don't tell me that that she never spoke. of your year and the joy to come a fellow morning. revealed the symphony's of your heart as bombs. the bombs cold spots on the 11th on. top in our. case. welcome to tomorrow today the science show on g.w. coming up. our research in oxford who's found the world is not as awful as many think. how do colors affect us experiments to shed some light. and we head to peru to meet some amazon manatees. the world is in a sorry state and getting worse right

a look at the news might make you think but the data show many positive developments a research project in oxford anxious to make the move his appeal to the public at large. oxford university in england is one of the best in the world and one of the oldest. it's tranquil beauty contrasts with the intellectual dynamism of it scholars. here it's a tradition to challenge traditional overturn received wisdom and extend the boundaries of knowledge. meet hannah ritchie her research focuses on global development and environmental sustainability part of her work is to gather and publish knots of data. really the. understanding for the world as it is i think it's by chance that my. most of the

developments we've seen in terms of human wellbeing have been positive. direction works of the oxford martin school a research unit founded in 2005 she and her thoughts work in interdisciplinary teams on ways to enhance the wellbeing of people across the planet and to find solutions to the world's urgent challenges such as climate change and child mortality. they also gather and present research findings on a platform called a world in data for all to see. and i think a lot of the questions that people have researchers know where they are they started this stuff every day the data is there but it's kind of what's an academic paper. and really kind of quantitative this isn't no one of our friends so really what we bring together are either academic research from publications are these kind of international data set. the world bank. and then we kind of tried to bring it to life to take an example literacy in 1900 most adults around the

world could neither read nor write 100 years later the number of illiterate adults had fallen significantly today only 14 percent of the world's population is illiterate in other words nowadays 86 percent can read and write. vaccination today the percentage of infants immunized against diphtheria whooping cough tetanus and measles is 4 times higher than it was 35 years ago. in 1990 few infants were vaccinated against habitat is being now 80 percent are. so things are better than many may realize yet it's hard for people to access comprehensive and reliable information on the state of the world these were 2 key findings of hans rosling. the swedish physicians statistician who died in 2017.

it's not that he was an optimist or pessimist for that matter he was really into facts i have just one little humble advice to be tried everything else look at the day. look at the facts about the war undeniably face huge challenges but the good news is that the future may not be quite as gloomy and that mankind already is doing better than many of the. 2015 survey of 17 countries did indeed find that a clear majority of people there think the world is getting worse rustling identified a key driver of global pessimism the media you say they want not to be trusted and fail to provide the big picture the oxford martin school website also says that popular misperceptions reveal a failure of our media and our education systems news outlets tend to focus on

horrible or particularly dramatic events. drawn i think just from a psychological perspective we want to know what's happening right now. and like even i suffer from this even though i try to take a long term perspective i want to know what's happening right now in the world so i'm going to draw on to these single events so i can solve. for. the much. documenting positive developments is not meant to encourage complacency progress requires hard work and the oxford martin school is busy developing solutions to humankind's great and terrifying problems. when it's about teaching common sense tends to fly out the window too much food or too little healthy or unhealthy psychologists out. kinds of surprising influences

how we ate depends on this. with. everyone has experienced it regardless of your plans to eat only healthy food hardly anyone can resist potato chips at a party. when food is involved we are very much influenced by those around us. other people may influence how much we eat. if a slim person next to us eat a lot we are more likely to tuck into after all it doesn't seem to harm but if we're next to an overweight person who eats a lot it can actually put us off our food. the healthiest influence would be skinny people eating small or normal portions. emotions also play a role in eating we compensate our feelings by rewarding ourselves with food our

favorite foods activate the brain's reward mechanism incidentally people suffering from obesity are likely didn't need more of a stimulus than people of average weight when it comes to feeling that reward and if we know what our idols like to eat that can also influence us and that begins very early in an experiment kindergarden children were asked to imagine a favorite superhero eating lots of fast food and immediately they all wanted more fast food. but it's better not to have idols when it comes to eating those who commit to a healthy diet voluntarily get the most benefit people who are forced to eat healthy rather than sweet get hungry again after a shorter time than those who choose to eat healthier conversely those who are made to eat sweets experience less skilled and are more creative and concentrated than those who voluntarily soon with sweets. but be careful if you've eaten especially

healthy food for lunch you could have a relapse in the evening psychologists call this the licensing effect you could also call it fooling yourself when it comes to eating were easier to read than one might think. but how do we read khaled's. the significance of colors varies between cultures in many western societies death and sorrow are indicated by the color black. in bali in indonesia it's white. one in mexico it's yellow and other bright hues but what effect 2 colors have on the human psyche . colors captivate us they stimulate and evoke emotions. there are many beliefs about the specific

impact of colors for example on people's cognitive performance or their emotions. red is said to be invigorating blue it helps us concentrate green is relaxing but is there solid scientific proof for this to find out we're going to observe 3 experiments. ecologist daniel overfed to still wants to know if his test subjects respond physically to color to do this he's going to measure their skin conductance it increases for example when our hands where do you do emotional arousal. he shows his test subjects for colors it's not just the hue that varies red green blue and grey but also the saturation and brightness of the color. the test subjects also have to write down how they feel relaxed and calm agitated or. aroused are they uncomfortable and happy or do they find it pleasant and feel

happy. ending and sometimes even with a very intense colors i immediately had a more unpleasant feeling good feeling. but do these feelings correspond with the test subjects physical responses will have to wait for the results in the meantime we move on to the 2nd experiment. that's a welcome to our test on which temperatures are comfortable and will vary the temperature throughout and every 10 minutes ask you to rate how you feel. 2 what the test subjects don't know is that the ambient light of the room they're in has a particular color temperature one group is sitting in light that's comparable the bright sunlight with strong red and yellow towns. the 2nd group is placed in a light with a strong bluish turn similar to the light conditions on a cloudy day with both groups the room temperature is lowered steadily from 24 to

20 degrees celsius. customs let's all examine whether the lighting influences the test subjects responses. from your data comply assumed this experiment wouldn't show any influence at all why should the color of the lighting affect the way people perceive temperature. does a warm red light make us feel warmer than a cool blue light. at what temperature will the test subjects reach for a sweater or jacket. back to experiment and the question of how colors affect our emotional state there are 3 clear results. the majority of test subjects felt most comfortable with colors of medium intensity regardless of whether they read green or blue. highly saturated intense colors elicit the strongest physical response skin conductance increases showing that the test

subjects are feeling aroused or even agitated the researchers still don't know exactly why that's the case. on current one possibility is that highly saturated colors are relatively rare in nature so maybe they're especially eye catching and have a particular significance. highly saturated red has an especially pronounced effect . that. because red is often used to signal danger or strong emotion and that's what we've come to associate the color with. consider something like a flushing meaning when people become red in the face that can be due to arousal or stress due to physical exercise for example or intense anger or possibly due to sexual arousal. so it might be plausible that when we see the color red we are reminded of that kind of situation and that reminder in turn elicits physical arousal as a response was used

a 3rd experiment is meant to determine whether ambient color has an impact on our cognitive performance according to the lighting manufacturer these colors have a direct impact on our emotional state this pink is supposedly relaxing the blue enhances attention and concentration the red is stimulating the neutral white is the control. and this experiment 170 high school students are given a battery of tasks that assess their spatial skills short term memory and logical skills so did the students notice any effect did they feel and usually concentrated focused or relaxed. i'm not really it's a pleasant color but i can't say i noticed that it had any effect on others so i didn't notice anything special. and they were right and this test at least the results showed that none of the colors had a significant positive or negative effect. so this experiment showed that color

doesn't have an impact on cognitive performance or emotional state. what about the results of that room temperature experiment. at $24.00 degrees celsius both groups were comfortably warm at $22.00 degrees most of them started to feel chilly and put on a sweater when the temperature dropped even more something unexpected happened for the. group in the cool blue light sweater wasn't enough for the test subjects and the one red like it was only 6 percent put on a jacket. for the subjects under the blue light it was 60 percent. so it would seem that when it comes to cool and warm light we do feel what we see. and to imagine you're sitting in direct sunlight the color temperature will be more red and yellow. when you're sitting in the shade or under a cloudy sky the light will appear

a bit more blue and usually it's colder outside vent to my assumption is that we've learned to associate color temperature with the ambient temperature. warm likely to warm thoughts it would seem to still a lot to learn about the impact of colors but they do appear to affect us sometimes we're aware of it but often it we're not. if our blood is red why our great plan we believe it is do you have a science question you always wanted answered when happy to help out send it to us as a video text or voice mail if we add cert on the show we'll send you a little surprise come on just ask you. this week have you in tanzania sent in a question. could be such a thing as a time machine. little jim would love to

visit ancient greece. or hang out with our early human ancestors. or see dinosaurs up close. he's not the only one who'd like to travel in time the british writer h.g. wells popularized the concept with his 895 novel of a time machine in which an inventor travels to public worlds in the distant future . in 1905 albert einstein published his special theory of relativity showing that space and time are not separate quantities but aspects of the same thing and shrink and expand relative to one another. 10 years after that in his general theory of

relativity einstein showed that gravity is the warping of space time that means for an observer approaching a massive object like a black hole clocks run more slowly. let's send him on a trip a thought experiment on the basis of special relativity. we dispatch him to a star and bring him back. at a speed close to that of light from his point of view jim needs say 10 years for the trip but meanwhile on earth a 1000 years have passed. so jim has affectively travel to the future because of his speed the time passed more slowly for him than for people on earth so what about travel to the past some physicists think it is indeed possible but it's hardly practicable nobody is going to set off next week luckily imagine if jim fell in love with his great aunt had children with her and rewrote the course of his

family history. better to send him in a present to the us a comma desert in chile where the our radio telescope array picks up signals emitted billions of years ago in far reaches of the universe or to orbiting telescopes like hubble and planck they are the real time machines that can to look into the past. as much as 39800000000 years ago the early days of our universe when a massive hot gas began to condense into all the galaxies we know today. for most science stories check out our website or visit us on social media. we asked you on facebook if you had a time machine what time and place would you travel to. market album i

would go back to the time of the $969.00 woodstock music festival. antonia about d.v. i would go back to his early life to correct some errors. allem which at marco from indonesia would like to return to a time when everyone was a cool without. ethnic differences and migration. byron silver brand would take a journey far into the past to find out what dinosaurs sounded like and whether they had feathers. richard around would also like to return to the age of the dinosaurs to find out for sure why they died out thanks for all your answers. maybe a trip to the distant past might clear up the question of whether these 3 animals the manatee the elephant and the rock hyrax shared ancestors in africa.

scientists can study their genealogy without a time machine with the help of genome analysis. analysis. amazon manatee is now found in south america but it's under threat in the peruvian town of a key toss people are working to save the gentle preaches. the amazon manatee lives in fresh water along the river of the same name its tributaries and nearby lagoons. it can weigh more than $400.00 kilos and grow to almost 3 metres in length. even so many people here have never spotted one in the wild. in monotheist the manatee is the biggest species of mammal in the amazon basin but it's probably the

least well known i think when we started working here 80 percent of the people in e.q. tours had never heard of the creature. is there here this this base here. this stretch of the amazon in peru looks it delivers. but there are environmental problems here too. and many species are under threat. of. manatees are classified as a vulnerable species that's one step before endangered. not a psychic want to learn we don't know how many amazon manatees there are here it's really hard to determine the number because the water is so mucky elsewhere it's easier you just fly over the area in a little plain you can just see how many manatees there are along the banks and shores what we do know is that in many places people used to see manatees but don't

anymore and every year there are more and more places where they are no longer to be seen in the you are not the be monotheist so the amazon rescue center in it looks after several species of animal and it may be the world's only nursery for manatees preparing them for a future in the wild the babies have to be bottle fed every 2 hours until they're 2 years old they're lactose intolerant so they're given special milk imported from the us. bringing up baby can cost more than $10000.00 a year. manatees are under threat for several reasons the ban on hunting them isn't always observed their meat is considered a delicacy some get trapped in fishing nets and drown when they can't come to the surface to breathe another problem is that people like to keep manatee babies as pets because they're so cute. i want sometimes babies get caught in fishing that

and are then taken home. people keep them in their fish pond or in a tank but under these conditions the little ones always die. manatees have no natural enemies apart from human beings they're trusting creatures and don't shy away from people which makes it all the easier to hunt them for their meat skin and or oil. when they come up to brave a hunter will stick 2 plugs of wood up their nostrils it's an extremely cruel way to kill such a noble creature which is so important for nature. manatees do indeed fulfill an important function in the environment they're vegetarian and have to consume huge amounts of aquatic plants as they're not very nutritious up to 70 kilograms a day they're grazing helps clear waterways and lagoons. manatees

eat aquatic plants like this or water lettuce and other plants that grow on the surface in areas where manatees have been killed off the plants just grow and grow and spread across the water surface. the light of the sun can't enter the water and that reduces the growth of plankton which affects the entire food chain and reduces the number of fish that in turn affects the people living along the amazon they have fewer fish to eat. and can't even go fishing if the water surface is overgrown . it's a real problem aquatic plants on the waterways and lagoons of the amazon are spreading even to other countries such as colombia where there are no hungry manatees keen to eat them and the water hyacinth for example is toxic to some of the animals living there horses and cattle can eat this plant but there simply aren't enough of them to control the spread. back at the amazon rescue center

in the key tell us there's been an unexpected but very happy development. i think every 6 months we gather in the manatees to weigh them before we release them we were totally surprised to find 2 babies among them in the prerelease pool that's amazing news for peru because it's the 1st time that manatees had offspring in captivity. in the center has so far rehabilitated 25 manatees every release is a complicated procedure and a big event the staff and friends all join in. the manatees are taken to a suitable location before the final farewell. balloons and rivers are interconnected so manatees stand a good chance of meeting fellow creatures in the wild. the efforts of the devoted team at the rescue center are contributing to the well being of the adorable

animals and the stabilization of the ecosystem. the. plants of the genus and some are often seen as we but it turns out that some varieties absorb nicol from the soil now scientists are trying to recover the metal resources i'll focus next week on tomorrow today join us for that by.

everything will be different. life was artificial intelligence. there's no stopping it no slowing them down but what happens when machines the forms pass also start making more decisions. the great leap for. history in minutes.

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