sometimes a week you know a little piece of it floated here for the first time around the year two thousand. first it was just a few centimeters. since two thousand and ten the flooding has been getting higher and higher but it's never been as bad as it is now. in jakarta the districts closest to the coast face the biggest problems poor neighborhoods like that up will be among the first to need complete relocation. he says the slums most at risk are situated along a wide corridor that snakes through the city says urban planner marco cousteau my view jaya. floods on only one of the course the areas of the floods i actually put in the store ops the most in the city center coffee and view from my office.

is director of the rue jacques center for urban studies which searches for solutions for climate related problems right now their focus is the depletion of groundwater from the area the declining water table has even more serious consequences than rising sea levels. it's causing the ground to sink under and large parts of the city with it it may get in most of the american model because on the big dark the sea level rises at between four to six millimeters but your but was is that the line. is subsiding by. treat to twenty sente meet us. in february two thousand and thirteen nearly half of jakarta was underwater. scenes like this are likely to become increasingly. common. ocean levels continue

to rise the land is collapsing and heavy rains are becoming more frequent. about one third of jakarta is currently below sea level environmental problems are causing a growing number of people to flee the city but most want to remain or have no other choice in an effort to protect the capital the government has begun building a seawall. but only six of the plan fifty kilometers have been built. and even their water is finding its way through it's becoming clear that everything located directly on the water will one day fall victim to it like this mosque. the bad thing is actually. neighborhoods will be flooded because

neighborhoods have raised them so you know but exactly because they have raised the good all so the water. will actually flow to sort of being poor neighborhoods. poor districts located along one of jakarta's thirteen rivers often stay submerged for weeks when the floodwaters rise. in. areas near the chile one river are most at risk like this low income district by the chile one tributary tom call situated just four hundred meters from the ocean the drivers housekeepers fishermen construction workers and such that live here all face climate change related risks. this estimates that sixty five percent of all places that will be directly. affected by stray there which is

a lot of people because sixty five percent of three hundred million philip million is hundred seventy million people live in. an island nation and around six thousand anisette inhabited. consolation to be destroyed they have to came up with figures of fourteen million for zero billion because they are the people and those are prone to the effects of landslides. a million people directly involved. in those involved may have to leave their homes . in.

indonesia is prone to a variety of natural disasters i clung to mudslides flooding to drought but there is one place that has that risk of all of these the island of java. and it's here that one of the world's most densely populated areas is located in jakarta. the city's infamous traffic jams last almost until midnight only to resume again at dawn. more than three point five million people commute into the city every day. just one hundred kilometers southeast the bustle of jakarta is a distant memory. sharon your district is situated at the foot of to an active volcanoes. it's one of job as most fertile farming regions. of. the rice vegetables and fruit grown here help feed the country's

capital the village of surrounding is accessible only by motorbike or on foot. due to durrani runs a small coffee plantation here like his father and grandfather he is a farmer. comfy used to be a safe choice it fetched a better price than vegetables and was hardier than reiss. but that's changing. when i was younger all farmers would plant during rainy season so january february and march. and then everyone would harvest during dry season. but now my colleagues and i are desperate . because it's often dry in the rainy season and in the dry season it rains. but we are paying the price for climate change our harvests have dropped massively

by about sixty percent. nearly half of local farmers have given up they've moved to other parts of indonesia or left the country altogether. some have become construction workers in saudi arabia but due to roni doesn't want to join them. yet the back on. i can't imagine doing anything else. but i will stay here as long as possible but i'm a farmer that's who i am. i'm going to try to somehow adapt to climate change if it's too dry when it's time to plant for example i'll just wait. these mountainous regions don't just supply food to the cities and their forests also help store rainwater but extreme weather conditions are growing increasingly common here and still forests are falling victim to logging leaving rainwater to flow unhindered into the valley sometimes the water sweeps away everything in its

path. mudslides have had fatal consequences these images date from twenty seventeen and twenty eight team. special climate envoy veto law says that by mid century climate change will have forced forty million people to flee their homes in indonesia alone farmers who can no longer till their fields slum dwellers whose ten roof cuts have sunk into the sea.

most experts agree that it's the world's coldest regions that have become the culture and for climate change these are the arctic the antarctic alaska and much of the permafrost of russia. nikita zeem all trained as a mathematician. but his father sergei is lifelong commitment inspired nikita to change course. now like his father he has dedicated his life to preserving russia's permafrost. he's come to the collimator river in northeastern siberia an eight hour

flight from moscow to gather evidence that the permafrost is vanishing. the ground has warmed up to three degrees celsius causing the top layer of the ice to melt. one side effect is that more and more rare fossils are surfacing. for paleontologists this would be a treasure trove. a field of riches from the distant pleistocene epoch. the. rock this is the. moment where. not the biggest one but it would have saved. twenty so here was in the present because the snow here was huge and there never is quick your mama and there were four thousand years and all over it here on the square

kilometer maui around six hundred going to things so every once in a while there. all along the soil is a road sliding into the river as a consequence of the melting permafrost. nikita's enough cos plants like these zombies because the soil in which they are growing was barren for forty thousand years. this vegetation will also soon end up in the river. the changes taking place here could soon be a reality across wide expanses of russia. and it could also have a dramatic impact on the global climate and mass migration of peoples for there is an immense amount of biomass still trapped within the common frost. if that trapped c o two in methane were to be released into the atmosphere the pace

of climate change would increase dramatically. so there's a group of grasses which grew here maybe i don't forty thousand years ago and they were aware that this is a huge storage of carbon and think obviously the roots and put them on the one side of the balance and on the other side of the balance put all the above ground vegetation of the point so basically all trees and shrubs of them going to you will see that they started it with more. and the better for us will start to be great everywhere all these will become of will for microbes to eat and they will very soon to a greenhouse gases. that's ice pure ice out there and you see when this ice is melting the water is mixing

with this soil and creating this month chill and down the thaw and legal issues have been very rapidly here so it's a combination of both a lot of carbon and also fight and that's a give you a very rapid carbon but for every problem that will be happening with the global warming worldwide with this thing will be a problem pre-fight so you can do it to see if it's going to be bad somewhere it will turn very bad so if there is a week to stop that from happening like we need to apply that because if not you know. you can write any apocalyptic scenarios you want and probably most of them will come true. it's breakfast time in iquitos the mosque guest house. interest in permafrost has soared over the past decade so now the guest rooms here at the station are usually

booked year round with researchers from all over the world. this is the group from oxford university here to study the transformation is currently underway in what used to be frozen earth where we get. you. during the soviet era this enormous satellite used to broadcast television programming from moscow. last turned the station into a home base for scientists from around the world. yeah well so the data that has been collected in siberia and across russia's far east are alarming normally the vegetation binds greenhouse gases in the summer and

only releases very small amounts back into the atmosphere in winter. so out here you can see that. here monitor which is. cool but for the past few years the permafrost that's stalling more and more in the summer is releasing ever increasing amounts of methane and c o two during the winter. the moment the biosphere is acting as it well could be say as a friend as a moderate break on climate change so a few about forty percent of the carbon dioxide we emit is being absorbed by the biosphere and that's acting to slow down climate change if i wasn't happening climate change would be in foster that that is one of the big concerns we have as a system scientists is understanding how long will the biosphere keep acting as a. rick and is there a danger that sometime in the future. if this breakwater out into the accelerator.

scientists from all over are turning their attention to the permafrost and its potential impact on climate change. this group of researchers from prague is being hosted by the institute of applied ecology of the north in the republic of soka. the researchers have just returned from a crater that is carved into the permafrost. these soil samples are a gift to the institute. in return the researchers hope to obtain permission to exhibit some of their spectacular finds in a museum at home remains of a mammoth and the mummified remains of an extinct horse from the pleistocene epoch you. fear. the one you think when you're on. the crater and wish the fossilized remains were found was named the bottom gaika crater but locals call it the gateway to the underworld.

it's easy to see why. in the one nine hundred sixty s. a small section of forest was cleared to make way for a new road. the problem frost originally beneath the trees began eroding. at first the hole was just a few meters deep. the stupid me on average the make a crater.