they were. having an eruption and glaciers melt a lot more 6000 meters and then you can in. the potential energy when the water start to probe down and finally after descending 345 even marketed to the top of the world came a week of their deposits but our lives from. the powerful volcanic mudflows can reach speeds of up to 60 kilometers per hour destroying everything in their path. the last major eruption of cotopaxi devastated the town of congo. it's modern day residents have no more than 5 minutes to evacuate if the volcano begins to rumble as it did most recently in 2015. dollars all heard this early we went outside and saw that the volcano had already started spewing ash about it as we knew we had to pack a thing as and get out of town on the busy i thought we was here but we found

shelter under the roof of our house and waited there. in the cloud of ash descended and the children became sick that's when we fled. to her that you. are a journey through the avenue of the volcanoes and was at the chilean tulsa a colossal rock earldom distance of 13 kilometers from cotopaxi. the awesome destructive force of volcanoes was to stay and humble its mind long after he returned from his and his expedition. years later he explained to the world how most in russia is forced up to the surface from the earth's interior to form the outer face of our planet

a truly groundbreaking scientific insight. cannock eruption spiel mineral rich nava and ash from the earth's crust onto its surface. that's why the soil around will cain as is often superficial so while volcanic eruptions can be terrifying they also provide a rich foundation for life and on the topic of life how do seine from india sent in a question. how could life arise from inorganic matter. and. unlike dead matter living organisms need nutrition they reproduce and develop in part according to a genetically programmed plan but how did life originate and where there are many different theories here's one. the story began some 4000000000 years ago

that's when the 1st primitive organisms appeared on earth temperatures had dropped on the early earth. water vapor condensed into rain and filled basins on the surface to form oceans. by examining the genomes of simple microbes researchers concluded that their earliest ancestors probably resided in hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor. these kinds of active hot springs are known to exist today in the deepest part of the atlantic ocean. so this might be one of the best places to go in search of the origin of life. beneath the sea floor the rock pretty tight reacts with water to produce hydrogen which reduces c o 2 to form methane. in the presence of iron containing minerals in the sea bed these molecules can combine to form

a minnow acids and other building blocks of life. plating in the prayers of the bedrock they may then have undergone a chain of chemical reactions developing into have a more complex bio molecules that ultimately became self replicating the next crucial step was the formation of membranes which would have enabled the 1st cells to exist independently as organisms. over time the cells grew larger and more complex this gave rise to you kerry it's these are organisms like ourselves each of who sells has its d.n.a. . packed into a cell nucleus surrounded by a membrane and the rest is history. if outlet is red white are very glad. to see you have a science question that you've always wanted answered it we're happy to help out and send it to us as a video text ovoid smell if we answer it on the show we'll send you

a little surprise as a thank you can i just ask you. this was one of the most stunning fossil finds of recent years in 2014 scientists in chile discovered the petrified remains of whales dating back 5000000 years explains the mammals were stranded after ingesting toxic algae. fossils provide clues about the past and their popular and museums but then this natural history museum showcases specimens ranging from dinosaurs to a very special bird. and this is yeah which are best specimens. but it's also a symbol of the museum. for xander fun humboldt's parrot yacob who sat on his shoulder for 35 years. later

it turned out that jaco both in fact female no matter what's bird is something of an icon for the berlin natural history museum which likes to play up the association with home but the berlin born polymath is still celebrated for his expedition to the americas and for the wealth of days or specimens and notes he brought back with him. in museums director has a clear goal your highness fogel wants to take a position on debates in society and present nature in context much in the tradition of humbled. doesn't really interest me as a museum director is how can we raise the next generation of humboldt's. can we get young people excited about nature from nature both as a scientific and as a societal or political topic and how can we get them to pursue it with passion

throughout their lives you leave that for me is the legacy of. some of the objects that who brought back from his expeditions are here in the natural history museum above all mineral specimens. all together the museum houses $30000000.00 objects including the popular terran a saurus rex skeleton tristan. only a few of these objects make it into exhibitions most of them are kept out of the limelight in the museum repositories but for the research carried out in the museum objects like this archaeopteryx an ancient relative of modern day birds are just as useful stored in a drawer scientists often make important discoveries in the collection for example bone deformities found in a 150000000 year old dinosaur skeleton might have been caused by a viral disease or monday. here in the museum we have people who were able to

discover something special in the specimens paleo pathologists who study the evolution of diseases and then they say something odd they take a c.t. scan and all of a sudden this bone could be the earliest evidence for a certain disease causing virus in the history of the earth. it was. just like that. in conspicuous display. to see if it has discovery or. coming into a room like this you might wonder do we really have to keep all of this. absolutely says museum director yohannes. what we're looking at here are birds nests and they are the future of the natural

history museum of phineas nests are a window into time when they were collected 150 years ago these bird species still existed. and so did the plants the necessary made of.