reflecting interesting times until november when the venice biennale day and. you're watching news live from berlin the documentary and human rights is that next and don't forget you can get all the latest news and information around the clock on our website that's. now on behalf of the whole team here thanks so much for watching. out for. europe the big idea. but what's become of it. will it look like tomorrow will. bring for a better future isn't enough europe requires our participation. your elections 2019 may 26th on.

the night street festival in the german city of cologne for a day cause a band pedestrians and bicyclists a free to use the streets normally traffic clogs these roads and pollutes the air levels of fine particulate matter and nitrogen oxides high in downtown cologne. pediatrician christiane during is trying to raise awareness of the problem. imo your kit have a cigarette. the cigarette made of chewing gum symbolizes the invisible danger of particular matter and nitrogen oxides it represents the 2 cigarettes with of toxins during says cologne residents inhaled every day. he sees a lot of young patients with respiratory problems in his practice. or can. as

process is no fish with a copy a trip practice is located nearby in an area with heavy traffic and we've observed an increase in the problems children have in the months when we get temperature in versions they start and then the polluted air is trapped below and there's an increase in respiratory irritants from traffic concert particles from coal fired power plants children get diseases that are more severe and they need longer to recover we have to prescribe more medication. it's generally accepted that fine particular matter and nitrogen oxides pollute the air we breathe and can destroy our health the question is who is responsible. find particulates a small fragments of solid materials or liquid droplets suspended in the air they may contain contaminants such as sort of lead particulate matter is divided into 3

categories. the largest of these particles are a 10th of the width of a human hair this is the catch a great p m 10 particulate matter less than 10 microns in diameter and these relatively cool particles tend to stay in the respiratory tract refined matter that has particles less than $2.00 microns in diameter make up the class pm $2.00 and is small enough to penetrate the lungs ultra fine particles are less than 0 point one micron in diameter they can enter the bloodstream 25 think a bag and if the particles are small enough they get into the bloodstream that's a huge problem in small children whose immune defenses are still weak there are uses to mr in training so to speak preparing for all the things that it will face later in life that's why kids generally have weak immune defenses in addition and i'll show you here the long of a 12 month old child is still very very. that's

a big problem for pediatricians that's going to ask you have an. air pollution affects the most vulnerable the sick the elderly and children like you'll find there this 6 year old has to use a nebulizer to thin the mucus in his lungs when air quality in cologne tyria writes during the winter months your gets a calm that invariably develops into bronchitis or even pneumonia in an effort to break the cycle doctors prescribe various medications and inhalations that's chorister probably the main problem is the strong medications and i try to avoid them by treating him 1st with homeopathy and herbals and then cough syrup but we usually end up resorting to a cord as i spray about f. ing so as soon as he starts coughing i tense up because i always feel that he develops this cough no matter what i do. or no what it means is that families have

kids can't live in cities especially if they're predisposed to these kinds of conditions i mean i'm going mom can i go outside yes vi because the air is so bad that ultimately you can't lift her. son's chronic condition forced into and mirka fan version to move out to the suburbs but you'll scoff hasn't improved it seems there's no escaping colognes pollution day. the amish monocoque we've even considered moving to the coast. but i'm a teacher so i can't just get up and leave it's always a question of where you can find a job but theoretically everybody should move away from cologne. traffic is one of the causes of air pollution. and in cities 63 percent of traffic

related particular matter is generated by brake and tire wear only 37 percent stems from engine source engines are primarily responsible for the not true signs in city air less so for particulate matter. traffic generates high levels of dangerous ultra fine particles toxins that here to their surfaces and can enter the bloodstream. in downtown cologne pediatrician christian during is vacuuming dirt off the street deposits of fine particular matter consisting of sort and rubber as well as lead barium aluminum and mercury street cleaning has long been used as a method of reducing traffic related air pollution but what christian during his doing here is merely symbolic. in the thought of not a bad year. as these are all in a literal it has made a difference the substances we vacuumed out these particles are contaminated the

water so much that when we pour it in here you see that it's completely cloudy. bush the intruders. how damaging is particular matter to our internal organs next to the cemetery is the institute of forensic medicine of colognes university hospital. in the basement pathology lab is the work place of forensic medicine specialist marcus brought shelter. here he investigates cases in which the cause type or time of death is unclear. what shield can read the organs of the deceased like a book this lung is no exception. it sounds like. this is the long of a man aged around 50 who lived here in the city. if the autopsy determined that he

died of natural causes what we see very clearly by looking at is long that he held significant quantities of particulates matter and god without. the deceased was not a smoker the pathologist can tell that from the tissue still the left lung is covered in black dots. tided if you can see polluted as a residue in the lungs the shiny covering here is the poem and their employer that surrounds each lung in directly beneath the pleura we see this pattern of black dots these are carbon particles particles and it's the dirt this individual inhaled and that was deposited in his lungs. we bring it about 20000 times every day passing some 10000 liters of air through our lungs particle smaller than 10 micro meters in diameter or p.m.t.

into the nasal cavity and trachea our natural defenses allow us to cough or sneeze small amounts after about bodies. but those defenses are overtaxed by large quantities of particles the respiratory tract swells up even smaller particles pm 2.5 can into the palm tree or lie and trigger brumfiel infections the result. pneumonia or bronchitis. equal or chronic inflammations those causes can create liberation of connective tissue fibrosis and along that produces the lungs the elasticity in the patient experiences shortness of breath a hunger for air that is not curable was. fine particles into the bloodstream triggering chronic inflammation of blood vessels that leads to clog arteries that can lead to a heart attack or stroke. statistics for europe show that pollution can shave up to

2 years off our lifespan. the black life shortening deposits of visible under the microscope the accumulation of carbon particles in the loans is known as answer cosas run but if you look at theirs and consider that our own lungs probably look the same it's clear that we need to go out and breathe fresh air from time to time of innocent people living in big cities all have lungs in which we find to a greater or lesser extent deposits of carbon particles mean it would have been a gosh darn plague but i have to say that when i started 30 years ago we saw far more pronounced cases of anthrax hoaxes than we do today to play on the whole it's declined but we still see it in anyone who lives in a big city looking obviously in this but you didn't and it was. there pollution generated by particulate matter dropped significantly in germany after $990.00 that includes not driven oxides which was thrust into the spotlight by german car make

a v.w. is more recent emissions scandal but since 2009 there's been little improvement in equality. the situation is far more grave in delhi the world's most polluted capital the air in the indian city is 10 times more contaminated than in cologne a trip to delhi is like a trip into germany's past this is how polluted the western european country was 4 decades ago. people try to protect themselves with face masks. we meet up with our visual club she works for the center of science and environment and is an environmental advisor to the government she takes measurements to show us just help that the air in telly is. like. cut cut. cut. it i don't know but i.

have no choice. but. to be upbeat and bored at home but if you don't actually do it. the daily threshold value for particles in germany is 50 micrograms per cubic meter of. the measurements show delhi exceeds that by a factor of 30 that were taken in a heavily polluted area still there and bombing. the issue for us. so i didn't want to be like that shuttle he took a shit he would have. but when it joins us tonight start looking for definition it does change my mind and now i want the world for the air pollution and i have been

defeated ever so that if not meet the definition of the future definition of missing they should be the better than what they would be that. the indian government has responded by closing coal fired power plants and ordering taxis that run on gasoline or diesel to switch to compressed natural gas but many still fill up with the bad fuel and traffic isn't even the main source of telling small it's the poor households in this city of 28000000 that used coal heated all ends to press their laundry and open fires to cook their meals. households like bondo davies every day she makes traditional flat bread often she uses left goodwood to fire her stove such domestic cooking fire as one of the biggest sources of pollution here. poor residents of poisoning the city's a and themselves. i have trouble breathing.

or my eyes search. so that i often get headaches. sometimes i can hardly breathe and have to go to the hospital to get. from space pollution it is plain to see the haze hovers not only above the city but stretches in a broad band across india pollution levels are highest between november and monch then hospital waiting rooms fill up with coughing patients and pollution kills an estimated 1800000 indians every year doctors at b.l.k. hospitals into the chest and respiratory diseases use a lung function test to check for early warning signs. normal be the. b.b. and the britons

a real out. some more some more some more some more i think that people can say that's very excellent. but doctors can only treat the patient symptoms and try to relieve their pain in the recent deal as the number is increasing day by day i'm seeing more and more young children the symptoms suggestive of i'm seeing more and more people whose stupid you would ask my gets boysenberry frequent so the number does almost double i can not tell my patients to stop breathing because it's essential to breathe so then i see them again and again in my own telling that they had only a bit better go but be annoyed absolutely all right it's really frustrating then i don't have to take a philosophy and tell everybody to plant a tree but probably you know we need more than just planting a tree. the bale family lives in. great to kyla ash and afterward district in the

capital they've installed special technology in their home to help improve the air quality. that's my kids back room. visit right now because media. the ngo i'm there knowing my dad ok so for them to even start it they're going to fare a fair. that's for phillips. and the brand their unit got forbes so this recently or one from either group. out there that one revere recently bought there. is no way. roger. so this is a very very good story from a company. marine i'll buy a lot is an architect. he spent almost

a 1000 euros on the air purifiers when they go outside and air pollution is high the children have to wear face masks. last year there was a time my children in step out and they were just. stepping out for the next street for school or anything so all the war there must. be so there was a battle. in the winter myra and mira spent $3.00 to $4.00 months almost exclusively indoors $22.00 of the world's most polluted cities are in india and the situation isn't improving clean air is a precious commodity that only the wealthy can afford to improve air quality for everyone india would need to lift millions out of poverty under-educated open fire cooking. germany could serve as an example

its biggest polluters industry and coal fired power plants were ordered to install filter systems domestic coal ovens were gradually replaced by gas heating and electric stoves. the german environment agency operates one of 6 measuring stations in noida club so in eastern brandenburg state it also analyzes data from. the state finance stations marion vic mumfie big heads the agency's equality department she advises the government on strategies to tackle fine particulate matter and nitrogen oxides the filter that is currently collecting particulate matter isn't here at midnight it's pivoted over here and falls into this refrigerated chamber where the use filters are stored goes through to the stop although we can see there's already a residue on it. in the bigger money and back in the 1970 s. you could literally taste and see the smog at least in the industrial very area and

big cities with a given that the fine particulate matter we measure here is a health hazard that you can't see and so it's hard to convince people that it's a serious risk to their health. agency uses high precision instruments to conduct its measurements when coal fired power plants are ramped up in neighboring poland or winds carries the higher and dust clouds to germany the values measured here rise in the e.u. the threshold values for the inhalable particles measuring $2.00 microns or less is $25.00 micrograms per cubic meter of air averaged over 3 years. for how one small vessel and we took the data for pm $2.00 in germany and compared it with the authorized threshold value that they're going to show us on as you see on the map everything is green which means we have not exceeded any threshold value and are in compliance with the limit so it looks like there is no health risks but the world health organization has recommended limit is much lower when we compared

our data to their threshold value of the map or suddenly read in other words there is a health hazard so if we want to protect public health we should use the w h o's recommendations as our yardstick. threshold values are always the result of negotiations politicians not doctors all scientists decide whether the air we breathe is clean and. and currently politicians are focused on road traffic as the main source of pollution but marian victim and fi big says it lies elsewhere. would fuel heating systems are significant factor in air pollution especially out enbrel areas in fun if you drive through village you'll see stacks of wood everywhere people use them to light a cozy evening fire but most don't have an exhaust filter and up everything that's burned inside goes straight up through the chimney and out into the air and that's what we breath. emissions of pm 2.5 particularly matter from wood stoves

has risen in germany in recent years while the share from automobile engines has dropped since 2008 woodfield started to have a missed more particulate matter than engines would combustion now generates ball most as much atmospheric pollution as traffic comprising engine exhaust as well as tire and brake where. the reason more and more people like the shuttle family are eating with wood because it's considered a carbon neutral fuel particulate matter from wood burning stoves is as much a health hazard as diesel sort chimney sweeps regularly encounter users who don't know the rules of making a fire it's a big problem so that's my stock no i would i would under starter. the way you've packed it i don't know where you put the kindling it would be totally overloaded. stoves that are overloaded all

moms with highways to content emit high levels of pollutants like nitrogen and sulphur oxides hydrochloric acid and particulate matter. chimneysweep mario vital uses small logs and wood will soaked in works to light the fire he puts the thinner logs on top this is the low emission top down method. who they are so that's the way to do it a perfectly stacked starve. and from the manufacturer has testbench conditions to achieve certain values with optimized words and set up conditions for these vary from site to site. so in order to make it at all possible that the emissions correspond relatively closely to the manufacturer's values we cheerfully sweep's need to show our customers how to use their starves rafters otherwise it's pointless theory. even if owners like their

fires by the book it's virtually impossible to match manufacturers a mission values in daily use woodstoves a much more pollution inclined despite the best efforts of chimney sweeps. you are going to try work below at the emissions source or the stove the cleaner the exhaust gases that i generate will be and the more i'm protecting the environment and my neighborhood of foreign made mine in mr one. according to the german environment agency wood stoves account for 20 percent of the particulate matter emitted in the pm $2.00 size range in germany that figure is rising. power plants are still the biggest emitters with 26 percent 2 thirds of these emissions stem from coal fired power plants extracting takes 3rd place with 19 percent of the share contributed by agriculture is just 5 percent.

but the german environment agency only measures direct emissions slowly felt is a professor of atmospheric physics at the max planck institute for chemistry his findings are quite different lately felt says there's another culprit responsible for polluted air livestock. yeah but it clearly the animals bear a share of responsibility for the problem from a great sustainably but whenever you buy cheap meat from a conventional factory farm you're making a decisive contribution to the creation of atmospheric particulates matter. how was that possible layfield explains the following distinction primary particulate matter is emitted directly into the atmosphere when matter created for example by tie aware or stove or engine combustion decomposes into smaller

particles secondary particulate matter is formed by chemical processes in the air. ammonia for example which escapes from farm in your combines with other substances to form particulate molecules some of these substances carcinogenic and small enough to enter the gas exchange regions of the lung the alveoli and the bloodstream. i believe the german environment agency is a figure of 5 percent is too low. 5 or 70 percent of fine particulate matter is formed in the atmosphere it isn't released in some way as dust is formed chemically . you could put it in been livestock manure is spread as fertilizer in the fields and the ammonia it contains escapes into the atmosphere only are also escapes from the stables and particulate matter is formed when ammonia combines with nitrogen oxides from road traffic in. alarming conclusion some

40 percent of all the fine particulate matter in germany is generated by agriculture and above all by factory farming. ammonia gas from farm in your blankets the ground and reacts among other things with nitrogen oxides from traffic to form ammonium nitrate in the atmosphere it may become arsenic genic high omonia levels are produced in northwestern germany a center of industrial animal farming west winds carry the gas across the country meat production is a key industry in germany could that be why there's so little public debate about agriculture is role in generating particulate matter. madeon victim and feel big agrees with films assessment. if i start if we want to tackle the problem of particulates matter we need to see fewer wood burning stoves less

livestock farming or cutting emissions from livestock farming less ammonia. that would reduce so-called secondary particulates matter and would really bring relief to a large part of the population and we could meet the stricter threshold values. that would significantly reduce particulate matter pollution across germany and not just in large cities. as big an issue no doubt and this is not just about guaranteeing every person's right to clean air. it's also about making clean air economically viable people call in sick to work they have chronic diseases none of that is factored into the equation instead short term economic interests are given precedence without a real evaluation of the health liabilities and their related costs. the problem of ambient particulate matter emitted by wood stoves in agriculture is compounded in cities by traffic. attic in that matter and nitrogen oxides cumulate of hot spots

on heavily trafficked roads in so-called street canyons or at railway stations and this is especially true in the winter months when temperature inversion traps polluted any of the ground. barbara hoffman is an environmental epidemiologist whose evaluated studies on air pollution involving tens of thousands of participants. her findings are surprising. they're out of hours it's not really tricky of course it's the drivers who are sitting in a cabin that are exposed to the highest levels in $500.00 is all that and when riding a bicycle even if you can only distance yourself from heavy traffic by a few meters or take a road parallel to the main road the exposure is already significantly lower beutler going up. 65 cities in germany regularly exceed limits cannot treat an upside emissions produced by diesel vehicles the values are particularly

high in munich stuttgart and cologne. e.u. environment commission a common avella to germany and 5 other countries to court. some of the pm complains to be. in 2000. and 5 the complains for it to be in 2010 so i think we've waited a long time and we cannot possibly wait any longer we cannot have plans which are telling us that might be some time even after 2021 after 2025 times so these were the main reasons. the most effective way to rapidly cut nitrogen oxide pollution is to ban diesel cars from roads with the government dragging its feet the organization environmental action germany began suing the 65 affected cities to force them to stay within pollution

limits the 1st verdict was handed down and in early june 2800 became the 1st german city force to take action by an administrative court. just one lot over the state of north rhine-westphalia was now take all necessary measures to ensure that a complies with the limit of nitrogen dioxide by september 1st 2019 at the scottish however the court has made it clear that it considers a bone and diesel driving to be the only suitable measure to ensure compliance with this limit. so there's now a 98 percent likelihood that a ban on driving diesel cars will be imposed. 3 weeks later in late june 28th in an administrative court in stuttgart also ruled in favor of driving bans. the state government complied banning diesel cars from all roads in stuttgart from january the 1st 2019 and not just on selected drugs like in hamburg or as planned

in berlin. the ban applies to cars made to euro 4 standard and older. so we wouldn't be discussing driving bans. today have cars were as clean as they're supposed to be if manufacturers had used cheating software but installed suitable hardware would be complying with air quality standards for both nitrogen oxides and particular matter. if all the affected cities introduced driving bans at least $1300000.00 diesel drivers would be impacted tallness car is an advisor to federal ministries he doesn't see driving bans as a necessity. for him out of our mind i've always appealed for patience the values will continue to improve and reach targets across the board even in stuttgart and munich through france or come out in chicago our community. argues that diesel

technology is indispensable if all vehicles were replaced by vehicles with better exhaust technology it would be more environmentally friendly than scrapping older vehicles just because of their high emissions on it or who normally vote in the north as long as they are. this folks wagon percentage has a diesel engine that's banned instruct gas that is an excellent into the diesel engine is a feat of engineering and no nation masters this technology better than we do in germany german engineers did an incredible job here even if there are some things that weren't criticism in total it's an excellent engineering achievement for the engineers. call hence the reciprocating engines institute at the cultural institute of technology his team studies engine emissions and alternative fuels cock believes the diesel engine has been demonized in the pollution debate he doesn't condone manufacturers use of fraudulent software to cheat emissions tests but he claims

policy makers are setting road traffic pollution limits at a time when they were technologically unattainable. but i was part of this whole business for the last i think it'll go about it. developers faced an impossible task either they had high levels of particulate matter and low levels of nitrogen oxides or high levels of nitrogen oxides and low levels of but a killer matter back then you couldn't achieve low levels of both at the same time that only became possible with exhaust aftertreatment technology but it was a generally known fact that in reality vehicles were emitting far more than the utopian limit of $180.00 milligrams kilometer. simle tiny asli cutting particulate matter and not true gin oxides wasn't technically feasible 10 years ago in diesel engines combustion occurs at a particularly high temperature generating

a lot of nitrogen oxides in fact the particulate filter in diesel cars relies on not trippin dioxide to prevent clogging the gas converts the carbon sort into not trick oxide and c o 2 these exhaust gases would not filtered through detention engineers have been in this in a gray zone where they have to decide which factors to prioritize in their t.v. fucking because they could only reduce an engine's nitrogen oxide emissions at the cost of all other operational parameters engineers refrain from optimizing nitrogen oxide out part of haitian cores don't commute the. mechanical engineers have only been able to comply with threshold regulations since the development of selective catalytic reduction technology it uses your rear to also remove nitrogen oxides today thomas called seize the diesel engine on the home stretch of an idiot like the day's lunch and will be needed for years to come have patience the emissions

problem is resolved we mustn't demonize diesel. but it will take years to upgrade diesel vehicles on germany's roads with the new technology. affected cities. need to act and they need traffic manages because vehicles generate less pollution when they're moving there when they stopped in traffic jams . is looking to technology for help it's installed filters around a measuring station and make it all the location that clocks up the worst air pollution in germany yohannes stoner and patrick little are in charge of the pilot project. near the planet 1st with installed filters on a 350 meter stretch along the road and neck and towards the last one is back there at the car dealership put off on a sign by. all the holes in all 17 columns of stock filter

cubes are set up to reduce the load of particulate pollution so that each year more than 40 measures the listed in stuttgart is clean air and action plan by the school's own father boards in the debate on introducing driving bans we had politicians and industry representatives saying why didn't you do this why didn't you do that to avert a driving ban. so we heard about particle filters being installed in other cities and vehicles equipped with filters and even if we're not entirely convinced about the effectiveness of such measures we say if it's not nonsense let's give it a go or beyond that there's always so we need to show we're using the means at our disposal to clean the air we're open to suggestions but we won't fall for useless hocus pocus then explain. this specialist hope they can persuade stuttgart authorities to install particle filter systems like this one on top of cars in city traffic. for their votes for them to find shall we filter particulate matter in the

books. on to the fans turn in the air you can feel it here is drawn through the filter it i'll show you something else here we have installed a filter solution for the break. it filters particulate matter directly at the source. these brake filters could be installed in any vehicle cars trucks but also buses for example it's generated a lot of interesting things before start. the engine is a seeking to install this system on small trucks trains and buses this car also measures particulate matter in the environment during our entire test drive in stuttgart the values exceeded the legal limit. even in neighborhoods at higher elevations. you fit in with the roof top filter removes about 80 percent of particulate matter is fine stops a horse in the break filter on the front axle author it was about 80 percent of

particulate matter generated by brake wear. but filters can only clean the air that passes through them they can only fight the symptoms not the causes of pollution and they don't remove nitrogen oxides at all for now reducing the number of diesel vehicles appears to be the only solution. then go to the next and if in the space of a year we discover all of the tasks and measurements that we're still a long way from meeting legal threshold values then well prepared to introduce driving restrictions for euro 5 vehicles in 2020. recent court rulings have put the government under pressure it's asked carmakers to offer trade in incentives to customers who scrap all the diesels the measures being criticized as a stimulus plan for the auto industry rather than a solution to pollution from the abortion here german carmakers are offering attractive premiums double for example 6000 euro's v.w. the v.w.

group 48000 marines so 5000 euros an average litter of tiles more on the german government also wants to introduce compulsory hardware fixes for older diesel cars as a buy we're still talking to manufacturers about. hardware retrofitting. one manufacturer said it will pay 80 percent of the conversion process so we're talking about the remaining 20 percent down off the rest in sponsor tent. the incentives only apply in 14 of germany's 65 polluted cities but it's unclear whether they will be implemented to date no manufacturer has agreed to pay retrofit costs so what can be done until the egg gets cleaner barbara hoffman at university hospital dusseldorf says hiding in your apartment is not the solution group policy actively tear physical activity whether it's running or cycling or whatever and it's one of the

most important protective measures we know when your carry protects against a variety of diseases. and the positive effects far outweigh the damage caused by inhaling air pollutants in front of touched off. of you in any case it is definitely advisable to ride a bike instead of sitting in a car about in 5 minutes and longer hopes traffic then you should avoid riding along main roads by taking side roads where pollution levels are lower and. of course everyone can try to avoid exposure at peak traffic hours. but what you can't avoid is general exposure there we have no control over what we inhale and. air pollution is rather like the radioactivity it's invisible and it takes decades before its effects show up. flights to measure air pollution

have given physicist your slowly felt a different perspective. he and his colleagues study air samples taken at high altitudes the air pollution which we don't even notice on the ground is visible from the. aircraft window. you can see how bad the visibility is that's air pollution these are not clouds. and the haze over frankfurt or other cities is not a local phenomenon it's a large scale phenomenon which. people in germany are exposed to this air pollution on a daily basis. if you're exposed to this pollution for a longer period of time to seize is well developed. together with other scientists your slowly felt has calculated that 7000000 people worldwide die prematurely from air pollution every year in germany the figure is probably 50000

lifestyle diseases caused by obesity smoking and alcohol abuse remain the biggest health hazard but air pollution poses the greatest environmental threat to global health. i advise everyone to look out of an airplane window from down here you can see how dirty the air is but if you look down from up high you see very clearly a movie fan than anything when you realize that it is they say your breathing in and out more than 10000 times a day and it's clear that the air really needs to be cleaned if you want to live a healthy life is when is unable to confirm this information it's possible that we're on the right track and pollution has decreased slightly but we're still a long way from meeting clean air targets a lot more needs to be done. they

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is news life in antigovernment protests in albania turned violent demonstrators translate as fire crackers molotov cocktails as day demolished the government resigned and cool suppression election will get the latest from tehran also coming up indian votes says the polls again in the next to last round of elections that could see the governing be j.p. significantly weaker. and in school.