sions for any breaking news you can also use that interview app to send us your photos and videos. if you're watching the news live from berlin up next is a documentary called the renaissance factor i'll be back with more headlines at the top thing out thanks for joining me. today. to. europe to going to. put what's become of it. what will it look like tomorrow. hoping for a better future isn't enough europe requires our participation. you know actions twenty nineteen may twenty sixth on to double.

the renaissance was when people started keeping track of time. locksmith paisa headline invented the pocket watch in fifteen ten it soon became a profit tool merchants and a fortune with it. and it allowed seafarers to navigate the distant oceans. shortly before christopher columbus had arrived in the americas and the known world tripled in size. people began to understand our planet in new ways and an empire rose on which the sun never sets. this was all thanks to the new portable time pieces scholars could measure and calculate the paths of the heavenly bodies more accurately discovering the mechanisms of planetary motion and ultimately placing the sun at the heart of our solar system. the way to the stars was opened at least in the mind the for. could watch and the other inventions of the

renaissance helped transform europe and the world. florence in fifteen zero four you not heard of him she was a towering figure in an era that became known as the renaissance when the best known painting of all time was created. the mona lisa the mysterious beauty with the inscrutable smile. it's probably a portrait of lisa del gioconda the wife of a cloth and silk merchant from florence. apparently or not it took years to finish it the artist always struggled with his works he was never satisfied with them and was always trying to perfect them.

or the tenth one set of him this man will never accomplish anything wrong he was. not it was a polarizing figure charming and erudite he was also described as for pitch and vain a man who was openly homosexual at a time when gay men were persecuted even burned at the stake you noted of him she is considered one of the most versatile geniuses of all time. the star of the renaissance was much more than just an artist he was also an architect anatomist sculptor mathematician iconoclast inventor. for the brilliant creator of the mona lisa painting was perhaps just a necessary evil. a mere fifteen paintings are attributed to leonardo today most have been lost because he was

constantly experimenting with new paint mixes many of which decomposed over time he cared more about his inventions than he did about painting. you know so when it came to his innermost desires leonardo was a seeker and explore someone who was interested in new ideas mystery rather than a painter who laboriously tended to his craft every day brushstroke after brushstroke. deeply. we know that he sometimes made just minor corrections to a painting and that he wasn't in front of a canvas all the time. maybe he just painted to make a living. his paintings were in great demand after all. they were extremely well done at least those that he finished. with.

maybe he just painter on the money he needed to have the freedom he needed to pursue his scientific research well before i had to have any sense of time. in the fifteenth century it was ravaged by numerous conflicts then is defeated paddler and florence come to peace in force you know find in four hundred thirteen politicians attacked rome. in four hundred forty four florence went to war against both naples and venice. the italian cities had an insatiable appetite for conquest but their constant battles field progress. had become a promoter of art. the war didn't just have negative effects and the renaissance it ensured that huge sums of money were mobilized to the conduct of the military contractors. they were often based in small cities or towns from where they waged the wars of the big players

for big money. that meant well from florence milan naples venice and rome flowed into smaller places. if you go to italy and enjoy the beauty and diversity of these small towns you get an eye. idea of what it meant back then to turn war and iron into gold and gold into art school. milan in fourteen eighty five you know those employer was loaded because farts who group the city states. you know to apply to work for him as a military engineer and maker of weapons only mentioning his painting and sculpture in passing that the vicar had great expansion plans and was reading himself for war . and so leonardo ended up building high tech weapons for the sport. inspired by antiquity he can bind the idea of an enclosed chariot with the torches

formation used by the roman legions and siege warfare. it was supposed to be an armored vehicle with incredible firepower but it failed in practice it was too heavy to move easily and a steam engine hadn't yet been invented. the codex atlantica contains more than a thousand pages with sketches by leonardo he designed to perpetual motion machine a gear box and vehicles powered by springs. but many of his creations still puzzle us even now. something this called device was a mechanical calculator other critics say that interpretation goes a step too far in the renaissance there was no way of actually constructing a mechanical gear train like this of course leonardo knew that but that didn't stop

his theoretical innovations and some of them were groundbreaking. not his love of mechanics chimes with the spirit of the times like him many pioneering minds was. searching for machines that might save people the earth and the universe in motion. clocks with the most mechanically elaborate devices of leonardo's time. when tessa henline invented his pocket watch in the early sixteenth century people started believing themselves the monsters of time. but those who earn money with time by lending money for said periods about charging interest missing a mortal sin. tiny still belong to god alone. the program bishan on charging interest is in the christian bible it's one of the

really important biblical prohibit almost as important as thou shalt not kill that's because people believed that humans shouldn't profit from time because time belong to god. but in the late middle ages and the renaissance the economy had come to play a totally different role. money had to be available in the economy and making money in time available was beneficial so you had to make it worth your while. for. as a result there were more and more ways of getting around the ban on charging interest in practice from students for. crafts it's. the imperial decrease of the sixteenth century and now allowed christian money lenders to charge a maximum of five percent interest on money. until then the credit industry had been solely in the hands of jewish money lenders

this know changed. martin luther still denounced the practice of charging interest but the swiss reformer john calvin had quite a different opinion. from. calvin said that people could determine from their economic success whether they were predestined to salvation or damnation. what that meant people didn't just sit around to see whether they would be chosen. they worked incredibly hard. the great sociologist mark surveyed said that calvinism was the father of capitalism. but we know that other religious movements of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries did just as much to spur the economy. it was really the overall forces in society at the time along with technical developments that led to the incredible economic boom.

the city of cyrix started setting up official currency exchanges in fourteen nineteen. the money changers tended to be goldsmiths coin mentors because they had to be able to tell the value of the coins. they changed and they also made. with this many and calvinist traditions switzerland became a banking pioneer and affluence became a symbol of divine favor. measuring time is still inseparably time to exploring the heavens. really sounds thinkers had already set their sights on the stars many medieval time pieces were astronomical clocks. the exact measurement of time is a necessary requirement for studying the motion of the sun moon and planets. it was the start of an age in which scholars began to challenge the church's

worldview saying that the sun didn't revolve around the earth and the earth was not the center of the universe. from book in poland in around fifteen forty. nicolaus copernicus was a cannon at the cathedral there as well as a high ranking government official. he was also a lawyer physician and mathematician as well as an economist who wrote a highly regarded work on the theory of money but his real passion was astronomy. his astronomical observations and calculations contradicted the generally accepted model originally posited by the ancient scholar claudius ptolemy namely that the earth was at the center of the solar system. this geocentric world view was essential teaching of the church. copernicus believed the sun was at the center

of the solar system. but even though he spent thirty years working on his theory he kept quiet about it his friends and confidantes including some high ranking clerics tried to persuade him to publish his work but without success. the four barnacles were scared of publishing his theory because he was afraid he would. himself a laughingstock. educated people knew that the earth wasn't flat but it was a sphere. in copernicus's worldview this sphere was also moving. its spawn on its own axis and also orbited the sun at high speed. people believe that this would have an perceivable consequences the earth would be subjected to strong headwind and objects would tip over and things like that and then there was the theological aspect that martin luther threw into the mix. he told copernicus that the bible said that the sun moved around the earth and not the other way around so copernicus

was wrong and that scared copernicus into keeping quiet and it appears that. martin luther called copernicus a fool and his model was dismissed not so much as heretical but more as fantastical . it was only seventy years after his death that galileo's observations provide a convincing arguments. but the physical proof had to wait for another three hundred years nevertheless they can ask a panic has had provided the esther nominal model of our solar system and refuted the ancient scott autonomy and that in itself was revolutionary. the earth was ultimately removed from the center of the universe and classified as an ordinary planet that orbited the sun along with other. competitors so how the apparent motion of the stars in the night sky was really the result of the earth's

own rotation. everything over to the sun so the actual center of the solar system had to be near it. hardly any other discovery has had such a great influence on our time. to the stars began five hundred years ago without copernicus they would be no space flight all satellite communication systems and our lives today would be very different. calculations performed by copernicus have had a real impact on us today we sent our space ships into space knowing where the planets were if ptolemy's worldview had been correct we would have reached none of those planets and it would have been a waste of time. the advent of the cross stuff also known as jacob staff made it possible to determine latitude at sea using astronomical

calculations. this breakthrough in maritime technology made it possible to navigate on the high seas. a further achievement came with the ever marry these astronomical tables calculated by the german astronomer and mathematician you his miller who was also known as your montana. his tables recorded the location of celestial bodies from fourteen seventy five to fifteen zero six. together with the jacob stuff they guided sailors on their journey this. creature one ponders what is a cure montano has made people in europe aware of trigonometry he published his own work taking advantage of the new invention of printing gutenberg's invention of the printing press work for. trigonometry is still central to navigation calculations

and to g.p.s. receivers around the world. for. trigonometry was the key to navigation and the search for new trade routes emboldened the explorers of the renaissance who sought new sources of wealth. people started pondering completely new questions what lies beyond the known world and how can we get there. europe's merchants realize that it was cheaper to bring large quantities of pepper cinnamon and silk to europe by the portuguese shipping routes then to transport them along the overland route controlled by venice. that led to the collapse of the venetian spice monopoly. many trading establishments of the renaissance invested in shipping portugal and spain became

a leading trading nations. i'm from because of. european merchants wanted to get their hands on exotic luxurious and beautiful things and sell them for as much profit as possible. these things could be found in the mediterranean and especially in the far east. and so merchants like marco polo set off to search for spices and silk and incense and other luxury products. when they traveled the world they were followed by missionaries and sometimes by warriors. and then came the artists thinkers and explorers so they all fueled each other hoping to transcend their own horizons and we want to. listen. to all sez he three year old christopher columbus was just hours away from his life's dream coming true. he had an audience with the portuguese king john the

second columbus was a professional seafarer from genoa was profound knowledge of mathematics and could talk a fee and a passionate defender of aristotle's belief that asia could be reached in just a few days by sailing west from europe. the ancient scholars had estimated that europe and asia covered roughly half of the earth succumb france but columbus believed that eurasia was much bigger than that. in fact eurasia only makes up around a third. columbus also believed the earth was very much smaller than it really is only half its actual size he thought the western reach of china and india was four thousand five hundred kilometers long a challenging voyage but

a manageable one. in actual fact it's a journey of twenty thousand kilometers far beyond the capabilities of his time. so columbus was not only taking a risk but also a miscalculated one. can john's advisers suspected columbus was mistaken and refused to give him financial support he only received it eight years later from the spanish king ferdinand the second. after six weeks at sea on the twelfth of october fourteenth ninety two columbus made landfall in the bahamas and then went on to cuba and hispaniola. he still believed he had found the western route to asia and that his plan you all know was the chinese coast. in his records he promised the spanish crown as much gold as it needed and as many slaves as it asked for. columbus have. i

discovered that the world and plunged it into catastrophe as a columnist for its. columbus was good at navigating ships through difficult waters but he was a very poor manager. he was unable to keep his own men together and ultimately the spanish crown took away his powers. when you don't feel so america was already populated when he discovered it so it wasn't a real discovery in that sense but his arrival opened the door to un president to disasters. millions of indigenous people died at the hands of the germs that the europeans brought with them for. the european explorers were interested in gold and yet more gold a little bit in god but more so in spices. columbus's voyages opened up the newly discovered lands to foreign conquest and brought disaster to

their indigenous populations. from an insight into the can only. right until his death columbus believed that he had found the sea route to the chinese mainland but his discovery nonetheless changed their wont spain and portugal became imperial superpowers. columbus thus was also the first in a line of cruel congress. what drove him a last trek venture the promise of power wealth fame. was for. columbus was definitely someone who wanted fame and fortune but he was also a very devout person. he thought he was helping countless individuals by bringing their souls to the christian faith so. there are many indications that he might have believed that at the end of the fifteenth century the world was nearing its end. you see. that this market

as was so often the case the rational considerations and desire for profit and fame were mixed with medieval motivations. of. the renaissance had two sides to it and so too did columbus who was. thanks to the discoveries and discoverer is king charles the first of spain established an empire in which the sun never set. alongside large parts of europe it included colonial territories the north and south america and in asia when the sun went down in mexico it was already day in the philippines. in fifteen thirty the pope crowned him holy roman emperor charles the first became charles the fifth. he saw himself as

a universal monarch defender of the faith appointed by god. he issued several decrees in an attempt to counteract the enslavement of the indigenous population and in fifteen forty he even ordered the liberation. but the colonies were far away and in the end charles's need for goal was too great . charles empire was greedy for silver and gold. between fifteen forty one and fifty and sixty sixty seven tons of gold and four hundred eighty tons of silver reached spain and triggered an economic crisis. in the middle ages jews were the only people in europe who were able to issue loans and charge interest jewish business men controlled international finance and many saw them as profiteers. brutal pogroms took place on the iberian

peninsula the jewish population was persecuted killed or expelled. the jewish financial system collapsed and the european money markets had to reorient itself. at the heart of the sea change was a small town in bavaria. it became the financial capital of the known world and the headquarters of the forgotten misty between forty ninety five and fifteen twenty five the for the family business which had been founded by jaco for their europe's most significant merchant mining entrepreneur and banker grew into a pan european financial empire who got the stock to know. it wasn't going. to stop you could say that jaco funded the state and the state gave him unique opportunities to use or exploit the land. support. because

of the consumer didn't do anything by halves sounds. he invested a lot of money in the properties and land that are still at the heart of the folk a foundation. called log of. wood he took calculated risks to make money and he worked with those in power but he also always invested in safe real estate. he always diversified his investments and he had a good eye for what was feasible so he was very successful. in guns cause of the conflicts with. the girl who was both pious and one of the most powerful men of his day wanted an aristocratic title. with one foot still in the middle ages he was nonetheless a manager with the modern spirit. but

if you force people to take douras famous portrait of yucca. because you can put this man in a gray suit and take the gold cap off his head and you've got a modern c.e.o. . operation. he was a tough and incredibly efficient manager that's undoubtedly true. but he was also a repentant christian. the best proof of that is that he built an entire estate for the poor and his hometown of alex borg. the food arrived fifteen sixteen. and so we see a rich successful businessman balancing his books with god investing in the well being of his soul and that plays a big role here too. because what if. the girl was active around the world he gave loans to princes and the church and in return negotiated mining

rights and trading privileges and estates the income he generated was much higher than the cost of borrowing another product of the renaissance the rise of the global player. but further combine his entrepreneurial spirit with social commitment. in fifteen twenty one he founded the fogel hi fi it's a really sells time capsule in the heart of. the father high is the oldest social housing project in history and its still in use its sixty seven houses are now home to one hundred fifty catholic residents of arc's book the entry conditions are still the same as they were in the sixteenth century anyone wanting to live in the frugal high has to be from book a catholic and of good reputation. and

it's still maintained by the fortune managed by the figure foundation a financial instrument set up in the renaissance and still operating today. the annual rent also remains unchanged one vanished gold or eighty eight euro cents. compared with the living standards of most people in the renaissance the houses in the focus i will positively luxury a. home for an entire family with around sixty square meters spacious and well lit at least by renaissance standards. in return for the symbolic rent for placed another condition on the residence of the frugal high regular prayers. every day they were to say one our father one creed and one hell mary for focus and his family.

the prayers for him and his family paved his way to paradise also people believed in the middle ages. another investment in the salvation of. the song was the construction of the folk at chapel a dinner stick burial place and a prestigious statement of the family social standing. up for god hired important artists first and foremost. who designed the tombstones for his brothers and all of his folk are. the focus chapel in st anna was the first church interior in germany to be built in the renaissance style. this is where young and his brothers found their final resting place. this donation says a lot about his commercial foresight and this personal belief he apparently

believed that even the salvation of the soul and the afterlife had a financial solution. pious christian and financial genius and one of the richest men of his time. for was incredibly rich the gap was immense if you consider the sum that figure and a consortium stumped up to fund the imperial election of charles the fifth it was more than eight hundred thousand guilders. and ordinary craftsmen would have had to work thirty two thousand years to on that. six thousand. for girl also made money with the fear of hell. it's terrible torments were omnipresent and focused time the church preached that it had been granted divine powers of remittance to reduce the punishment people would have to suffer for their

sins. but this indulgence as it was called didn't come for free. and soon as a coin in the box does ring the soul from purgatory does spring these were the words of the dominican fry. one of the most notorious sellers of indulgences he even sold indulgences for blasphemy and murder. in the autumn of fifteen eleven the twenty eight year old augustinian friar martin luther was in rome. he too was seeking indulgence he climbed the sacred stairs in front of the lateran on his knees to obtain forgiveness for his sins and to free his deceased relatives from purgatory. since the time of emperor constantine the last room had been the official seat of the pope's last run palace is a sixteenth century renaissance building built by pope sixtus the. the renaissance pope's money spinner was the sale of indulgences. when we talk

about the renaissance popes we often hear terrible stories and you get the impression that they triggered the reformation with their immoral behavior. but that's a very one sided story they were modernisers they were renaissance men they were princes who held court in line with the european standards of the time. on. the image of the. fifteen zero eight pope julius the second commissioned the thirty three year old michelangelo been to cover the interior of the sistine chapel in fresco. but michelangelo didn't want the job painting wasn't his strength he primarily saw himself as a sculptor he said. but surely is more a warrior than a man of god got his way michelangelo asked for artistic freedom do what you want to really is replied. with five hundred twenty square meters of frescoes to be

painted over head it was a torturous work of epic proportions. the frescoes and the vaulted ceiling of the sistine chapel. his mona lisa indisputably the most famous paintings of the renaissance if not the whole of art history. and the interpretation of the creation of adam is the most reproduced work of art in the world portraying a god reaching out from the clouds to form humanity. and a last judgment that depicts the heavenly host as naked as the gods of mount olympus. it was a courageous work of genius made possible only thanks to this papal patron.

we wouldn't have st peter's we wouldn't have all this wonderful art in rome we wouldn't have many pieces of music if these renaissance popes hadn't existed at renaissance popes are ambivalent like the whole of modernity they have admirably good traits and they also behave like princes like machiavelli unrestrained and confident and sometimes they put their responsibilities to the church on the back burner or even forgot about them altogether. to use the second or. as the romans called him. the architect at his side was done not abram until he was known as maestro rather not to the master of destruction. the two men put their stamp on rather. truly as had buildings torn down squares and notched and roads rebuilt. from manti had gained his status as a leading architect with a cloister at santa maria del apache. in rome. his client was

cardinal of yet a cut off and influential prince of the church. the mantic came to fame with a temp yet to determine to his little temple. inspired by the round temples of ancient rome it's considered a paradigm of high renaissance architecture. the truly is the second disregarded the protests of his cardinals and had the venerable basilica of constantine demolished he wanted to build the biggest church in christendom in its place st peter is. truly is the second had a passion for the huge and spectacular. his basilica was also intended to house his monumental tomb a muslim that would be bigger than anything the world had ever seen. it done out of

romantic got the commission and started work in fifteen zero six. forty years were to pass before the sculptor painter poet and scientist michelangelo buner rotty became the architect and site manager of st peter's. he was seventy two when he took over the supervision of europe's largest building site in fifteen forty seven. the dome of same pieces is the tallest freestanding masonry structure in the world. and the remains of the rib dome was michelangelo's idea and its construction was the pinnacle of his artistic career. his creative life lasted seventy years he saw himself as a sculptor but he also created it works as a painter and architect. he spent years inquiries constantly searching for

materials sometimes literally moving mountains. michelangelo at lived nine popes and worked until his final breath he died at eighty. the nine a book legal age and his day. michelangelo died on the eighteenth of february fifteenth sixty four a date many art historians see as marking the end of this era. he was the last of the great scholarly artists of the renaissance. but even this renaissance masterpiece was funded by the fear christians had of eternal torment in hell. it was pope leo the tenth who supported the sale of indulgences to fund the new building. martin luther was appalled by the moral decline he believed he encountered in rome

. for luther this was a transformative experience and he mentioned it frequently in his later writings and speeches. he from a native against the trade in indulgences which he saw as synonymous with the moral decline and greed of the church and its pope's. this marked the birth of what would go down in history as the reformation. luther wasn't a revolutionary but a reformer a simple friar who defied the emperor and the pope and split the church just two generations after luther europe would be shaken by a conflict more vicious than any that had gone before the thirty years war. the fighting between catholics and protestants devastated the empire. martin luther publicly condemned the practice of selling indulgences and his ninety five theses.

in just a few months more than eighty of luther's treatises and collections were published which were eventually reprinted in more than six hundred editions luther became a media star and the printed word the first mass medium in history. it's kind of a form of through there wouldn't have been a reformation without the mass media of the sixteenth century. martin luther wrote this about a relatively abstruse theological problem indulgences but these theses spread all over southern germany in just a few weeks. it was printing it was flying sheets and pamphlets that spread all over the empire and mobilized people or. people read them and they read them to others and debated the issues with those who couldn't read for. in the description of. how did people really take what drives us these are questions that scholars could

not discuss publicly through the new mass media. global communication started in the renaissance now for the first time fastens of people could refer to the same content at the same time and for the first time the future could be depicted and planned in a realistic fashion. people understood what moved them and copied themselves the first humanoid machines were created precursors of a future in which robots play football. within just a few generations the known world tripled in size global transport and global trade became a reality for the first time. in the renaissance merchants and seafarers did not any travel the earth they also laid the groundwork for the exploration of the universe. a bit of it it's also the legacy of the renaissance has never died

it's still alive today we could say that the industrial revolution and therefore our modern world wouldn't have been possible without all the things that were invented in the renaissance. you know. that no i. the time and its history has humankind experienced a comparable search and development the renaissance even outstrips our own fast changing age. never before was so much developed invented moved changed revolutionized and rejected in such a short span of time. it was a development driven by people who must it the seemingly impossible because they had understood their own world. the renaissance was a plea against closed minds and the cult of experts it gave room to intellectual curiosity and the courage to set forth the new paths. it's a story of people who did not wish to believe but to know and who accepted no

limits to their quest. to live. go africa. three wheels. solar time. zero emission. people saxons in the ivory coast. there's a growing number of them on city streets. green cabs are good for the environment and for business. removed d.w. . ball or.

some time in the twenty six to you my great granddaughter of the. what would the world be like in your lifetime and around half a century. your world would be around two degrees warmer. inevitably sea levels rise by at least one central. we're going to have some climate impacts me turn greater than we see or maybe. it's really frightening. place. why are people more concerned. little yellow. shorts may thirty first on

t.w. . the first. this is due to the news live from birthday and israel's prime minister orders massive strikes on gaza. in columns off to schools of rocket attacks on southern israel by palestinian militants to go to gaza for the latest also coming out condoms newly crowned king makes his public debut huge crowds turn out for rama the tenth in bangkok as he takes part in that in a ceremonial procession to celebrate his ascension to the throne.