for me to come to germany. months ago my license to work as a swimming instructor here in our 2 children wanted us to swim fast just. what's your story take part sheriff in for migraine stuff next. to me. you're watching tomorrow today the science show on d w coming up this week up up and away with a lighter and cleaner aircraft of the future. valuable composite women the scientist who creates lightning to recycle concrete. and to carp like duckweed a research project is investigating the welfare of farmed fish.

46000000 flights took off around the world in 2018 and their number continues to climb despite all the concerns about the impact of aviation on climate change. forecasts say europe alone will see air traffic increase by 42 percent in the coming decades. with less fuel and less noise the aircraft of the future needs to be more environmentally friendly. in the tip of the wing the final component of an unusual model airplane with their new design is the hands touch me thief and alexander flew vice from munich technical university want to make flying quieter and more environmentally friendly . is a high. hybrid uses both batteries and jet fuel the aircraft is powered by

propellers on the wings and an engine in the rear the plane uses only electrical power when taking off and landing but during the ascent and when it reaches cruising altitude it burns fuel generators at the wingtips recharge the batteries small the plane is flying. on no sunlight with conventional claims the propulsion system doesn't hang on to the wing but it's distributed over its surface by steering the individual motor so we can keep the plane on a vertical axis and don't need a fin at the dock are you that makes our plane very quiet during takeoff and landing and very efficient when cruising. in 2018 the munich students concept one design competition sponsored by nasa and the german aerospace center in theory that the race would burn 65 percent less fuel than a conventional plane but would it also be practical to build the plane this way just how far along are engineers when it comes to designing the airplane for the

future let's take a closer look at 3 different aspects of research. recently the city air bus was presented in southern germany and air taxi powered by electric motors that initially would carry up to 4 passengers. there are already small electric powered planes out there but larger passenger planes still don't have enough batteries for engine power. and on wants to change that the physicist and pilot heads the electric aircraft department at a german multinational the men's says he and his team are developing more powerful electric motors that could replace even larger fuel driven engines. do you see a motor that only why you speak to. kilograms but as an output of 1500 newton

metres of talk to 200 kilowatts of electricity the power density here is 5 times higher than what you usually see as a shelf. so all the time to test it. we watch a stress test of the city air bus motor the engineer simulate a flight from nuremberg to munich. the motor functions as expected even when fully loaded passenger planes with hybrid motors are expected to take to this county soon entente thinks he'll savings of 15 percent are possible with hybrid technology. like always my dream is that in 2035 i could buy a ticket for a hybrid electric flight from nuremberg to paris 50 of the passengers were brought along with me because we all want to get from point a to point b. so it would be routine that this will teach as i.

how would improving aerodynamics help the equation that's what professor court also and his team are investigating at the german aerospace center and brown spike today they're testing a special prototype in the center's wind tunnel they hope the low noise aircraft will be quieter than conventional planes and you suppose they'll have to change the entire plane and yes that's what happened here because there's this separation effect that happens when you place the turbines up and back it doesn't get rid of the sound but it generates it in a different direction it doesn't spread downwards where it bothers people instead it's generated upwards into the atmosphere and that's the only way to make it work as the sister said. ok let's get started. the experimental design is in place the door closes the rotor is switched on in the wind tunnel the air is sped up to 200 kilometers an hour the researchers wait in

the control center for the test results the data look pretty good so. the prototype is just half as loud as a conventional plane. design incorporating forward sweeping laminar flow wings is also promising. and we once came up with designs for a competitor to the a $320.00 that utilize this kind of technology and cut fuel usage during operation by no less than 12 percent of it's in not just a top power but during operation overall but it's i'm sure that's what can be achieved these days with technology and its implementation is foreseeable is. the. plastic instead of aluminum researchers here at the german aerospace center are also experimenting with new materials carbon fiber reinforced synthetics can make planes lighter and of

course lower weight equals better fuel economy at the moment the scientists believe this aspect alone could cut fuel use fire round 2 percent. so altogether the center's 3 current project could reduce fuel use by 30 percent and that's not even half of what the the rate designers are aiming for. we desperately need more environmentally friendly airplanes and the sky is the moment. the situation is similar with climate friendly cars. the number of newly registered vehicles in august in the e.u. shows that people still love driving cars despite traffic jams and exhaust fumes and car obsessed germany the number of vehicles continues to climb more than 3 and

a half 1000000 newly registered automobiles hit the country's roads this year alone . but driving is stressful and even normally calm people can get caught up in road rage. people who are normally mild mannered can suddenly get cranky behind the wheel. take mr klein here. a total softy at home he turns into an out of control monster in his car. why is that. researchers have identified a range of factors we look at 5 of the most important. bus stop distress. mr klein drives to work and is always a bit anxious about arriving late. much of that the noise and being cramped up in his car. and driving itself involves a lot of communication with other road users. plus information processing on fine

motor skills. it's a complex and very taxing activity under source of stress. if another driver is trying impatiently to overtake and tell gates mr klein he might not take kindly to it in. fact a number 2 uncontrollable anger. to meet mr klein wants to show who's boss there's no way now he's going to let the trucker to hind him pops so he stays in the fast lane just to make a point. when we're feeling stressed our emotions can rapidly take control. back to number 3 limited communication. almost the client sees is the tailgating pickaway to close and maybe flashing its lights. there's no

direct communication from person to person whether in words or gestures or what the driver behind is thinking or feeling is impossible to know from just looking in the rearview mirror. mr klein sees everything from his own perspex. an assumed the worst about the annoying road user behind him. and often there's nobody else in the car to placate him. this is fact the number for all the lack of social control. mr klein can lose his composure and rage and rant at will without having to fear any sanctions especially. if the car is a special place for the driver to 5 personal territory. for many people cars on more than a means of transportation or even a status symbol. here mr klein feels independent empowered his

own man or he can let his emotions go. it's a little home away from home and very much his own personal space. he's like a conqueror extending his realm the further he travels on the faster he advancers. but if anyone gets in his way he feels his personal space is being invaded and reacts with fury. so there are various factors behind road rage luckily many people remain well behaved at home and on the road. we'd like to know how it is for you. so we asked on facebook have you ever experienced road rage what makes you angry when you drive. david says it annoys him when people ignore stop signs or don't turn on the blinker when turning over in someone behind

him honks the 2nd the light turns green. dragomir is angry at people risking everyone's lives to break rules for the convenience of gaining a few minutes. luis gets mad when someone ignores a red traffic light talks on the phone behind the wheel puts on make up while driving. back from indonesia hates riding his moped behind trucks belching out black exhaust. and marco is bothered when people drive too slowly in the fast lane and when they be by necessarily he likes to drive fast himself so we count on the fast lane being free of slow traffic. maybe soon there will be no one behind the wheel companies all over the world are testing autonomous vehicles a viewer from the ugandan capital kampala sent in

a question about that. how do autonomous cars avoid accidents. and autonomous vehicle constantly monitors traffic with cameras and a variety of senses it's claimed they can recognise potential hazards and respond to them even better than a human driver can. a stereo camera detects road markings pedestrians and other road juices. raid our senses and the road as far as 200 meters ahead of the car. and that is a scant everything in $180.00 degree field of view. and ultrasonic senses measure the distance to houses and the cars using sound waves that bounce back off those objects. and they also draw on the edges digital map updates from the cost sat nav system. so it's only phone pro right.

well in fog a camera can only see as well as a human can heavy rain and snow fall also interfere with laser beams. most of the fully autonomous vehicles have been on the road only in sunny california and even then they've had a few accidents along the way. one woman who suddenly appeared out of the dark much like this was even killed by an autonomous car out similar accidents happen with regular vehicles as well. so driving cars would use artificial intelligence to learn to respond to sudden hazards the way a human would and that will take time. but there's little doubt that autonomous vehicles will eventually make traffic sipho about 90 percent of accidents are caused by human error and those won't happen in fully autonomous vehicles.

they can't fall asleep at the wheel don't drive under the influence of alcohol and won't become aggressive either. and. many people complain that autonomous cars will make driving boring but in all likelihood passengers will find other ways to stay entertained. crowd that is read what i mean but i don't believe it. to you have a science question that you've always wanted answered it we're happy to help you out send it to us as a video text ovoid smale if we answer it on the show we'll send you a little surprise as a thank you can i just ask. you to find us online at d w dot com slash science as well as on twitter and facebook. the

lightning releases huge amounts of energy in a short period of time that's what makes it so destructive it can set forests and buildings on fire. lightning has damaged the fingers of the famous statue of christ the redeemer in rio de janeiro. one scientist is now harnessing artificial lightning to break down concrete. in what can be done with the more than $50000000.00 tons of concrete waste that accumulate each year in germany a mineralogist that they're falling off the institute for building physics has come up with an unusual answer. we want to decompose this used concrete into its components by shooting ultra short lightning polson started going to force a lightning into the concrete we put it under water otherwise the post would dissipate in the air and nothing would happen. the idea was originally developed by soviet scientists back in the 1940 s.

. adapted the method in order to break down waste concrete into its individual components in his lab the. the decisive factor is the ultra short electrical poles he generates. and i've got a picture of it here 1st we get many many flashes of lightning that wander along the surface and cause extreme mechanical weakening of the material. channel forms in the material and grows rapidly producing a pressure wave that says powerful as a t.n.t. explosion. did it. and the result at 1st it's a murky sludge but soon course particles grow visible. the gravel has been cleanly separated it could be used as a building material straight away. what about the sand it's collected at the bottom

the construction industry needs this material to make concrete but it's becoming a precious commodity. and the quality of this recycled sand is as good as that of natural sand. by contrast mechanically shredded waste concrete is only suitable for use in road building the gravel and sand produced by these methods wouldn't produce sufficiently stable concrete for building houses. poker told ma hopes to change that and his lab will show us that his lightning pulse method completely remove a one euro coin that's been embedded in concrete. well at work. we've tried it with other things diamond dealer wanted to know if his diamonds could be free from a concrete matrix. so we embedded them waited a week until the concrete was hard and short lightning pulses out it. the diamonds

came out like a dream i'm expecting the same with the coin a. week later the concrete block has hardened 1st the section where the coin is not to be is knocked out so it will fit in the machine. the debris europe should be in this chunk of the market. this method could one day enable diamond hunters to extricate gen stones from iraq . because i'm excited to see where they will find the euro. there it is complete and undamaged. this electrodynamic fragmentation method could also help recover valuable resources from garbage or rather from the residue left over after waste as bert what's known as slag. at

this combined heat and power station folk i told my is getting slag samples to separate into their constituent components in his machine. doesn't treasure in there about 10 percent is metals so that might not sound like a lot but generally produces 5000000 to. of slag every year does half a 1000000 tonnes of metals like allen minium copper and iron dome call for. ok that's enough. after the waste slag has been exposed to the electrical pulses clean metal pieces come to life along with glass and ceramic samples. in a later step the materials can be sorted by machines and we used that would reduce lag volume by half. given a copper sells for over 4000 euros a tonne bras for over 3000 years return it will be worth processing slike with this method. plans are already underway to construct

a large processing plant in the funding for the building has already been approved a property has been found. is seeking investors for a fragmentation plant able to process 10 tons of material per hour i mean my vision is to build an industrial scale facility to extract these valuable rule materials from slag and voice concrete. a vision of true recycling that would keep resources from being needlessly thrown away. another valuable resource is fish many species have grown rare in the wild due to overfishing that's why more and more of the fish that lands on our plates has been farmed. the un food and agriculture organization says that this year pound for pound aquaculture will produce as many food fish as ocean trawlers. and that's one reason why a research project in switzerland is asking this question. how do fish

fare in captivity they probably feel better when they have a good diet but how to tell if that is the case these are carp omnivores who need a regular supply of protein. other things one ready source of protein that could perhaps be used in our culture is duckweed. linda children is a doctoral student at the zurich university of applied sciences and her focus is fish welfare. she's seeing if carp like to eat duckweed and how well they can digest it. the logic is. water quality and nutrition are 2 key issues for face welfare and if they're not getting the right kind of food they can be doing well. so. whether or not duck weed is good for carp can only be determined once they are dead. the

researchers killed the specimens in a bucket with a sedative. what chickens pigs and cattle need to live decent lives has been established that's not the case with fish. hence this fish welfare project in zurich. the post-mortem starts with chairman taking a blood sample in order to determine the concentration of cortisol. it's a hormone released in response to stress. then she removes the brain the gastrointestinal tract and the liver. skates for all. because this experiment is about duckweed as food and we also remove the liver and guts if duckweed were not good for the fish we would expect to

find signs of malnutrition malnutrition is a common stress factor especially in fish farms we want to see what a brain looks like in a fish that's been given the wrong kind of food for a long time or alternatively if duckweed is a great idea what a well fed brain. looks like. the researchers also want to determine whether a diet of duckweed has changed the quality of the carbs flash which is after all what we humans like to eat. but. many people feel it's extremely important that we make sure our food supplies are sustainable and also that we ensure the wellbeing of farm animals we conduct basic and applied research with the aim of a stablish ing findings that we can export to other countries for them to use. that. food is not the only determinant of the fish welfare another factor is

population density how much space the fish have. you might think this tank is really overcrowded but it's not quite that simple. it's good so there's also such a thing as too much space for fish that happens for example when a chill out here decides to claim a certain space and aggressively defends its corner against others that that's what causes a lot of education in the schools and is a source of stress for the fish the right population density varies from one species to another. the fish welfare project still has a lot to do as it seeks to determine what each species needs to lead a healthy and reasonably content life before ending up on our dinner plates.

that's it for this week on tomorrow today. next time it's all about plants we'll see some fascinating experiments designed to see for example whether green and growing things possess something akin to entangle. join us for that next week on tomorrow today see you then.

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dear antone and here's a sea of him this is opposite us i'm sitting on the terrace in twilight it's peaceful my 3 grandchildren sleep on trouble as asked out when i was 8 france's age germany was split in 2 and remain divided for decades and it was given by when your mother was born in 1969 the wall was already 8 years old. my grandchildren were born after the wall fell born in a rain of fire germany a wonderful time a time of great joy. 3 generations of one family on a journey through recent german history. list. and starts nov 6th on d w. c. this

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