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the beginning of a new era in astronomy for the 1st time scientists have detected the ghostly particles that are not just extra terrestrial but extragalactic. they come from millions of like years away where stars explode or super massive black holes swallow cosmic matter in tremendous fault. neutrinos they're among the most abundant particles that exist and the most mysterious every 2nd 100000000000 of them are a strong body is a close to the speed of light without ever noticing they move on hindered through the universe because they can fly he's ok through most matter.

quoth you think nothing we can imagine. 0 size 0 charge us very close to 0 and interact so we clean with everything. but somehow or other the neutrino is a nothing it might be the key to the universe. for astro physicists the universe is one huge laboratory and which most things still have to be discovered. the matter of which the stars planets interstellar gas clouds and humans are composed of only accounts for a mere 5 percent of the universe's mass the rest is an enormous puzzle the human eye is woefully inadequate to see everything in the universe astrophysicists

are looking for operators that will help them investigate the tremendous events in the cosmos to which they have any number of theories but precious little concrete information that should be in the open day and on simply neutrinos and in our case neutrinos with particularly high energy they are neutrinos conveying a message they are messengers they tell us something about the object from which they come to us is object must be something in which incredibly high energy is released many times higher than in the some. good cooking so we are looking for instance that neutrinos arising from dark matter and i lay should processes these may give us an indication of what dark matter is is. 10 years ago an international team of scientists started to build a gigantic detector to catch these high energy neutrinos in one of the most remote places on the south pole.

deep in the ice the scientists are looking for flashes of light triggered when a neutrino collides with matter. but immobile drilling station the research team has noted countries hopes kilometers deep into the antarctic ice cap. here the ice is so deep and pure that the detector which measures a cubic kilometer has sufficient space and ideal conditions. hot water drill which draws down its own weight as it melts the ice has prepared the way for photo sensors in the crystal clear. the other layer of the ice sheet consists of snow

snowflakes changes they're pressed down deeper and deeper over many thousands of years from graceful ice crystals to compact transparent ice. to meet a high flakes are transformed into fur a layer of compacting arcs more and more snow presses the air out of the suck it becomes denser more compact until finally it is a body of ice almost free of air. the scientists have introduced photo sensors the size of basketballs into the ice on separate strings like threaded beats up to a depth of 2 and a half kilometers within a single day the drill hole freezes close to. when

the work's completed and a cubic kilometers of ice is full of sensors. the gigantic detector is now ready. deep within the crystal clear ice where it is pitch dark thousands of highly sensitive photos sensors wait for minimal but far reaching traces of life can these traces only occur when a neutrino collides with an atom in the ice in 2013 scientists found the 1st conspicuous light signals in the ice cube detector.

doesn't come on the front we can't trap the neutrino itself when it interacts with matter very rarely if we're very lucky it collides with an atomic nucleus releasing secondary particles some of which moved hundreds of meters 2 kilometers in straight trails through the matter before me and this key behind them they pull a cone of light which is called chattering called radiation after the man who discovered it. and this light is what we tanked with the ice cube and we found high energy neutrinos for the 1st time ernie and bert. and they had such high energy that it was extremely unlikely they were created in the earth's atmosphere exley. the steam in the it atmosphere that's why. these neutrinos must have come from outside our solar system. with such a high energy cosmic neutrino which is much smaller than an atomic nucleus collides with an atom in the ice it creates

a light signal it spreads over several 100 meters. to discover is of ernie and bert with a breakthrough after decades of research. scientists worldwide are searching for these messenger particles from the distant universe also on the other side of the planet in europe a research institute on the french coast often is a base for a tremendous mediterranean project the q.b. kilometer neutrino telescope or came through. a small prototype of the deep signorino detector already sense data here. each box corresponds to one of the strings each cross represents the. height of the time of the the the photon that was the detective. 20 years ago we started the development of the telescope. it

took some some while to learn. the tricks of the trade of how to build very large infrastructures very deep in the sea with in fact. strings but the project that we're building now came through that will be many hundreds. so this will dramatically. increase the chances. that we will be able to have big detection of cosmic neutrinos neutrinos are all around us but we have no idea where they come from these elementary particles that a 1000 times more energy than those from the world's largest particle accelerator the large hadron collider in geneva. tributes to the most trivial neutrino sources humans all of us in our bodies a small amount of a radioactive isotope of potassium potassium 40 undergoes b.

to decay which produces neutrinos. our bodies emit between $45000.00 neutrinos per 2nd. but more important ones for us physicists are solo neutrinos which we have already identified in fact on every square centimeter say on every time now 60000000000 solar neutrinos arrive every 2nd and they fly through us irrespective of where we're standing facing away from the sun or towards a torn a deep cave imagine 60000000000 neutrinos as. the sun burns hydrogen in its core at a temperature of 15000000 degrees celsius light particles and also neutrinos are emitted the sunlight we see has required thousands of years to pass through the sun successive layers only the neutrinos leave the core immediately just 8 minutes after their creation they reach the earth. but these are low energy neutrinos.

mutual when we're looking for neutrinos that come to us from entirely different processes not from nuclear reactions but from massive excel aeration process is due to cosmic accelerators like the l.h. c. accelerator in geneva about that excel rate many many times faster with much higher energy we're hoping that cosmic neutrinos will give us information we can't get from any other source and. neutrinos are a small part of the cosmic rays that constantly rained down on the earth's atmosphere we've known about this high energy particle radiation for more than a 100 years but where and how the particles originate is still a possible all we know is that it consists largely of atomic nuclei mainly protons . here in the mediterranean became 3 neck detector will be built in 3 sections one of them off the coast of italy another of the coast of france and the 3rd off

the coast of greece. they will be 4 kilometers underwater and digitally linked to former. and detector. in its maximum extension came 3 natural be 10 cubic kilometers large whereas ice is the detecting medium of ice cube at the south pole the detecting medium here will be liquid water. but deep sea conditions make entirely different demands on the planning and construction of the detector. to read the data from the water the scientists are installing an infrastructure on the seabed which will gather the data bundle it and transfer it via special deep sea cables to the analysis stations on the coast.

with an instrument the engineers call worm which uses extreme water pressure they dig a deep channel into the upper layers of shell and stones until they strike a harder layer of rock. polished solid foundation and accompanying dye there lays the cable and immediately covers it with shell limestone and much protection. seitan south of berlin is the location of one of the leading centers of neutrino research. the german electron synchrotron daisey. this is where a team of particle physicists developed the sensors from which ice cube at the south pole is constructed.

in their class and is glassfish you see a photo multiplier tube it is inside here and it's very light sensitive. on the senate into teeth as of when a single photon strikes this side it produces a tiny electrical currents which can be read out by the electronic module that's located in the upper part of the sensor or darfur. when he went here let me show you those sectors like the hole in the sea up this is the this is the glass spear that protects the sensor from the enormous pressure deep in the ice. on the minute and inside we have the elektra nic module which amplifies and digitizes the tiny electrical current and then sends the digital signal out to the surface. thousands of synchronize sensors measure the precise time and strength of the light events and communicate the data. in their

laboratory the researchers are already working on the next generations of light sensors they should be cheaper simpler and more efficient one idea is to conduct the terrain of light through coated tube the scientists are looking for ultraviolet light. the post doctoral student yuck a fun son tim is getting ready for his 1st assignment to the south pole. you have to be really fit to fly to the south pole i have to get a thorough medical check up when i get the ok i'll set off for christchurch new zealand self island i'll have to wait there for quite a while until the weather conditions are just right. as this is that often come little fly 8 hours to the antarctic coast and then maybe after a couple of days take a flight of 2 hours to the south pole. response service one supporting. and i've been working on the ice cube project for

a long time but i've never seen my experiment i'm really looking forward to that and going to such a special place which only few people have been to so far it mentions. the journey to the south pole is an adventure for the young scientist the antarctic is larger than europe its surface includes land a continental i sheet and a gigantic ice shelf 98 percent of the region is covered in snow and ice some of the sea ice surrounding the southernmost continent melts to less than stream. square kilometers one 6th of its winter surface because of the altitude of its terrain the extremely low temperatures and low precipitation the antarctic is also one of the driest regions fact the world's largest desert. gets some of here and it's high season researchers come to the south pole in summer

only a skeleton crew remains during the dark cold winter to keep the detector running. everyone who comes here is excited to reach the south pole but some suffer from altitude sickness from the moment they arrive it takes a few days to a climatologist for the research shows the new ahmanson scott south pole station is no way says in the middle of the ice deserts it guarantees their survival. the station can accommodate several 100 people everything here is simple and practical. but scott and amundsen who were the 1st to reach the south pole more than a 100 years ago would be astonished by the comfort and technology. this is an

astrophysics hot spot deep in the attorney the researchers are discovering cosmic light signals. ice cube are searching for neutrinos that are flown through the earth ones that entered the northern hemisphere. ones that ended the southern hemisphere a look for in the mediterranean for only neutrinos can fly through the earth. the k m 3 detector will also search for party. that have traveled through the earth . since the mediterranean is more than 5000 meters deep tanya on the east coast of sicily is an ideal spot for a research station. the team of european scientists is here to install the 1st section of the detector on the sea bed. physicists have adapted the structure of the photo sensors to deep sea conditions.

water pressure salt and sea currents a formidable challenges the sensitive electronic module has to be protected to make the most precise measurements at any moment. and i feel that the difficulty is that these objects have to be placed at a depth of 4000 meters. up and we hope it mean everything has to be correct. because it's extremely hard to pull them back up out of the water to repair them. so everything has to work perfectly before the mission begins in the sea. thus getting out of. the physicists register the sensors so as to be able to sort the data they will receive from the depths.

of the scott amundsen station at the south pole jaco from santa is not feeling at home he can reach the ice cube on for. the. 3rd largest hell if that is not a full day for almost no wind summer temperatures of minus 30 degrees celsius glorious sunshine. she station is about 500 meters behind me and in front of me it's only about 500 meters to the ice cube laboratory we have since i'm going there now to see how our detector is doing it. too steve these rods and flags are the only parts of the ice cube you can see on

the surface most of the detector lies want to have kilometers beneath my feet. my skew group is a superb neutrino detector can take high tech ice cube. 2 and a half kilometers deep in the eternal eyes of the south pole. it's docked on their prices extremely pure. light is able to travel through ice cube without much scattering. the ions of the telescope watch for the tiniest flashes of light 5200 photo senses register the weak lights of the particle traces which can travel many hundreds of meters through the ice. point light signals are discovered the sensors transform them into electrical signals and conduct these along the steel cables to the surface to the ice cube

lebar a tree. into the brain of the telescope. the 1st computer center has already been installed in ice cube it registers all the data from the ice field as it roughly and then sends it to research centers all over the world. data from each of the more than $5000.00 senses in the ice is gathered here. this is the detective's control center it receives its power from here. thousands of meters of cable. and cupboards full of computers. day and night a small team of scientists monitors the electronics and the ice cube. to

keep the detector running some of the scientists remain on the ice during the winter. then it is minus 70 degrees celsius here and always night. the sun stays below the horizon the moon follows its regular course. this is perfect for viewing the iridescent kona lights ionizing solar wind that meets the earth's atmosphere and is diverted to the poles. but now during summer at the south pole when it's winter in europe the sun never sets. it circles the pole is a fixed distance to the horizon the rhythm of day and night is suspended the day has 24 hours of sunlight and you can't oriented yourself on the sun's position.

it's just a single day that never seems to end. the arc of fun sundin's trip to the high tech detector ice cube in the antarctic ice ends up to 10 solar dave's. looking for the needle in a gigantic haystack the scientists continue filtering the countless events in the ice until they come across the decisive light signals. of the future this is the raw data until we see the whole detector but not in real time i've only read about one second here. but that's

a 1000 times slower than real time can you switch to real time yes then the clip last one second then blinks wildly. filtering the data more and more the researchers arrive at their goal. $600.00 metre long like trail left by a particle so small that it's invisible. the but for now we really only see where there was a strong light signal. yes this is the trace passing through it's a mere one producing terrain called radiation which is being picked up by the senses you can see that very clearly that. bernie and bert are no longer alone. since discovering them researchers have been able to identify other cosmic neutrinos. the one with the most energy to dates they have named big bird.

i think it was awful is that we're hoping to be able to identify the sources of these high energy neutrinos as soon as possible the big question is how is this cosmic radiation produced how is it exhilarated what are the cosmic accelerators that must exist i hope i don't have to spend the rest of my life researching just these questions but i definitely want answers to them sooner the better. downtown berlin location of the zeiss planetarium. this is one of europe's largest planetariums and the city administration is making it one of the most modern. the news of the extragalactic neutrinos fascinates the director. to show them in the planetarium dome the reopening would be sensational.

planetarium director tim florian horton is a specialist in visualizing cosmic phenomena. using the most modern projection techniques he wants to make the latest developments and discoveries intelligible to his visitors. the berlin planetarium is a modern theater of science. in them in the stars and whenever anything new is discovered we want to talk about it and show it. we can help people understand neutrinos best we can show their path through the cosmos. that works very well in the planetarium because our audience gets an idea of the enormous distances in the universe mission in. sign could.

allow news on in real time of course they would need months to fly through the solar system so we have to suspend some natural laws that we fly faster than the speed of light to a place where in reality we would be destroyed by radiation if we ventured beyond our milky way we wouldn't be able to see other galaxies because our eyes aren't capable of collecting light that long to be able to identify them and. someone for tones i'm in that's my 2nd guess and it's a fine line we're treading here we want to be scientifically correct but also intelligible for the audience so we have to make compromises and signed. pick accuracy to make it understandable here place a cli translation service for science in with a hospital revision shop. to busy realize the newly discovered neutrinos meets up with a neutrino researcher christiane should be of age and a visual artist in the animation department at the ports done bubbles bag film studios.

their aim is to bring a cosmic neutrino to the screen to make the discovery of an invisible object comprehensible to a wide audience. none of them knows what a neutrino really looks like. just saying if we want to represent neutrinos what can we show how do we conceive of a neutrino how might it move through the universe. as it is. i just imagine how a neutrino moves and i imagine something like the trial of a jet plane without seeing the plane itself i'm really only interested in how it flies it's far from the rue some object or i simply imagine a neutrino as the greek letter knew that's enough for me basically what i see is

a formula for me seeing a former formula so then i ask myself where did they come from how do they move and where are they headed. when the i'm the neutrino i fly through space so subjectively it's subjectively. various galaxies approach i leave them behind then comes empty space then at some point our galaxy our solar system turns up and then a blue sphere in the distance so that's the earth. so far spearing has only thought of neutrinos as particles without. shape the visual artist presents him with various ideas. though that's more like an atomic model not a neutrino from me a neutrino is more like a point without a result structure very very tiny squareness it was ok next suggestion. was a model that's more luminous and intangible with the oscillation on the outside. of all this and. this is a visit that looks more like

a dance so nice elves capering around a green sphere if the mom there in the writing turns what will you do with those bands i say a strange also lation. the slogans and this one's interesting and out of focus might be more interesting and makes me think of solar eruptions on the vicinities perhaps the problem is that certain images are already familiar with this one probably looks like star trek and it walks around indecisively in space. plants all excited yes very excited to trina many happy of 44 i saw something interesting in a computer preview a sharply defined sphere rather like a billiard ball even if those edges could fry out or blur i think we would be capturing the loosely particle aspect. like make it smaller but here are some of the few for me it's just

a bit too big in relation to the screen through this shows not through those. no problem. just like that let's try that. in the center of a particle physics in mass say the french research team is getting ready to install the 1st came 3 net the tech to train. these are the the eyes of the of the telescope on the phone to multiply is a very very sensitive to light they can catch just one single photon. the human eye

actually requires about 7 before you can trigger that you detect is a thing whereas these are much more sensitive than the human eye and we need to measure the position where the photon arrives. on the detector with a few centimeter precision because in the bottom of the sea we have the sea currents and in fact everything is slightly moving and so inside the optical module we have some very precise qantas's which measure the rotation of the sphere and its inclination in all directions. in the rare event that a neutrino hits the nucleus of an atom in the ice it creates a. light that activates the individual senses on its flight path from the direction of the flight path the researchers can reconstruct the position of the neutrino source. the amount of light that we detect

in the telescope actually depends on the the energy of neutrino so if a low energy neutrino was the internet there wouldn't be very much like it's worth when it's a very high g. event the whole detector will be will be lit up like a christmas tree. and 3 net will be a powerful deep sea detector counterparts of ice cube in the northern hemisphere. each detector string is 800 meters long and carries 18 sensors the size of a basketball. if you were able to walk around on the scene amongst the forest of the things i think you'd be quite an impressive sight to see. the telescope is not rigid it floats on the water current so every sensor has to continuously redefine its position that's the only way the researchers can determine the direction of the neutrinos. back to the

animation studio. from the planetarium tim florian horne has brought a software program the can simulate the known universe. in these vast spaces the team tries to create a dead straight path for the neutrino from its source to the earth. in graphic card a graphic card or a computer system can't manage to represent these large scales properly and we have to use a trick. in earliest the various coordination systems so basically will fly faster than light. in school but even when we're crossing matter whether it's an asteroid or the earth it would be good to try and zoom in on the atomic level i mean the level where it has

a neutrino i only see an atomic nucleus in front of me but if you electrons circling it because at the end of the day an atom is an empty system through which the neutrino flies completely unhindered basically the whole of earth consists of these empty systems and that's why it's permeable for neutrinos. the atomic level should show why the neutrino can fly on hindered through walls and whole planets of flight through the void. in must say the researchers are preparing to transport detect a string. the scientists roll a string with the census fears into a big ball they have developed a special anchor to secure it on the seabed.

the final step in the construction hall is to load to the road up string on to the yellow anchor. the 1st sensor chain is ready for shipping together with the anchor it's loaded and sent off. a research vessel transported 40 kilometers offshore. the 1st 3 string is due to reach the bottom of the mediterranean at a depth of 3 and a half 1000 meters. slowly at a speed of 12 meters per minute the anchor and senses sink on to the sea bed. they

are accompanied by submersible robots steered by engineers on board the research vessel. 4 and a half hours later the load reaches the bottom robotic arms attach cables linking the anchor with the deep sea infrastructure the transmits energy and information to the coastal station. then a boy hoists the frame. the sense of string unwinds vertically from the metal frame like wool from a board and releases the individual photo sensors to their specific final positions . assembling the 1st detector string to successful. many hundreds more will follow.

soon came 3 net will also be able to identify extragalactic neutrinos. in the berlin planetarium the research animation team wants to take a look at its 1st results cosmic premiere screening. scientists view the universe as a gigantic lebar a tree for testing the validity of basic laws of physics and to investigate regions in which gravity density and temperature are extremely high there where stars explode or implode and a black hole was created. a cosmic explosion and a gigantic particle accelerator a 1000000 light years away. an enormous jet sent out by a gigantic black hole in the heart of an active galaxy. these jets reach

hundreds of thousands of light years into intergalactic space there celebrate the cosmic rays thereby producing. a neutrino flies slightly slower than the speed of light since it has only a tiny mass at no charge other particles don't slow it down deflect it from its flight path so it can pass through matter without risking a collision. timbs of which our bodies a major consist of more than 99 percent empty space between the nucleus the center of the even tinier electron circling it there's a great deal of space for the new trainer nothing but an electrical field. but unlike most other particles the neutrino doesn't register electrical forces. it has to collide directly with a nucleus for it to be

a star that occurs very very rare. this rare event can only be discovered with the aid of the gigantic detector. only by chance and with a tiny probability estimated by the scientists does a neutrino collide with an atomic nucleus in the ice cube. it's enabled extragalactic neutrinos to be identified for the 1st time the particles dubbed ernie and bert are megastars of astrophysics. beyond emitted and they can get is covering these cosmic neutrinos we have opened a new window however we haven't opened it fully just a crack we know there's something there but we haven't mapped this new landscape yet. coffee it. to me it's not mere frontiers we find more of these particles and trace them to

definite sources it will be like a mosaic coming together of. bits from someone from then we'll be able to say how these sources really function how the wildest machines in the cosmos work through. business who are going to be if there are highly developed civilizations in the cosmos at the haps they don't want to be spied on by underdeveloped civilizations like ours it's really that threw me on the. ice or maybe they decide not to use electromagnetic waves to communicate but something quite. different. for instance neutrinos which has just imagine one day we'd see a kind of morse code from extraterrestrial civilizations in neutrinos in no tree no it's.

good. when much of europe wanted to kick them out maria microbiome he invited them in. to free kyle in the sun most is home to one of the worst 50 g. cancer in the mediterranean. good but one woman makes life a little better for her new neighbors. meet mama rhea and the refugees of sa most.

90 minutes on d w. earth the home or saving googling to just tell stories of creative people and innovative projects around the world ideas that protect the climate and boost green energy solutions by global oil deal has been by in a series of global 3000 on d. w. and online. backup. you know those 5 minutes 4 minutes. past the hour. he. said he's one for the ages.

because 10 or 20. starts july 10th on t.w. . this is news coming to you live from berlin on the break to iran threatens to breach the limits of its uranium stockpile that's as hostilities with washington intensify it's a move that could force european countries who support the 2050 nuclear deal to step out of their corners and pick a song also coming up the standoff in the mediterranean minister threatened.

as a rescue ship carrying 42 migrants sails into italian waters after being told not to .