darkness has fallen and it's still peaceful and they have remained so for your sake my dear grandchildren. our family and ours starts to number 60 on to you w. this journey begins in the dark a long time ago and stretches far into the future. stone for stone it tells the story of life in what is today thuringia in central germany millions of years ago.

thomas martins is showing his successor tom hooper the borough mocker quarry a fossil site close to the town tom bhakti tot's who is taking over as the paleontologist at clayton stein castle in go top home to 290000000 year old treasures from the lower permian period martin spent 40 years digging through the earth's history on the site and who know hopes his time will be similarly fruitful . the bone marker in the thuringia forest is a very special fossil locality. you could say the bra macher is the only lower permian locality in the world well track sprints and the track makers that is skeletons basically be found in one layer. to fit and this group used to be a common academic consensus was that no one would ever find body fossils in this kind of reddish brown vine green rocks. i guess some academic opinion shouldn't be

written in stone. of. thomas martin showed the consensus to be mistaken with the help of a bone he found as a young geologist at the bro market quarry in 1974. we weren't actually looking for bones for execution it happened by coincidence one from the 1st i didn't recognize it as a bone i thought it was a part of the stone just by but then i prepared this white lie thing and saw it as a bone to. my then teacher and all of us are on know how money and freiburg wrote to me. mr martin's you didn't find that here it can't be funny there's no such thing here services he subsequently accepted it gave me a symbolic pat on my shoulder and from then onwards i came back here every year. at the end of the 19th century a footprint left by primitive tetrapod animals which predate dinosaurs was

discovered by chance on a sandstone block that it come from the quarry this launched various excavations the discoveries were brought to the do call museum and go to or sold to museums and universities around the world. about 150 years before the bro marker footprint was unearthed finds from another part of thuringia called bad levenstein had kicked off paleontological research around the world. is heading to that beginning the. geologist of the national geo park insoles back to high glycine is working his way through the corridors of an old cobalt and copper mine. parts of the mine have been made accessible again for scientific research. this is an older excavation all all of this is old. with us and one of those from

around $1730.00. in the $1730.00 s. discoveries were made that would change what we knew and thought about the world forever. as a few of us i know the us this is where one of the 1st specimens of proto resource or 1st lizard was found. with that discovering it was made here in $733.00 was particularly valuable and this is to suggest this was named after that he's been told it's now in the natural history museum who was there a movie and this is and this and shaft out from the front. since you are a saurus was the 1st fossilized primitive reptiles that was ever described with these let's have that time most people knew nothing about fossils so it was not yet generally understood or accepted that these were the remains of former living creatures the for and the back then people still thought that these shapes have

grown inside the rocks by chance stevie's a few good ones at cern to fairly soon try to give oxen. ezekiel's into this stuff so here we see a recently opened rock which shows us the history of this region fish disease of the great the range in flood that happened to your 257000000 years ago and what's around that seen from fish new york of on top of the water you can that lives that . which was laid down by the sea the year. at the central european base and. i mean sort of the wrong here below with a large particles is the conglomerate after that we have a time period which lasted around 15000 years in this black copper slate for this. because it's. during this time to see stagnated and there was a sludge at the bottom from

a poorly ventilated sea floor lifted. this is the layer in which the remains of proto rose saurus and many other fossils can be found most of the overflows in. one geological period and many dramatic climate changes later primitive tetrapods left tracks and wet sand which eventually became modeled sense down the fossilized tracks were discovered in $833.00 in the nearby vince a quarry. they were the very 1st trace fossils to be described in the history of science part of the trace fossil is on display in the museum of natural history in the castle batons books noising and it's arguably the most beautiful plate showing 3 crossing tracks. in the 19th century people didn't really understand how these pictures walked if you put your hand on the print you can see your thumb if it's really well here. taking the position of the tracks into account it became

clear that the suppose a dog was actually a little finger if the long with this bill the researchers surmised the creatures must have walked criss cross cloyd's which didn't really seem natural to us why that's why people were always very uncertain what kind of animals produced these curious tracks life. with you would give us the. i'm not from 833-2851 about 20 different scientific papers were written about them it was true. that's how hot the topic was. the hand shaped prints led to the animals being called hand beast this remains their name to this day. and. we can determine the shoulder and the public want of the animals from their tracks and how they step. on which means we can estimate and reconstruct the animals proportions in addition

a foot morphology can be used to determine the animal group in this case the pseudo sushi in archosaurs will similar animals have been found to chino switzerland and south america with both methods we did you order a phantom picture which we used as the basis for a reconstruction model so consumed so often. that beast is an ancestor of crocodiles and belongs to the crown group of dinosaurs it had a fluid gait like today's mammals and dinosaurs before them. this is one of the many details contained in the tour through 300000000 years of the earth's history. trial fana book is a sought after expert for early amphibians and set up the museum exhibition like thomas martin's and stefan bonna he stands in the great tradition of the engine fossil researchers and discoverers. who

live fun lily and down for example discovered the skeleton of a neo theropod a carnivore from the triassic period. this ancestor of the t.-rex was named. after the discoverer. down in the museum's archive the history of the earth lies tucked inside drawers a picture of the evolution of living creatures millions of years ago can be reconstructed stone for stone. and fish this is a magnificent specimen. and the seed for with frank your story which is the white you see. some plants were swept him but the brink you sorry were the real inhabitants of the lexus. let's take a look at the largest loss of life skeletons. these still are dinosaurs of their primitive and phoebe and that lived in the leg during the war or sister really an

epic and this was a young. and that's what's particularly interesting with the skeleton is that it still has its last excrement in its pelvis. or fossilized feces preserved with the skeleton well that's tells us something about the circumstances under which this animal died. to slip through. the slot open he would enjoy getting buried in a lake by a mud flood because. it's also possible to analyze what happened in that lake afterwards. this creature may be floating on the surface for a while he didn't skin burst. we have some examples of that happening because of the heat and gas in the intestines caused the skin to split. and did in this case the skin burst in the spine came out. of your claws and almost in. the tetrapods living in the bone marker cyc near tom de time it's

probably also fell victim to a mudslide 285000000 years ago a flood caused by heavy rainfall in the range it was then close to the equator periods of drought alternated with monsoon rains back then now 2 and surrounded the brahmachari and a river and its pools served as watering holes for animals. the pulp and. we need a very soft medium like this mud here and it needs to be moldable. it can't be too liquid. it needs to have a plastic consistency. and we need the sun to dry it out which makes it very hard. and the wind covers it in sand and just then jerry can now stay preserved like that is a. for millions of years if the additions are right. it was the tracks found in the borough marker in the 19th century made the quarry

known but the skeletons brought the sign to world fame after martin came across the 1st bone here in 1974 he returned every year each time he discovered many fossils. in the 1980 s. i found the 1st skull of the genus in moria. and we knew it was a sim oriya from comparing it with american literature. that was a big surprise. because it was the 1st example of the genus found in europe and it made this connection clear. tried to reach out to researchers in the u.s. which wasn't easy to do in the g.d.r. . but with the help of the museum it worked. that's how interest from america from the western world started.

after the fall of the berlin wall martin managed to get one of the world's leading pretty great paleontologists interested in the bro marker scientists david berman from the carnegie museum in pittsburgh pennsylvania. the 1st the most important thing is that all the things we're finding here 13 different types of animal for more or nowhere else in europe but they are many of them are found in tonight's states or north america which goes to prove biologically that the 2 continents are together that europe and north america were one continuous land cotton and. the science was under the care of the. freedon stein which stopped the excavation in 2010 the reason given was that there are more important priorities but in. group of researchers in berlin have said they want to continue digging in the borough marker also because the site with its combination of tracks and track makers is unique and

the skeletons are exceptionally well preserved. researchers at the carnegie museum of natural history in pittsburgh have been working on extracting and cleaning the skeletons for years. amy had received as collection manager for the section of vertebrate paleontology she is also a fossil prepare and participated in breaux marker quarry excavations discoveries at the bro marker were important for me as a fossil prepared or because they are the best fossils i prepared in my career at the carnegie museum they far exceeded in completeness preservation and also in there is a preparation of other fossils that i worked on we started with her. and we were found out of. the week for everything. up to that in the reason for that. he was with gap with. the 2 being

able to run by you not only on our way through the upright. but removed. you know. why. not you know other animals for for this sort of the ramparts like the dinosaur. was there a small tie around a source in germany 170000000 years before the 1st real t.-rex appeared on earth actually the 2 are unrelated except for that as the small one is called also walked on 2 legs it may have been the 1st to do so. of all the discoveries we've made of the broadwater the one that sticks in my mind the most is the discovery of or babies perhaps died and one of the reasons this was my favorite is because i was the one who discovered. and we were working in the korean i was sort of going into my oval never find a fossil when i lifted up a piece of rock and underneath that i would get up looked at the underside and

there was an articulated foot and we didn't know what it was of at the time but we knew from the pro barber that if you found an articulated foot there was a good chance that you would have a whole skeleton. is a close relative of the last common ancestor of mammals lizards snakes turtles crocodiles and birds that lived around 290000000 years ago shortly after vertebrates 1st came out of the water and stepped onto the shore. and this is why researchers and switzerland have taught oral beatty's pabst to walk again. the interdisciplinary project is a joint effort of the institute of file logy of the humboldt university in berlin and the ecole polytechnique. the biologist hope this early

land can shed light on evolutionary history. the engineers hope it will help them develop robots that can save lives in emergencies. i guess one of the think which is where connect and control the motors at the same time. gracefully like 5 degrees of freedom in the lake burley. so there are very good they're like 5 motors in the lake but it was sort of challenging. to get all the degrees of freedom there's a real animal control. there's never been a walking machine like this there's 28 different motors that control the complete movement. and it was a big challenge for the robotics specialists to create this kind of natural sequence of movement. if. you have all these degrees of x. ability and where you have to solve problems such as hand and foot joint rotations

. and in the same time we could play at various scenarios in. the robot can reproduce the tracks that the baso left behind 300000000 years ago was for the world but i don't know we can now use the robot to identify what movements could create tracks like these. happen that's a. professor in the uk a tourist started the project at the previous schiller's. university you know he measured the bones and tracks digitized them animated them together with specialists and compared their mobility with that of living reptiles today. we found that the movement of these animals was already very well adapted to life on land that's going on which meant we had to shift our estimation of when i thought active mobility on land had a vault back by 15 to 20000000 years and. thomas

martin's his grandson and his successor tom who are all the way to the depot a freakin castle prepared or obeyed back from the u.s. . this book is. a skeleton it's absolutely complete as far as the most in taxes gallatin of this kind of animal in the world. it's really crazy seeing something like this. almost picture how it lives how it moved and what it saw. you can see the eye sockets in that skull. this is where the treasures of the brahmachari stored among them the famous tom. 2 fossilized samaria the discovery was the 1st biological proof that europe and the

us were still a super continent called pangea some 300000000 years ago. as if they had been saying goodbye to one another one last time before they were engulfed . whispering they were whispering to each other. we had the idea to call them the tom box lovers and then because of the famous painting. lovers the world's oldest couple. in the year. the demitra don. that's the one with the neural spine sale which had previously only been known for north america but this part have been found in the. these are long along its winds that extend from the vertebrae here at the individual for every this is what carried the neural spine so. this isn't exactly the same species but it is a demitra dog. it's a little smaller than those found in north america but hey we now know we had gone

in europe doesn't which is great with one of our goals is to someday find a complete animal. and in here is the you doing this. is the legs are so long that we think we could also run on his hind feet when he wanted to go faster than. almost like a dinosaur although he's not one. as we also have a posterity or part of pelvic bone in the extremities of a 2nd us so there's that back. he still being prepared in the us but we'll get it back by the end of the year. i just finding another you've been missed during the next excavations is definitely one of my wishes. with pleasure i'm adding it to my list. in the quarry of bad tots that book and are standing and now petrified lake dating from the whole kent or says

a rally and 295000000 years ago these 2 paleontologists also have a wish list. of these still exist today clam shrimp. these bluish white shells were the houses a clam shrimp which are sort of like small crabs. in the tetrapods that swam in this lake these. moves and you can thank you they're also small crustaceans and here too the 1st maybe will also find some pear about. but. they're looking for a branch and other larger amphibians but they aren't in the right layer yet the digger still needs to remove a few 1000 years of petrified time. you're in the closet now we've reached the right stratum and should be long now for the tetrapods jump out again. when. lunch might get to my knees are

layers where you find a lot and think a lot has been preserved in the stratum one but there are others in which there are tightly packed here and we have the highest tetrapod density in the world gets flexion there are areas with up to $1500.00 small brink you saw per square metre of concrete clock it's like opening a tin of sardines and that's how packed the brink you sorry sometimes are here. so you know bunches the real munch might be. the paleontologists found about $500.00 story and a large skull. made time to do much. one and the. monkey money tree. you don't see much at 1st. but you can open it with me and then you can see a bit more. and this is the inside view of the skull.

there you could see the skull cap it's like this white bone kink on the other side . and all you can see the polity on. wouldn't you and this is a large tooth that broke off at the base about one centimeter long. contended. with and this is a canine of the hard palate. would you look at canine has lebron to donte an unfolding of the dentate. which tells us this is a labyrinth a daunting to do and i thought. it was all this ball was about so wide and so long i think that's relatively large to this instrument and i think we were also able to recover other parts of the skeleton and we found the spine and some ribs are both still preserved and there are some blocks where we don't know what's inside yet so we're hoping for more finds what's going through this is something really great because we don't have such big skulls from his view yet. carer will be able to

extract this with a few months of work i propose to the skull could belong to an accomplice stole the tops 2 years ago researchers found one in. before that only small skulls and single skeleton bones from saxony have been excavated could there soon be a complete skeleton with every new find the picture of life 295000000 years ago becomes clearer. what special here in the range is that the wrote this is eerie and is so exposed. it's a large section which is more than 3 to 4 kilometers thick if you keep the sense that the range in forest is a narrow mountain range and so it's been lifted up which means that everything is accessible from the deepest layers of the middle to the highest marks where the broad market can be found in most of the time of those who do. want a form of cuts and that's consistent.

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