless refugees were no longer welcome anywhere. in early one nine hundred thirty nine two hundred thousand people fled from franco's spain into france a country that had previously welcomed many russians and armenians but now friends decided to in turn them in camps on the border and the league of nations supported these measures thereby turning their back. next on the ideals for which for just months and had fought for so passionately. the passports bearing his name were still being granted but now only in isolated cases. in one thousand nine hundred five to league of nations was replaced by the united nations to address the scale of the refugee problem the un in one nine hundred fifty one adopted a new refugee convention based in large part on the original charter drafted by fritjof nuns.

young men while the russian and a million refugees remember munson differently and their memories of him because they report with him most of the same unknowns and in the case of the armenians they received a passport which states nationality amini i mean you and i made you secure my home when i wanted to renew my idea at the city hall of the seventh home to small in paris the man said to me you know you have to write to knocked on my does he prescribe over the top i said i'm not writing anywhere. but he replied you must you may be a frenchman but you're not a french frenchman i remarked because i wish you hadn't noticed them funny after thinking it over i realized he's right he's really i'm really not i been quite

offended but then i told myself it's true i mean i'm not a french frenchman yorkies but in armenia i'm not an armenian armenian either should be zero in turkey i'm not a turkish turk i'm happy to be wherever i am i'm in the open over today i'm glad to be here today i'm even a bit norwegian authorities so i'm armenian norwegian anatoly and i come from a land where people have big noses and big ears i'm the sequel with more to follow through the streets be a normal. home . close. to the.

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this coming to you live from bali and she lent us government admits there was a tip off i had to fund this devastating attacks suicide bombers taunted churches and actually to tell killing at least two hundred ninety people and now i feel that the police received information in advance not to it was not passed on to the prime minister we have the latest from colombo also coming up. time to get serious in ukraine comedian boredom is a lengthy wins a landslide victory.