it is time jerks around the world. like to use the term limits used privileged solutions and forced into. the current interest of contract teaching the next generation of the one that took such action. using the channels available to the people to take action and more determined to build something human for the next generation the idea is the empowerment series of global three thousand on t.w. and on march. the renaissance was when people started keeping track of time. locksmith paisa had nine invented the pocketwatch in fifteen ten it soon became a profit tool merchants and a fortune with it. and it is out seafarers to navigate the distant oceans.

shortly before christopher columbus had arrived in the americas and the known world tripled in size. people began to understand our planet in new ways and an empire rose on which the sun never sets. this was all thanks to the new portable time pieces scholars could measure and calculate the paths of the heavenly bodies more accurately discovering the mechanisms of planetary motion and ultimately placing the sun at the heart of our solar system. the way to the stars was opened at least in the mind of the pocketwatch and the other inventions of the renaissance helped transform europe and the world.

florence in fifteen zero four you noted of him she was a towering figure in an era that became known as the renaissance when the best known painting of all time was created. the mona lisa the mysterious beauty with the inscrutable smile. it's probably a portrait of lisa del gioconda the wife of a cloth and silk merchant from florence. apparently or not it took years to finish it the artist always struggled with his works he was never satisfied with them and was always trying to perfect them. or the tenth one set of him this man will never accomplish anything all wrong he was. not it was a polarizing figure charming and erudite he was also described as for pitch and

vain a man who was openly homosexual at a time when gay men were persecuted even burned at the stake you noted have been she is considered one of the most versatile geniuses of all time. the star of the renaissance was much more than just an artist he was also an architect anatomist sculptor mathematician iconoclast inventor. for the brilliant creator of the mona lisa painting was perhaps just a necessary evil. a mere fifteen paintings are attributed to leonardo today most have been lost because he was constantly experimenting with new paint mixes many of which decomposed over time he cared more about his inventions than he did about painting.

you know when it came to his innermost desires leonardo was a seeker and explore someone who was interested in new ideas mystery rather than a painter who laboriously tended to his craft every day brush stroke after brush stroke and hunt. we know that he sometimes made just minor corrections to a painting and that he wasn't in front of a canvas all the time. maybe he just painted to make a living. his paintings were in great demand after all. they were extremely well done at least those that he finished. with. maybe he just painter on the money he needed to have the freedom he needed to pursue his scientific research. because. in the fifteenth century italy was ravaged by numerous conflicts venice defeated paddler and florence come to peace in force you know fine in fourteen thirteen

neapolitans attacked rome. in fourteen forty four florence went to war against both naples and venice. the talon cities had an insatiable appetite for conquest but they constant battles feel progress all had become a promoter of art. in the. war didn't just have negative effects and the renaissance it ensured that huge sums of money were mobilized to the conduct of the military contractors. they were often based in small cities or towns from where they waged the wars of the big players for big money. that meant well from florence milan naples venice and rome flowed into smaller places. if you go to italy and enjoy the beauty and diversity of these small towns you get an idea of what it meant back then to turn war and iron into

gold and gold into art school. milan in four hundred eighty five you not ows employer was loaded because. the city state. you know to apply to work for him as a military engineer and maker of weapons only mentioning his painting and sculpture in passing that the vicar had great expansion plans was spreading himself. and so only another ended up building high tech weapons while the supports us. inspired by antics. he combined the idea of an enclosed chariot with the torches formation used by the roman legions in siege warfare. it was supposed to be an armored vehicle with incredible firepower but it failed in practice it was too heavy to move easily and the steam engine hadn't yet been invented.

the codex atlantica contains more than a thousand pages but sketches. he designed to perpetual motion machine a gearbox and vehicles powered by spring. but many of his creations still puzzle us even now. something this called device was a mechanical calculator other critics say that interpretation goes a step too far in the renaissance there was no way of actually constructing a mechanical gear train like this of course leonardo knew that but that didn't stop his theoretical innovations and some of them were groundbreaking. not his love of mechanics chimes with the spirit of the times like him many pioneering minds were searching for machines that might save people the earth and

the universe in motion. clocks with the most mechanically elaborate devices of leonardo's time. when pencil henline invented his pocket watch in the early sixteenth century people started believing themselves the masters of time. but those who earn money with time by loaning money for said periods while charging interest were committing a mortal sin in. time still belongs to god alone. the program on charging interest is in the christian bible it's one of the really important biblical probably almost as important as thou shalt not kill. that's because people believed that humans shouldn't profit from time because time belong to god. but in the late middle ages and the renaissance the economy had come to play

a totally different role money had to be available in the economy and making money and time available was beneficial so you had to make it worth your while. for. as a result there were more and more ways of getting around the ban on charging interest in practice on students for. two thirds. the imperial decrease of the sixteenth century and now allowed christian money lenders to charge a maximum of five percent interest on money. until then the credit industry had been solely in the hands of jewish money lenders this no changed. most elusive still denounced the practice of charging interest but the swiss reformer john calvin had quite a different opinion. from there for. calvin said that people could determine from their economic success whether they were predestined to salvation or damnation.

what that meant people didn't just sit around to see whether they would be chosen. they worked incredibly hard. the great sociologist mark surveyed said that calvinism was the father of capitalism. but we know that other religious movements of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries did just as much to spur the economy. it was really the overall forces in society at the time along with technical developments that led to the incredible economic boom. because until. the city of cyrix started setting up official currency exchanges in fourteen nineteen. the money changers tended to be goldsmiths or coin mentors because they had to be able to tell the value of the coins. they changed currencies and they

also made loans. with lists mainly and calvinists traditions switzerland became a banking pioneer and affluence became a symbol of divine favor. measuring time is still inseparably time to exploring the heavens. renaissance thinkers had already set their sights on the stars many medieval times pieces were astronomical clocks. the exact measurement of time is a necessary requirement for studying the motion of the sun moon and planets. it was the start of an age in which scholars began to challenge the church's worldview saying that the sun didn't revolve around the earth and the earth was not the center of the universe. from book in poland in around fifteen forty. nikolaus copernicus was a canon at the cathedral there as well as

a high ranking government official. he was also a lawyer physician and mathematician as well as an economist who wrote a highly regarded work on the theory of money but his real passion was astronomy. his astronomical observations and calculations contradicted the generally. said to model originally posited by the ancient scholar claudius ptolemy namely that the earth was at the center of the solar system. this geocentric world view was essential teaching of the church. copernicus believed the sun was at the center of the solar system. but even though he spent thirty years working on his theory he kept quiet about it his friends and confidantes including some high ranking clerics tried to persuade him to publish his work but without success. her knickers was scared of publishing his theory because he was afraid he would make himself

a laughing stock. educated people knew that the earth wasn't flat that it was a sphere. in copernicus's world view this sphere was also moving. spawn on its own axis and also orbited the sun at high speed. people believe that this would have an perceivable consequences the earth would be subjected to strong headwind and objects would tip over and things like that. and then there was the theological aspect that martin luther threw into the mix. he told copernicus that the bible said that the sun moved around the earth and not the other way around so copernicus was wrong and that scared copernicus into keeping quiet so any peers of. martin luther called copernicus a fool and his model was dismissed not so much as heretical but more as fantastical . it was only seventy years after his death that galileo's observations provide

a convincing arguments. but the physical proof had to wait for another three hundred years nevertheless nicholas copernicus had provided the extra nominal model of our solar system and refuted the ancient scholar ptolemy and that in itself was revolutionary. earth was ultimately removed from the center of the universe and classified as an ordinary planet that orbited the sun along with others. copernicus so how the apparent motion of the stars in the night sky was really the result of the earth's own rotation. everything over to the sun so the actual center of the solar system had to be near it. hardly any other discovery has had such a great influence on our time. our voyage to the stars began five hundred years ago

without copernicus they would be no space flight all satellite communication systems and our lives today would be very different. calculations performed by copernicus had a real impact on us today we sent our space ships into space knowing where the planets were if ptolemy's worldview had been correct we would have reached none of those planets and it all would have been a waste of time. really. the advent of the cross stuff also known as jacob staff made it possible to determine latitude at sea using astronomical calculations. this breakthrough in maritime technology made it possible to navigate on the high seas. and further achievements came with the f. a mary these astronomical tables calculated by the german astronomer and mathematician

you has miller who was also known as your montana. his tables recorded the location of celestial bodies from fourteen seventy five to fifteen zero six. together with the jacob stuff they guided sailors on their journey this. creature montparnasse part of your montana has made people in europe aware of trigonometry he published his own work taking advantage of the new invention of printing gutenberg's invention of the printing press. for trigonometry is still central to navigation calculations and to g.p.s. receivers around the world. for. trigonometry was the key to navigation and the search for new trade routes emboldened the explorers of the renaissance who sought new sources of wealth.

people started pondering completely new questions what lies beyond the known world and how can we get there. europe's merchants realize that it was cheaper to bring large quantities of pepper cinnamon and soak to europe by the portuguese shipping routes then to transport them along the overland route controlled by venice. that led to the collapse of the venetian spies monopoly. many trading establishments of the renaissance invested in shipping portugal and spain became a leading trading nations. i'm from the culture of. european merchants wanted to get their hands on exotic luxurious and beautiful things and sell them for as much profit as possible. these things could be found in the mediterranean and especially in the far east. and so merchants like marco polo

set off to search for spices and silk and incense and other luxury products. they traveled the world they were followed by missionaries and sometimes by warriors. and then came the artists thinkers and explorers so they all fueled each other hoping to transcend their own horizons and what we want to. lisp in. school says he three year old christopher columbus was just hours away from his life's dream coming true. he had an audience with the portuguese king john the second columbus was a professional seafarer from genoa was profound knowledge of mathematics and could talk a fee and a passionate defender of aristotle's belief that asia could be reached in just a few days by sailing west from europe. the ancient scholars

had estimated that europe and asia covered roughly half of the earth succumb france but columbus believed that eurasia was much bigger than that. in fact eurasia only makes up around a third. columbus also believed the earth was very much smaller than it really is only half its actual size he thought the western reach of china and india was four thousand five hundred kilometers long a challenging voyage but a manageable one. in actual fact it's a journey of twenty thousand kilometers far beyond the capabilities of his time. it was not only taking a risk but also a miscalculated one. john's advisers suspected columbus was mistaken

and refused to give him financial support he only received it eight years later from the spanish king ferdinand the second. after six weeks at sea on the twelfth of october fourteenth ninety two columbus made landfall in the bahamas and then went on to cuba and his spine yana. he still believed he had found the western route to asia and that his spine you all know was the chinese coast. in his records he promised the spanish crown as much gold as it needed and as many slaves as it asked for. columbus had discovered that the. the world and plunged it into catastrophe as a columnist for stunt is. columbus was good at navigating ships through difficult waters but he was a very poor manager. he was unable to keep his own men together and ultimately the

spanish crown took away his powers. when you don't feel so america was already populated when he discovered it so it wasn't a real discovery in that sense but his arrival opened the door to un president to disasters. millions of indigenous people died at the hands of the germs that the europeans brought with them. by the european explorers were interested in gold and yet more gold a little bit in god but more so in spices. columbus's voyages opened up the newly discovered lands to foreign conquest and brought disaster to their indigenous populations. from one side in the can only. write until his death columbus believed that he had found the secret to the chinese mainland but his discovery none the less changed the world spain and portugal

became imperial superpowers columbus thus was also the first in a line of cruel concrete hence. what drove him a last trek venture the promise of power wealth fame. was for. whom columbus was definitely someone who wanted fame and fortune but he was also a very devout person. he thought he was helping countless individuals by bringing their souls to the christian faith so. there are many indications that he might have believed that at the end of the fifteenth century the world was nearing its end. at this market as was so often the case the rational considerations and desire for profit and fame were mixed with medieval motivations. the renaissance had two sides to it and so too did columbus.

thanks to the discoveries and discoverer is king charles the first of spain establish an empire in which the sun never set. alongside large parts of europe it included colonial territories the north and south america and in asia when the sun went down in mexico it was already day in the philippines. in fifteen thirty the pope crowned him holy roman emperor charles the first became charles the fifth. he saw himself as a universal monarch defender of the faith appointed by god. he issued several decrees in an attempt to counter at the enslavement of the indigenous population and in fifteen forty he even ordered the liberation.

but the colonies were far away and in the end charles's need for gold was too great . chances empire was greedy for silver and gold. between fifteen forty one and fifty and sixty sixty seven tons of gold and four hundred eighty tons of silver reached spain and triggered an economic crisis. in the middle ages jews were the only people in europe who were able to issue loans and charge interest jewish businessmen controlled international finance and many saw them as profiteers. brousseau pogroms took place on the iberian peninsula the jewish population was persecuted killed or expelled. the jewish financial system collapsed and the european money markets had to reorient itself. at the heart of the sea change was

a small town in bavaria. it became the financial capital of the known world and the headquarters of the forgotten history between forty ninety five and fifteen twenty five the family business which had been founded by jaco for their europe's most significant merchant mining entrepreneur and banker grew into a pan european financial empire who got the documents yet it wasn't. you could say that yakob for growth funded the state and the state gave him unique opportunities to use or exploit the land. because i'm not so i didn't do anything by have sounds. he invested a lot of money in the properties and land that are still at the heart of the focus foundations. he took

calculated risks to make money and he worked with those in power but he also always invested in safe real estate. deals he always diversified his investments and he had a good eye for what was feasible so he was very successful. in guns cause of conviction . the girl who was both pious and one of the most powerful men of his day wanted and aristocratic title. with one foot still in the middle ages he was nonetheless a manager with the modern spirit. means e. i belief because people do those famous portrait of young. because if you put this man in a gray suit and take the gold cap off his head and you've got a modern c.e.o. . operation and. he was

a tough and incredibly efficient manager that's undoubtedly true. but he was also a repentant christian. the best proof of that is that he built an entire estate for the poor in his hometown of alex borg. the food arrives fifteen sixteen. and so we see a rich successful businessman balancing his books with god investing in the well being of his soul and that plays a big role here too. because he wants. to go was active around the world he gave loans to princes and the church and in return to go shares of mining rights and trading privileges and estates the income he generated was much higher than the cost of borrowing another product of the renaissance the rise of the global player. but further combines his

entrepreneurial spirit with social commitment. in fifteen twenty one he founded the fogel hi fi it's a really sells time have sold in the heart of. the father why is the oldest social housing project in history and it's still in use its sixty seven houses are now home to one hundred fifty catholic residents of. the entry conditions are still the same as they were in the sixteenth century anyone wanting to live in the folk or high has to be from book a catholic and of good reputation. and it's still maintained by the fortune managed by the figure foundation a financial instrument set up in the renaissance and still operating today. the annual rent also remains unchanged one vanished gold or eighty eight euro cents. compared with the living standards of most people in the renaissance the houses in

the foot high were positively luxury a. home for an entire family with around sixty square meters spacious and well lit at least by renaissance standards. in return for the symbolic rents for placed another condition on the residence of the for good high regular prayers. every day they were to say one our father one creed and one hell mary for forget and his family. the prayers for him and his family paved his way to paradise also people believed in the middle ages. another investment in the salvation of. his song was the construction of the folk at chapel at the nasty burial place and

a prestigious statement of the family social standing. up for girl hired important artists first and foremost. we designed the tombstones for his brothers and all his foca. the focus chapel in st anna was the first church interior in germany to be built in the renaissance style. this is where jaco and his brothers found their final resting place. this donation says a lot about his commercial foresight and his personal beliefs he apparently believed that even the salvation of the soul and the afterlife had a financial solution. pious christian and financial genius and one of the richest men of his time. for was incredibly rich

the gap was immense if you consider the sum that folder and the consortium stumped up to fund the imperial election of charles the fifth it was more than eight hundred thousand guilders. an ordinary craftsman would have had to work thirty two thousand years to earn that. girl also made money with the fear of hell. it's terrible torments were omnipresent and for this time the church preached that it had been granted divine powers of remittance to reduce the punishment people would have to suffer for this. but this indulgence as it was called didn't come for free. as soon as a coin in the box does bring the soul from purgatory. these were the words of the dominican fry. one of the most notorious sellers of indulgences he even sold

indulgences for blasphemy and murder. in the autumn of fifteen eleven the twenty eight year old augustinian friar martin luther was in rome. he too was seeking indulgence he climbed the sacred stairs in front of the last run on his knees to obtain forgiveness for his sins and to free his deceased relatives from purgatory. since the time of emperor constantine the last room had been the official seat of the pope's the last one palace is a sixteenth century renaissance building built by pope sixtus the for. the renaissance pope's money spinner was the sale of indulgences. when we talk about the renaissance popes we often hear terrible stories and you get the impression that they triggered the reformation with their immoral behavior. but that's a very one sided story they were modernisers they were renaissance men they were princes who held court in line with the european standards of the time.

in fifteen zero eight zero julius the second commissioned the thirty three year old michelangelo be. to cover the interior of the sistine chapel in fresco. but michelangelo didn't want the job painting wasn't his strength he primarily saw himself as a sculptor he said. but truly is more a warrior than a man of god got his way michelangelo asked for artistic freedom do what you want to yes replied. with five hundred twenty square metres of frescoes to be painted over the head it was a torturous work of epic proportions. the frescoes in the vaulted ceiling of the sistine chapel and leonardo is mona lisa indisputably the most famous paintings of the renaissance if not the whole of art

history. and the interpretation of the creation of adam is the most reproduced work of art in the world portraying a god reaching out from the clouds to form humanity. and a last judgment that depicts the heavenly host as naked as the gods of mount olympus. it was a courageous work of genius made possible only thanks to his papal patron. we wouldn't have st peter's we wouldn't have all this wonderful art in rome we wouldn't have many pieces of music if these renaissance popes hadn't existed the renaissance popes are ambivalent like the whole of modernity they have admirably good traits and they also behaved like princes like machiavelli unrestrained and

confident and sometimes they put their responsibilities to the church on the back burner or even forgot about them altogether. is the second. as. the romans called him. the architect at his side was done out of romantic who was known as maestro robin until the master of destruction. the two men put their stamp on wrote. julius had buildings torn down squares and notched and roads rebuilt. manti had gained his status as a leading architect with the cloister at santa maria del apache the cure's thirty but on monday in rome. his client was cardinal of the aircraft for an influential prince of the church. the mantic came to fame with the tempi had to deploy man to his little temple. inspired by the round temples of ancient

rome it's considered a paradigm of high renaissance architecture. truly is the second disregarded the protests of his cardinals and had the venerable basilica of constantine demolished he wanted to build the biggest church in christendom in its place st peter. truly is the second had a passion for the huge and spectacular. his basilica was also intended town's his monumental tomb a muslim that would be bigger than anything the world had ever seen. it done out of romantic got the commission and started work in fifteen zero six. forty years were to pass before the sculptor painter poet and scientist michelangelo been rocky became the architect and site manager of st peter's.

he was seventy two when he took over the supervision of europe's largest building site in fifteen forty seven. the dome of st. he says is the tallest freestanding masonry structure in the world. and really in the end of the river dome was michelangelo's idea and its construction was the pinnacle of his artistic career. his creative life lasted seventy years he saw himself as a sculptor but he also created it possible works as a painter and architect. he spent years in quarries constantly searching for materials sometimes literally moving mountains. michelangelo at live nine popes and worked until his final breath he died at eighty nine a biblical age and his day. michelangelo died on the eighteenth of february

fifteenth sixty four a date many art historians see as marking the end of this era. he was the last of the great scholarly artists of the renaissance. but even this renaissance masterpiece was funded by the fear christians had of eternal torment and hell. it was pope leo the tenth who supported the sale of indulgences to fund the new building. and. martin luther was appalled by the moral decline he believed he encountered in rome . for you this was a transformative experience and he mentioned it frequently in his later writings and speeches. he from a native against the trade in indulgences which he saw as synonymous with the moral decline and greed of the church and its pope's. this

marked the birth of what would go down in history as the reformation. luther wasn't a revolution. but a reformer a simple friar who defied the emperor and the pope and split the church just two generations after luther europe would be shaken by a conflict more vicious than any that had gone before the thirty years war. the fighting between catholics and protestants devastated the empire. martin luther publicly condemned the practice of selling indulgences and his ninety five theses. in just a few months more than eighty of luther's treatises and collections were published which were eventually reprinted in more than six hundred editions youth it became a media star and the printed word the first mass medium in history if you can remember for my through there wouldn't have been

a reformation without the mass media of the sixteenth century. martin luther wrote the seas about a relatively abstruse theological problem indulgences but these pieces spread all over southern germany in just a few weeks from park. it was printing it was fly sheets and pamphlets that spread all over the empire and mobilized people or. people read them and they read them to others and debated the issues with those who couldn't read for. how do people really tick what drives us these are questions that scholars could now discuss publicly through the new mass medium. global communication started in the renaissance now for the first time fastens of people could refer to the same content at the same time and for the first time the future could be depicted and

planned in a realistic fashion. people understood what moved them and copy themselves the first humanoid machines were created precursors of a future in which robots play football. within just a few generations the known world tripled in size global transport and global trade became a reality for the first time. in the renaissance merchants and seafarers did not any trouble they also laid the groundwork for the exploration of the universe. and it's also the legacy of the renaissance has never died it's still alive today we could say that the industrial revolution and therefore our modern world wouldn't have been possible without all the things that were invented in the renaissance worker you know. at no other time in its history has humankind experienced

a comparable search and development the renaissance even outstrips our own fast changing age. never before was so much developed invented moved changed revolutionized and rejected in such a short span of time. it was a development driven by people who must it the seemingly impossible because they had understood their own world. the renaissance was a plea against closed minds and the cult of experts it gave room to intellectual curiosity and the courage to set forth a new parts. it's a story of people who did not wish to believe but to know and to accepted no limits to their quest. to.

live. india. model is the basis of life yet many of the bodies are home and groundwater reserves are endangered but now there is an innovative water purification project and when you can make a living from it. and see how an environmental activist is giving new life

to dozens of nations. what keeps us to say what makes us see and how do we stand up for. my name is dr carlson because i talk to many conflicts let's. watch them at work. and then discuss what you can do to improve your health. stay choose and let's all try to stay. down thirty minutes. when the hour stars are amazing people fight for survival no indication of legacy but about it when there's a flood water comes up to a waist on your clothes faster everyone me different. but

a lack of water is equally dangerous. there's gonna keep people move south so they can plant crops and find food processors. floods and droughts climate change become the main driver of mass migration you can write any apocalyptic scenarios you want and probably most of them do come from. the climate exodus starts in full thirty years on t w. and spain's general election socialist prime minister pedro sanchez has scored a victory for his party with almost thirty percent of the vote but will have to negotiate alliances to stay in power the far right vox party has entered the parliament for the first time securing around a tenth of the votes. in mozambique severe flooding is

wreaking havoc in the wake of cycle in kenneth with torrential rainfall expected.