you don't need. me. to be a good. discovery . subscribe to the documentary. you're watching tomorrow today the science show on t.w. coming up. stage 2 in the footsteps of alexander from home but our reporter heads to ecuador's ave of the volcano. with us at the lens natural history museum where everything from dinosaurs to mold spines on display. and finally we get under your

skin to find out how your body reacts to tattoo think paul come to the show. and we kick off with a dispatch from our reporter christiane home on. to mark the 250th birthday of alexander from home but travel to ecuador peru and colombia 3 countries that the great naturalist explored during his expedition to the americas . part 2 of the trip takes us to the volcanoes of ecuador. meaning. the entire park there with quito is a single balkan. thank hearth. for subterranean fire breaks forth now from one of

these openings now from another. that is how our xander front on board recalled his expedition through the andes in his book reviews of nature in 1802 the naturalist and explorer traveled to ecuador to study the i asked active volcanoes on the planet and we are following in his footsteps unfortunately the time they were more afraid of. carlie they think this guy is crazy about try to go to her to work with. him or what's fascinating about this great site. it's a good thing that she decided to do that just come to because they would have this creature. that's key made or can come on this person's. home bolthole to dozens of measuring instruments with him up to the crater of between

check he wanted to find empirical evidence that volcanoes were connected underground and that eruptions could create mountain ranges now basic knowledge for volcanologists like what we see or among scientists have determined that the pitching ship volcanic complex is more than a 1000000 years old its youngest crater was torn out of the mountain range by a gigantic eruption 1000 years ago as the researchers thermal imaging camera shows which is very much alive today. i come to something like. 10 families with a comer. it's. called from it's there and all the rangers are just coming inside is. it working and then it. is pro some doctors or because the pressure is increasing inside the crater and. and then you could have posters as i would have before.

$73.00 volcanoes more than a dozen of them still active all crowded together in a stretch of less than 200 kilometers. called this unique mountain chain the avenue of the volcanoes nowhere else in the world other so many volcanoes in such a small space millions of people in ecuador live under the constant threat of an eruption. it's a threat monitored by scientists at the geophysical institute in quito. for all the technical advances since one boat's day precise forecasts remain elusive but the team is able to closely observe activities inside the volcano from temperature fluctuations to expanding magma chambers and increased gas emissions and he changes

could be an indication of an imminent eruption. someone called in the fuse of the status report from the refuge the volcano is completely submerged in the clouds not possible to observe any emissions of gas over. the next well scott rubio is the one man patrol team on cotopaxi one of the most active volcanoes in the ecuadorian andes the volcano is under permanent surveillance. uncle and also as he's known up here at the mountain refuge is not easily shaken minor tremors inside the crater are par for the course and often felt in his lunch. the key. the interruption would give us no more than 5 minutes to respond up here on

cotopaxi if the volcano gives us enough time we follow a strict evacuation plan but if not i'll just take my place in the front row to watch this magnificent natural spectacle and then goodbye i'm not afraid of what i say they'll. be hiking across the barren landscape at the foot of counter boxing we're walking over what were once deep gorges filled in by the countless tons of mud and debris that have swept through here over the course of millennia. 23456 different layers of rehearsal and maybe the last one the one and close to the top is the one that was producing during the 877 eruption the last bigger ocean

and could have actually working at her a much flow it's produced when the little to no is coming on eruption and deflation melts almost 6000 meters and then you can imagine the potential energy when the water start to frodo and finally after descending 345 even more kilometers from the top of the work i know we have their deposits but our lives from. the powerful volcanic mudflows can reach speeds of up to 60 kilometers per hour destroying everything in their path the last major eruption of cotopaxi devastated the town of la to conga its modern day residents have no more than 5 minutes to evacuate if the volcano begins to crumble as it did most recently in 2015 so far with all. obviously we went outside and saw that the

volcano had already started spewing ash. we knew we had to pack or thing as and get out of town on the busy i thought we was here but we found shelter under the roof of our house and waited there. in the cloud of ash descended in the children became sick that's when we fled. to. our journey through the avenue of the volcanoes and was at the chilean tosser a colossal rock hurled a distance of 13 kilometers from cotopaxi. the awesome destructive force so volcanoes was to stay on home boats mind long after he returned from his andes expedition. years later

he explained to the world how most in rock is forced up to the surface from the earth's interior to form the outer face of our planet a truly groundbreaking scientific insight. cannock eruption speel mineral rich lava and ash from the earth's crust onto its surface. that's why the soil around will cain as is often superficial so while volcanic eruptions can be terrifying they also provide a rich foundation for life and thus on the topic of life how do seine from india sent in a question. how could life arise from in organic matter. and. money like dead matter living organisms need nutrition they reproduce and develop in part according to a genetically program. planned but how did life originate and where there are many

different theories here's one. the story began some 4000000000 years ago that's when the 1st primitive organisms appeared on earth temperatures had dropped on the early earth. water vapor condensed into rain and filled basins on the surface to form oceans. by examining the genomes of simple microbes researchers concluded that their earliest ancestors probably resided and only truth are all vents on the ocean floor. these kinds of active hot springs are known to exist today in the deepest part of the atlantic ocean. so this might be one of the best places to go in search of the origin of life. beneath the sea floor the rock pretty tight reacts

with water to produce hydrogen which reduces c o 2 to foreign methane. in the presence of iron containing minerals in the sea bed these molecules can combine to form amino acids and other building blocks of life that actually played in the prayers of the bedrock they may then have undergone a chain of chemical reactions developing into average more complex bio molecules that ultimately became self replicating the next crucial step was the formation of membranes which would have enabled the 1st cells to exist independently as organisms. over time this sounds grew larger and more complex this gave rise to you carry it these are organisms like ourselves each of who sells has its d.n.a. packed into a cell nucleus surrounded by a membrane and the rest is history. the problem is read write latin fate. do you have

a science question that you've always wanted answered that we're happy to help out send it to us as a video text ovoid smell if we answer it on the show we'll send you a little surprise as a thank you can i just ask. this was one of the most stunning fossil finds of recent years in 2014 scientists in chile discovered the petrified remains of whales dating back 5000000 years it's believed the mammals were stranded after ingesting toxic algae. fossils provide clues about the past and their popular and museums but then this natural history museum showcases specimens ranging from dinosaurs to a very special. and this is yeah. our best specimens. but it's also a symbol of the museum. that xander fun humboldt's parrot yacob who

sat on his shoulder for 35 years. later it turned out that jacobo was in fact female no matter how bugs bird is something of an icon for the berlin natural history museum which likes to play up the association with home but the berlin born polymath is still celebrated for his expedition to the americas and for the wealth of days or specimens and notes he brought back with him. in the newseum director has a clear goal yohannes fogel wants to take a position on debates in society and present nature in context much in the tradition of humbled. museums doesn't really interest me as a museum director is how can we raise the next generation of home bots the shuffle . how can we get young people excited about nature from nature both as

a scientific and as a societal or political topic and how can we get them to pursue it with passion throughout their lives you leave that for me is the legacy of. some of the objects that brought back from his expeditions are here in the natural history museum above all mineral specimens. all together the museum houses $30000000.00 objects including the popular terran the saurus rex skeleton tristan. only a few of these objects make it into exhibitions most of them are kept out of the limelight in the museum repositories but for the research carried out in the museum for objects like this archaeopteryx an ancient relative of modern day birds are just as useful stored in a drawer scientists often make important discoveries in the collection for example

bone deformities found in a 150000000 year old dinosaur skeleton might have been caused by a viral disease demanding. here in the museum we have people who were able to discover something special in the specimens paleo pathologists and through study the evolution of diseases. and they say something odd they take a c.t. scan and all of a sudden this bone could be the earliest evidence for a certain to seize causing virus in the history of the earth. it was. just like that. in conspicuous display. to see if it has discovery or. coming into a room like this you might wonder do we really have to keep all of this. absolutely says museum director.

what we're looking at here are nests and they are the future of the natural history museum in phineas nests are a window into time when they were collected 150 years ago these bird species still existed. so did the plants the necessary made of. a lot of that has vanished today but with the help of genetics we can look into this these are ecosystems frozen in time i know from them we can read how the world was 150 years ago. whether it's exploring ecosystems with genetic analysis or making objects available worldwide through digitize ation modern technologies are taking the museum from the past to the future the digital record of these months collected in vietnam makes

the journey there are necessary now researchers anywhere in the world can access them on a computer. that museum intends to digitize all 30000000 specimens in its collections . we have a global collection and we want to be part of a bigger global network well for that someone like alexander fun who is the great role model he was the 1st globally thinking politically thinking network to german scientist. the exhibitions present the world in the tradition. as a holistic entity from the origin of the earth to simulations of how it might look 250000000 years from now. wants to make his museum fit for the future. what drives me it's not just the interplay of responsibility and freedom but

a very interesting piece of wisdom from africa. past time to have planted a tree was 20 years ago the 2nd best time is today. and that is what should guide us we shouldn't moan about whether we should have rescued the world 20 years ago or not and what we did wrong back then but instead. we have to actively shape today and tomorrow. and the study of nature is a major contribution to that goal as the from home. for more about alexander for ventures check out our special online coverage to mark his 250th birthday. dot com slash science or find us on social media. as you know we often take to facebook to ask you what you think about various issues. this time we asked how you feel about

tattoos. long can any james would like to get one that his mother wanted him for religious reasons. says tattoos are a way to express your personality she says it all depends on what you want to say she herself doesn't have one erm she says it's a form of self-expression to. sunny auto cockcrow we joyeux points to the artistic merits of tattoos describing them as an asset for both the artist and the person receiving the tattoo. body as is popular all around the world one survey found that nearly half of people in italy are in fact. the incidence is almost as high in sweden the united states and argentina.

and while tattoos aren't that common everywhere in countries like brazil france and germany over a 3rd of people report having at least one. but 2 tattoos actually do in the body let's take a look at the science. michelle has been thinking about this tattoo for years he's come to ritchie an artist who specializes in brightly colored and photo realistic. misha is a paramedic and he wants a blue star with the serpent and twined rod of his clip of god associated with healing and medicine does he actually know why tattoos don't disappear over time. those who wish to get very directed into a deeper layer of the skin so when it regenerated theory doesn't come out. the

scientific consensus was that pigments were locked into a layer of connected to recent research shows they actually end up in white blood cells called macrophages. marsay is a port city on the french mediterranean coast tap shoes are a common sight here. lots of people have them. a team of immunologists at x. most a university thinks they might have figured out why tattoos are prominent. and they used to help this super mouse. it's been specially bred so that researchers can target and kill the macrophages in its skin. this is done under completely sterile conditions because macrophages are a crucial part of the immune system. just cellular debris and foreign substances. immunologist. has tattooed the tails of several mice. if the tattoo

pigment really isn't golf by the macrophages that it should disappear as soon as the macrophages die. but it doesn't. hoping for some answers. examines the macrophages of the tattooed mask under the microscope. what we see that. and as you can see here. in the now if you wait longer then there will be. by new arriving and that's what you find here and again. this is a brand new insight so the researchers want to make sure they're not mistaken that the really is passing between the macrophages so they transfer the skin of a tattooed mouse onto an un tattooed one to see the color transfers with it. and

indeed the macrophages from the un tattooed mouse take up the ink pass to it from the tattooed mouse. where the explosion runs toward those that's really. the say so always taking up and then and then taking up again. that also explains why tattoos often fake or become blurry over time the new macrophages don't manage to catch all the that's been released. so what happens to the ink that escapes medical physicist. is researching that at the university of in germany. he cut open the lymph nodes of deceased people and discovered that some of the pigment had ended up there you found green and red . your stomach that about 30 percent of the pigments remain in the skin

but the person with the tattoo hardly notices the reduction because the colors are so intense the rest gets carried off some ends up in the lymph nodes and deliver a smaller amount was eventually expelled from the body. anybody who wants to get a tattoo should be aware of the fact that a lot of the pigment will remain in their body for ever and that includes cancer causing substances. so what happens when someone wants to remove their tattoo. i want to wear short sleeves at family events or in the summer i can't identify with my tattoos anymore it's not me i want them removed. and civic. the standard way to remove tattoos nowadays is by laser. i really have to force myself to go it's very painful sometimes the laser blasts the pigment molecules into smaller pieces and destroys the

enclosing macrophages other macrophages take up some of this pigment so it doesn't disappear straight away i need to has to have 4 appointments and all the latest findings from france might change these painful procedures that would be the future of. that to make sure that they're michael. anymore and 2 of the says that would be draining the big months out of the skin. but trying to switch off the immune response briefly for the duration of the laser removal procedure is a suggestion that professor boiler rejects. the laser destroys tissue in the skin it causes tiny tears on the skin surface these let him start tyria so it's not a good idea to knock out the marker of ages the very souls that would heal the wound and attack the bacteria. but michelle for one is certain

he won't ever need to go through the removal process. of others i want to keep it forever it's also. probably good he feels that way because that tattoo is here to stay. and that's it from tomorrow today tonight next time for the latest installment of our expedition in the footsteps of home but until then it's good bye take a. boom . boom boom boom boom boom boom.

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