it was that mice without us in the can for protein did not develop arthritis following cartilage damage the only mice that did produce the protein it appears to be one of the substances that can initiate the destruction of the joint cartilage. sendek and 4 is embedded in the cell membrane of cartilage cells but how exactly does it transmit the destructive signals and can the researches hinder it the sunni can feel the sim become 4 is integrated into the cellular service and functions like an antenna. different proteins can talk on to that antenna on the one hand chemical messengers but also enzymes that can automatically destroy the cartilage that's in the ready. pups team has identified one of those enzymes. ready the discovery is a milestone one that's helped the researches understand how the enzyme triggers

destruction ready. if the enzyme is activated on the cell surface it begins cussing up college and fibers in the surrounding tissue. as it once was and it was a key discovery for us because we could then start searching for an antibody that can prevent the enzyme from triggering the degradation process. that in turn enabled us to stop joint degradation in the mice to prevent the mice from developing off riders at all it was a major success for us. so the scientists have already unlocked one of the secrets behind cartilage cells improving their understanding of the cells in the future will conceivably allow them to treat this crippling condition. now we have to find antibodies for people to get in. but that would be a 1st real step towards developing an effective therapy for off writers. but it's a step that will take decades rather than years.

they are child soldiers. set slides. of course to live our lives. the global slavery index says there are currently 45000000 modern slaves more than at any other time in human history likely to centuries ago during his journey through spain south american colonies alexander for whom both was a vocal critic of the humane treatment of slides our reporter christian roman followed from both stresses and columbia where slavery is cruel legacy is still tangible. 180 meters below ground nothing but soft all around us. the maya

knows it pick it up in modern day colombia. for centuries that one so precious substance was extracted here under appalling working conditions. every day the narrows faced the threat of floods struck sick ounces and collapsing tunnels at the time when alexander when on board visited the tunnels in 80 no one countless indigenous people lost their lives toiling away down here. well you know if you give us a call but the spanish forests the indigenous inhabitants to work in the mines and the eyes of the catholic church they didn't have a soul and were therefore seen as dispensable labor for working in the tunnels in and nobody had to report their deaths at them but unequal this is why there are no real statistics on how many people died working in the mines in the 1900 centuries

forty's. by the time home boat reached the so-called new world slavery had been a pillar of the spanish colonial economy for centuries and when they could no longer find enough indigenous people to cover their labor needs the spanish had millions of africans abducted and torn from their own lands and shipped across the atlantic to the caribbean. the immediate destination after the brutal sea journey was the port city of kut to hang on to india's or the slaves or auctioned off fun prosser de i don't wanna.

buyers continually appeared and examined the condition of the slaves teeth their age and state of else critical them both reported on the inhumane events seen at the slave auctions they forcibly wrenched their mouths open just as we see a horse market. got to hit the president because they know was a kind of marketplace where slaves were bargained over just like any other goods whether indigenous or african here they were no longer viewed as human beings but as a commodity with the. tensional to earn their owners a lot of money but major landowners came here from all over the colonies looking for labor. my the for agricultural production in the house the endo's or and domestic servants in the cities. what up out of the slave trade that he now became an important commercial hub of the colonial era. anybody.

got a ask him if. he kilometers

from car to hand on his son buzzy leo departing game i village founded by escaped slaves today has a population of 3500 people nearly all of them natural colombians they're the descendants of the cement on a sinister spanish called their runaway slaves as was common practice they had all been marked by their owners with branding irons as from both himself witnessed the scars would remain forever but not the chains from which the slaves were freed themselves to escape sunbow c.d.o. departed was the 1st free slave town in the americas. living in freedom and in seclusion the slaves and their descendants preserved and fostered their own culture. today the community is above all connected by punk hero the only creole language in latin america with spanish portuguese and african influences in the 1990 s.

it was reintroduced to the curriculum for schoolchildren not so close to halloween i woke up in the world all our lives we heard and spoke the language in our homes but eventually it almost died out. in the community face discrimination because of its language firstly it's never been easy being black in colombia he meant and secondly especially if you're from. a. nearby linking 3rd and we speak spanish differently from other colombian us it's melodic almost like singing and 4th spanish might have always been the official national language but it's never been our native tongue. for linguistics experts the fact that such a small community has managed to preserve its own creole language over for centuries is practically a miracle. yet.

the number who has a traditional burial ritual where the entire community gathers in the village center for 9 days and nights it's this kind of cohesion and solidarity.