hong kong's leader has invoked emergency powers for the 1st time in more than 50 years teri lam announcing plans to ban face masks saying the measure was necessary to prevent violence during anti-government protests. and a sharp increase in migrants arriving in greece has created a crisis or a crisis situation there the un refugee agency says more than 10000 people mostly syrians and afghans clown landed on the greek islands in september a look. our brian todd says all we have time for for the entire news team have a great weekend. after. that. and i'm game on the brand new delusions on the spokes person devices such as hope they still affect us all the flu shot climate change in the returns will only reinforce check it out.

on. the heels of and suddenly we were off a cliff we had nothing to work with nothing. of the food really large will not huge we only had a few phone lines so they were ringing nonstop if you were unlucky you'd get one of these guys saying they were from whatever company and wanted 2000000 so what that was back on the. market and the market is a monster it sweeps aside everything that is weaker than itself.

you froggie music as to how we treated the east germans i was ashamed of myself so often. december 1909 the berlin wall had fallen a month previously west german chancellor helmut kohl paid a visit to dresden in what was then still communist east germany the unimaginable suddenly seemed possible. my senior my goal should history permit is the unity of our nation instead of showing. it for us in the federal republic self-determination also means respecting your opinion. we do not want to nor will we impose our

will on anybody we will respect whatever decision you make for the future of the country and this i. so much call was pledging a 2nd economic miracle this time in eastern germany. 30 years on his promise of a blooming landscape of better living conditions has become reality. even if not as quickly as many had hoped. but some in the east still regard reunification as nothing but a take over. did german reunification leave a traumatic legacy. for the pock i asked a friend in prague why people there seemed more satisfied than people here for you to look he said we compare things with the old days and you compare yourselves with the west plus we're changing ourselves whereas you have been changed by others or. people in eastern germany soon saw how the process of bridging the economic gap

between east and west was above all organized by people in the west. the west german political and business elites got down to the task full of optimism and commitment. overseeing the economic transformation in the early 1990 s. was a government agency in berlin to get boyle was on the board of the troy hunt from the outset and hose there was so much going on the place was buzzing with activity all day long and often the whole not long to. fully. big a pro was appointed president of the tri hind in 1901 she would coordinate the radical privatization of the entire previously state run east german economy. taking center stage in this historically unprecedented undertaking. initially experts in the east and west based their projections on east germany having assets of one trillion marks which soon proved to be very wide of the mark. 8000 state owned

companies employing 4000000 people faced an uncertain future. you've been a bunch of blooming landscapes was the key phrase that motivated everyone back then people thought everything would get better fast we made big demands on people and they did suffer and we didn't have the time to properly look at their personal histories it was really tough in some cases they'd clearly suffered great hardship and must have hated us and me of course i represented what was happening and many hated me comes along. and the overhaul of industry in eastern germany was accompanied by austerity measures on an enormous scale countless companies went under millions of people lost their jobs. the reverberations were felt a crime and emerged with them alongside it was the best of se the arrogant west germany which is a toy guns was at the heart of this clash often and. the 4 years in which to try to

find agency was active saw change at a breathtaking pace the floor shing of optimism in 1990 blossomed into a frenzy of privatisation that was followed by a season of scandals and finally an ugly harvest of anger and discontent until the last it when our stock of the toy basically went through a complete life cycle within just a few years 1st its foundation that its rapid expansion at its peak face and finally its highly controversial winding down in 1903 in 1904 that's what makes this organization so fascinating one of which also posts in here. in the former communist east germany nearly all property was state owned only a tiny fraction was privately owned. on february 12th 1990 the east german council of ministers convened for a roundtable meeting. on the agenda was the forming of an agency to privatized state assets the share of those assets was to go to east german citizens. their

process would be administered by a new holding company the 20 hunt. the holding firm was founded on march 1st 1990 by the last communist led government of east germany. the idea behind the toy hind agency was for someone to take care of all the changes involved in the privatization process they needed to have a plan and it couldn't simply be done by a ministry a trust company had to be set up. the idea of securing national assets soon became a secondary issue the immediate priority was the survival of east german companies an early test of relations between east and west new went up there didn't nobody gave east germany a chance it would have needed a lot more time and a lot more money in order to overhaul the economy so a state's economy is like a huge tanker you can't simply turn it around in a new direction it takes time we weren't given that time and east german citizens

didn't give themselves the time i thought in the last east german elections they voted for the center right of christian democrats who had promised to do things like in west germany. east germans decided themselves that they wanted to live in a free market economy. and that meant privatization mostly but is that. the pressure was enormous the east was in danger of economic disintegration its companies were largely uncompetitive well their traditional export markets elsewhere in eastern europe or collapsing the solution was to bring in the west german deutschemark a contentious decision for some in the former east it was a sign of hope a reason to not leave for the west but when the door to mark was introduced east german industry suffered even more. i said to him what chord in the run up to the monetary union given if we do nothing to give people a reason to stay in the east of them then you'd best send us some of your army to make sure there's still some want to drive the trams at christmas time people were

leaving in dramatic numbers so the pressure for the introduction of the gorge mark was a man's. the dortch mark had an unintended side effect prices for east german products soared no one bought them companies that couldn't sell their products couldn't pay their workers. the troy hunt had to provide billions in liquidity assistance. by now the east german government had no more say in development. by the time of monetary union in july in 1990 west german politicians were largely in control on july 3rd 1990 the chairman of the tri hands 1st board of directors was selected the east german council of ministers agreed to the man tapped by the west german government debt level of it or head of a steel making company social democrat party member and an executive with experience in streamlining ailing companies. on august 31st 1990 east and west germany signed the agreement for the political reunification of

germany. for just once and when the unification treaty called for ways to be found to give the population of eastern germany a share in their national assets. were tied by distributing securitized shares in the formerly state owned assets as it was written into the agreement. by now though no one seemed inclined to find ways to give east germans a share in those state assets. west germany was pumping enormous sums of money into the east and they pushed for privatization on a mass scale the system and this was the time seen by many toy and staff as the golden age it was their spring everything was blossoming and they were drawing up plans making decisions deciding what direction things would take and what rules were few and far between the staff to decide it all themselves. big broil former finance minister of the state of lower saxony became debt therefore that is key

ally on the trade hind agencies management board. of and then suddenly we were off the front foot and we had nothing to work with nothing we had 0 documentation there were a lot of staff who'd been recruited at short notice by the last communist government there were a few west germans trying to get their heads around it all it was stressful and fascinating you were standing in front of this mountain of work and somehow had to figure out where to start. but there was this feeling of having a task that was really worth doing as best as possible the atmosphere at the beginning was amazing exhilaration desperation and hope the whole gamut of emotions . a list but for the 1st few days i was busy with headhunters who would bring along a new candidate every hour or so. the ones i liked would be given a toothbrush and a room in a hotel that we've rented and had to stay there. but it was. so

. obvious. i was given a room with a desk suma i also got a reception room with a secretary right and she'd already been there 3 days. he happened and i had this huge stack of postal to deal with i went to be a good boy and asked her what i was supposed to do with it and she said you'll have to figure that out for yourself we're all starting from scratch here. she is the boom she was a patient when you were explaining important issues to her and she could get impatient when you explain something she already knew here. from bias that people just remember the story about her having a sign on her desk that said you don't need to tell me what not to do.

and if anyone started to waffle on that she'd turn the sign around so that they could read it so this place sleeze. at the trial hyundai agency west germans quickly took over the helm and began to make decisions affecting thousands of former east german company whose. job was to rate companies and find potential buyers east germans in the troy hunter were largely restricted to jobs lower down in the hierarchy. i had expertise but i didn't have access to a big network of the people from west germany who came to the toy hall and did have those networks. the auditors for example had contacts to lawyers and banks contacts that we simply didn't have. who did i know a few staff and my former bosses but they had suddenly disappeared i think many companies in the former east were growing increasingly desperate they urgently

needed money to at least be able to pay their staff. we only had a few phone lines so they were ringing nonstop if you were unlucky you'd get one of these guys saying they were from whatever company and wanted 2000000. and you're sitting there with 0 documentation from the company with no idea if the name is even right moment and if the person calling has any kind of authority to be talking to you then you're supposed to do something so whatever. despite the lack of reliable figures try one staff awarded loans totaling billions of dollars to marks of that by the government the finance ministry subsequently set up an independent committee made up of business experts its job was to rate companies their business plans and their chances of survival. in effect they determine the future of each company and its workforce independently of the 20 and.

it was sort of a basically awarded school grades meant liquidation more or less liquidation deede possible liquidation but no company ever got an at least that i saw. in 1990 close friend and former mayor of hamburg was appointed the 20 homes commissioner overseeing the privatisation of the former state owned commie or business groups. people. government the government assume that once the doors were open the market would be there. which in addition to being powerful was also fair and then set up whatever was needed in the east but the market is not fair the market is a monster. it's to east germans unemployment was something we knew from television i remember seeing people blocking the highways because of steel industry layoffs in the west but not. people now

had to beg for work people with good qualifications like myself were being sent off on courses but didn't know how to apply them we were suddenly being asked to say what we could do what were our skills just imagine being asked what is it that you can actually really do. in the course of less than 2 years the number of jobs in eastern german companies plunged by around 70 percent millions became unemployed and left in the spotlight of the crisis was the troy hunt. people organize protests and rallies across the eastern germany they occupied company premises while the 1st major closures were extremely controversial. and into fluke and the east german furniture industry were to be shut down because there were mass layoffs which became a huge issue. at the trial 100 agents many members of staff were feeling the strain was the agency pursuing the proper course should companies in the east be revamped

or privatized and sold off to conflict in camps within the troika and emerged. vader favored restructuring to get boil it wanted to let the free market decide. because we were constantly arguing if i wanted privatization to play a big role as opposed to just modernization. i wanted all options open. overall better and i were at loggerheads but we did then arrive at a solution and that resulted in this letter from rove ada which would become his legacy this google and this. this is what became known as the easter letter issued in april 1901 the 21 management had settled on a course of action rapid privatization prudent restructuring and liquidating companies with care. but then the events came to

a shocking turn on easter monday vader was shot dead through the living room window of his house in just a little or if. we grieved in silence. sad incredulous appalled and angry. the leftwing terrorist group the already have claimed responsibility accusing the tri hind of driving east german industry into bankruptcy so that its assets could be pillaged and would call. hellmuth call it was looking perhaps somewhat desperately for a social democrat manager to succeed. but he didn't find anyone. and. you mark on google when someone's been murdered you can imagine how many people are queuing up out there saying i'll do it. then you have to give credit to the world who was a member of this board for being prepared to take on this task under such extreme

conditions. that's the bottom line as well as most of. today's big it broil it makes few public appearances she comes from a well known hamburg based banking family after studying in oxford in geneva she married and had 3 sons. she later represented the center right christian democrats in hamburg parliament then she caught the eye of lower saxony state premier who appointed her to his cabinet. minister i was the 1st woman in germany to take on that post state minister for economics and transport haitian and then later finance minister so i had to acquire a sense of authority. in april 1991 boyle was the only person willing to assume the challenge of heading the troika and. the try hunt was now in full bloom this was the post thatcher post reagan era the

capitalist west was celebrating its triumph. i had this absolute conviction and when i have a conviction i can get tenacious i was always very frank and not everybody liked that but i was fortunate enough to be independent so i could just go home if i didn't want to continue which most people couldn't. but she didn't go home boil commuted between hamburg and berlin. pushing up the pace of privatisation. under big of oil the toy had to became what it is now famous and infamous for a mass privatisation agency. the numbers rose rapidly and only 2 or 300 companies were privatized in the whole of 1990 and even then mostly following inquiries from west german investors but by 991 there were 100 privatizations a month more. than

city fans and this was the phase in which the toy had completed the majority of its work the staff understood that the toy just wanted to plow through at a breakneck pace and get it all over and done with success that was what be a good boy wanted and. we have one single objective to become smaller and less important every day so that we can finally be able to shut up shop this keeps on going with it and provided there was fierce competition between the different directorates creating incentives to maximize the pace of privatisation snow to correct. the evidence of rapid privatisation believe this would provide urgently needed capital for eastern germany in vine which was then the seed of the german government government officials agreed to. fund this guy thought it clever for the government to focus on the big political issues while handing the troy hand responsibility for the difficult economic decisions which were often very unpopular . initially the government had no idea of what we did

we were left in limbo i was sometimes summoned to the cabinet in bonn to explain the state of affairs they were living in a different world they wanted to set up technology parks i said that was the last thing we needed what we needed was funding for the firms in question it was really . and and for us. the government took a hands off approach in the east the troika hands managers were largely left to their own devices for the 1st 6 months to try to find was even exempt from any liability once and i'm fine in the beginning the toy had a relatively free license with very little parliamentary oversight and there was a subcommittee to the main finance committee and being so small it was in no position to deal with the scale of the toy hunts work in 1992.

of course the toy hond was subject to oversight via various channels there were privatisation manuals and the federal budget code and all kinds of rules. a lot of the decisions had to be approved by the finance ministry which in turn had to consult the budgetary committee there was an entire network of regulations governing the toy and. i went to berlin twice a week sometimes more sometimes i'd be in berlin in the morning and in the afternoon in the 21 committee in bonn i was in constant contact with the troy hunt management board we talked in detail about matters of the time and host social indignant understanding that this firm belongs to the toy hunt and we want to sell it and increase our workload i want to get rid of it. our job is the 100 percent privatization of companies assigned to us. to. urge the agencies regional offices to privatized companies as quickly as possible.

there was a tendency among some regional directors to modernize 1st and then privatized. given the number of companies we were responsible for that we didn't have the staff to be able to do that. in the transition from plant to market economy insights from the west were crucial the process required both financial capital and expertise. and we always had trouble finding enough staff and initially we did look primarily in the west. it was interesting because at 1st we only got to people who sort is an issue of national importance. and later we had young people who wanted to be part of something new but middle aged people were content to stay at their companies in the west and reluctant to move and start over and then helmut kohl

launched an initiative asking major corporations to provide us with capable and experienced executives on loan we had mixed results some did a great job but in other cases companies sent people they just wanted to get rid of it was pretty shocking in some cases but the most shocking thing for me was how we became seen in the public eye the west is taking over and the east doesn't have a say the managers from the west were all treated with suspicion although a lot of them did a 1st rate job we needed them. for political reasons the east german industrial elite had become pariahs. you're losing jobs every single day and no longer know how to keep these people busy because the order books are empty. in part because the east germans stopped buying their own products then you have to pick up the pace even if it means losing thousands of jobs in the 1st 3 years if my memory serves me right we lost over half of all jobs in industry and then you come and say

that we push the pace come on let's. healing of your money the longer we drag things out the more the market might have turned against us if we drag things out the companies might have sold for even less that was part of the argument in favor of such a rapid pace. of the animals out of but some things need time and it can take 2 years not one month to see the benefits of restructuring that's why our business of. radical privatization put huge numbers of companies on the chopping block some firms in the west gleefully went on a shopping spree many east germans felt it was a take. western business executives came east some of them above board some not. basically created a bonanza for west german investors who were quick to see the opportunity and knew

how to muster up the money to take over companies. but they also made their influence felt at the time. started. german companies sent their own people to the. which wasn't simply a matter of altruism to help with the distribution of what had formerly been state owned assets. the arguments they used were ridiculous void of the incompetent then there was the issue of east german industry competing with that in the west mechanical engineering companies and saxony with companies and bought and rutenberg at the time of reunification of the west german industry was at about 80 percent capacity by ramping up to full capacity they could also serve the tiny east german market and east germans were silly enough to say we don't like our own little voice anymore give us west german live a voice. supermarkets were flooded with products from the west and snapped up by east germans eager to finally enjoy the same standard of living. humans people

didn't want to hear that by refusing to buy their own products which they loved and hated for years they were bringing economic difficulties upon themselves. they were put here. at the same time west german industry realized it could reap profits by question any potential competition from the east. and also the competition from the west to solve very clearly that if they didn't buy a company it might end up getting government money and then becoming a rival. markets but which was you can and i do think that company boards in the west sat down with the banks and said let's snap up the companies in the east and later we can decide how much of their workforce we want to keep on. many west german companies bought up firms in the east only to shut them down that was

another reason so many fail to survive in the free market at the height of the trade hands operations the social impact had become devastating nearly 3000000 people in the east had lost their jobs and their prospects for a better future. but there were success stories during the communist era sex and he had 2 large furniture making groups employing 26000 people following reunification they were broken up into separate companies robin own your dresden is home to the rosa furniture factory back in 1901 it's boss and workforce faced an uncertain future. i'm fed 1st there was no question of us taking over the company ourselves we east germans were practically penniless. and deeply you can't talk in black and white terms about the toy hall and there was corruption on all fronts among the people buying and selling books and at the troika and. but

i also know some excellent people who really toiled away to help companies and find solutions for privatization. there are all sorts at the toys on this list goes on. more than $140.00 furniture factories were on the 20 hands for sale list including those are. you tired detroit had offered management buy out options embryos so you might say ok so people could have gotten a loan. but of course the banks wanted collateral i still have great admiration for those east germans who had the courage to buy a company. to cull through. those companies faced a ruthless struggle for survival in the search for investors in robin out to. them a common cause and of course we had every major german furniture producer here interested in those but they all said no i was then summoned to the toy hand in

berlin where they said something i'll never forget. you have 4 weeks to privatized or otherwise hand over the keys. it was and at the time the company was still running at a big deficit was. in 400 there were maybe 30 people at the negotiations i had bank people on either side. there's no point saying you're happy with the conditions only for the bank to say that it wouldn't put up the money to finance you. there was a tax advisor and a business consultant next to me and we had very constructive talks with a toy honduran and. that's about how to and so we did get the funding. without that it wouldn't have been possible. but i was sort of putting a noose around my neck. it was me in the company needed several $1000000.00 mark

the 3 of us company partners were 100 percent personally liable for all the loans we signed and our spouses to life. looking back now those contracts were almost immoral. my wife became personally liable when she signed for these massive loans. she did get nervous sometimes especially when the company initially continued to make a loss. when you introduce measures to restructure a company you do that because you believe it's the way to go. but those measures won't take effect tomorrow or the day after it takes 6 weeks or 8 weeks well. kepler's father owned a company that was nationalized by the east german government in the early 1970 s. his own entrepreneurial instincts helped keep them afloat from the field out of 144 east german firms some of them getting significant investment to open new factories none of them survived we were the only ones to make it. by late 1902 more than half

the companies in this state owned business groups had been privatized or shut down . you could criticize them for the toy content never gone away the individual privatization decisions are and always will be controversial there were west german investors criticizing the toy hard liberal west germans who called it a monster of bureaucracy and there were east germans who were critical to of course the political party that was the successor to the communist party the media so the criticism was relentless and for the public of course this breathtaking pace was bewildering what does. it seem kind of. the new east german states were buffeted by the storm of privatization the economic and social disruption had a lasting impact large parts of the eastward industrialized and remain so today.

the german government and finally realize what was happening but by then it was hard to change course. focus on privatisation was increasingly disputed also within the toy hunt now even people in the toy hunt wondered whether the pace had been too fast and that's where you see this gradual shift in 1902 and 93 where it became a political issue and there was a lot more intervention from the government to. the german government no longer wanted to leave everything to the free market the head of the tri hand was told to take a new tack the focus now was on salvaging so-called industrial cores. political considerations also played a role. there was some very heated discussions there was some who said we ought to determine from above what was to be retained as industrial course. and we said we would determine on the ground with a local import what might be salvageable and then build it up until it could

survive that was the big difference with us that was the one question. in most cases the answer is still looked like the wrecking ball most companies needed more than simple restructuring they would need to be rebuilt from the ground up with billions of dollars to march from government subsidies. in the city of you know the strategy worked under the chairmanship of the west german politician and former executive the ones state owned optical instruments maker carl became a symbol of a different industrial policy its success was made possible by subsidies totaling more than 3000000000 marks and investment that contradicted the original plan to leave privatization to market forces was the change in strategy too little too late . everyone was proud of now having this little company in a nut it's easy to say now of course but that's what we should have done in every state of eastern germany. the 3000000000 or whatever it was or even 10000000000 was

not the issue. with the chemical industrial complex in lawyer no was given subsidies of more than a $1000000000.00 mercs french state owned oil company of 10 was awarded the contract for the former east german firm together with the mineral chain of gas stations. the complex would be turned into the most modern oil refinery in europe which is today the powerhouse of the regional economy it would later emerge however the elf time had paid close to $200000000.00 marks in bribes be a middleman. who exactly received the money and whether members of helmet cause government might have been involved was never determined but as the troy hand moved into a new phase it was learned that demonstrated that replacing the free hand of the market with deliberate planning could reap benefits this one that says they were ultimately political decisions both when it came to what was rescued because some

things were rescued and what was not rescued but it was. just remember when helmut kohl said the law in the complex had to be saved it was saved. so much that was done was counterproductive. why could learn to be saved while other things weren't quite so fun and when a major company took over a car factory and converted it to build something else while preserving the workforce why couldn't that be done in other places. so which decisions were right and which were wrong by the end of the winter of the tri hand nobody knew in 1993 the potash mine invision forward it was closed the ensuing miners hunger strike came to symbolize east germans feeling of helplessness many felt betrayed believing that west german executives and politicians were pulling the strings behind the scenes of my birth in the uk but us

as i remember things what we were trying to set in motion was a responsible procedure because what happened in b. shot for rhoda is depressing. and the hunger strike did trouble us immensely maybe it was just the most extreme case of too many decisions being taken that people simply no longer wanted the good talking to the mention of both the committal. in addition many cases of criminal behavior on the part of individual try to find staff were now coming to light in the branch office in the city of harlow 21 staff collaborated with investors from both east and west in a network of corruption cases like these further damage the tri hunts reputation. caught up to selects the files and it's that final phase in 1903 in 1904 that cemented the image you still see in the media today that it's

a scandal ridden government agency associated with failures corruption and criminal activity. there was a government investigations and huge debates about. this idea in the good news out of tens of thousands of privatization procedures by the end there were only 1500 criminal investigations of. you had crooks coming from all over europe and not just from germany out for their piece of the pie. despite the enormous scale there were just a 100 or 150 convictions for every one was surprised that there weren't more. as the mayor of. the privatization program resulted in a radical transformation of the distribution of wealth in the east many local people were left empty handed the industrial sector lost jobs and permanently like to behind the west the 21 didn't just contribute to d.

industrialization its policies and its unshakable belief in the power of the market served to accelerate the process. to troy hand ended with a deficit of $230000000000.00 or $115000000000.00 euros all of that money went to eastern germany it was a transfer of capital from west to east and the contracts we negotiated involved investment commitments almost totally in the amount of losses. that too was transferred to eastern germany in the form of capital or investments so we did try to do something productive with the. big it broil had arguably the most difficult task in the process of unifying east and west germany she shouldered the responsibility that others shirked. with because there were awful things that had to be done which had a radical impact on people and painful impact which were done by the toy hog and

the toy country the blame. i was taken aback to see all the anger being directed at the toy they're not the parliament or the government they were the ones actually responsible for it out of. the trauma and feeling of humiliation among east germans had their roots not in the tri hand but in government policy. politicians from west. and east lost sight of the idea that people were to have a share in their national assets. east germans had neither the financial means nor the knowledge to have a hand in the transformation and were simply overrun by it alternatives such as giving them ownership of their apartments or minority stakes in their companies were dismissed. on government orders the troika and oversaw the biggest corporate breakup in history what some saw as a takeover. of health care and this is often used the image of west and east germans that they mocked for 100 meter race and when the starting gun sounds the

east german stay in their blocks because they couldn't buy anything it's a cult. instead many ended up themselves for leaving that their former national assets were worthless. then khalil there was a core and that core could have been handed to the east germans that would have resulted in a homegrown class of east german entrepreneurs a great opportunity was missed. on december 31st 1994 the troika unshuttered stores. i was happy to be able to go higher and thought that we've done what we could do with all the mistakes that we've made in the process. but i'd always been keen to go han. in the time of national transformation the government and the tri hand handed over the reins to market forces despite increased prosperity and economic revival in the former east germany

a lasting trauma remains and the social and political repercussions cast their shadow to this day. with a special edition on a classic ecosystem's did you know that more than 2 sides of the are covered by a once a. week to send a message and who should decide the responses we have to make for the face of government on climate change has just presented its report on the condition of all shims will see what it says. to minutes.

looked into the foot is the good here for diesel trucks trying to talk about. this us our coverage. here in moore fists us little we have shot let's have a look at some of the other matches around the still shaking in their boots could breathe a sigh of relief so you don't want to just. keep going just go. to w. after the. november 9th w. .

this is news coming to you live from berlin hong kong's leader involves emergency powers for the 1st time in more than 50 carry lawn bans for this mosque saying it's necessary to prevent violence during anti-government protests in the china reduce city we're going live to our correspondent that. also coming up. the number of refugees from turkey to greece the rises again we have a report on inside europe's biggest refugee camp which triggered a growing up in tents.