our world. power and pound was ambition of the middle east into a race crisis. it was princes of the gulf states nov 27th on t.w. . by roy its venice shouldn't really exist with its 124 islands and countless bridges and canals this city in northern italy was built in the middle of a marsh. it's proof of human or dangerous mist and our ability to march to nature. there are many beautiful cities in the world but venice is in a class of its own of an age where. every year more than

$30000000.00 tourists come to marvel at the palazzo surround the grand canal. these stately townhouses are architectural masterpieces built using techniques that are unique worldwide. then seems to float weight history over the water but in fact the entire city stands on a forest of wooden piles 10000000 logs were driven into the mud contrary to all prevailing rules of eben construction. the architects of the time conquered the lagoon to build one of the world's most extraordinary cities but the water is a continual threat even today. then this is palaces withstand the danger posed by the water hole will they gradually seeing.

the history of the nest began more than one and a half 1000000 years ago and a large stretch of course in the northern mediterranean on the adriatic coast of italy. then again on the southern edge of the alps is 50 kilometers long and 10 kilometers winds. at one time it consisted of brackish water sand and mud and inhospitable place of little interest to anyone. then in the 5th century coastal inhabitants discovered the lagoon as a refuge each. of the lagoon was a natural fortress it was very difficult for enemies in their sailing ships to find their way around here but only the locals knew all the channels so they didn't have

to build walls or. even architectural historians like to let teller collaborate know very little about the 1st welling's built this area. that was imagining there are just a few paintings which give us an idea of what things may have looked like on riata island sound the core of the settlement with that straw thatched wooden huts it was located on reality it was the custom of the only offering of and i think the 1st buildings in ancient venice were built on the most stable areas of the namely out o. comes from alto which indicates a high location by the river with the name of the district also dura includes the word for solid the early city was built at sites like the 3 that. those beginnings were still centuries away from the venice of palaces and bridges

we know today. the 1st the nice. and slipped on small islands separated by boards and. each island had a small village with a similar structure essential an open space with houses a ground it and a church in the middle. with the sleeve that could be that explains why there are so many churches and small squares here because they were the centers of these all the micro towns treat them all. over the centuries the small islands were linked by bridges which were often built over the water at strange angles. in the 2nd century building space gradually became scarce. the problem could only be solved by developing new manmade areas but

that was far from easy the bed of the digging consists of sediment and much crisscrossed by numerous water courses building ground that was in constant movement. in one of the on a hill logically speaking this is neither solid ground nor the sea the ground varies considerably on the one hand almost it is characterized by the sand which the rivers transport from the land. out in the reeds there are pizza oils have a totally different consistency so venice is built on various layers of different density and that makes for problems why do we see so many slanting church towers. because they are not standing on just one type of substrate. venice's church towel is leaning to one side but they do not topple over.

so how did architects manage to build on this difficult ground without the buildings collapsing. the secret is to be found in simple wooden posts. hundreds of thousands of them were driven into the better the. depths of 3 to 8 meters below the surface architects had discovered a layer of sedimentary clay known as kind until beneath the mud. like driving the posts into this layer of clay a stable building foundation was made possible. civil engineer dino to morley explains the principle was the pilot would be to in order to stabilize the building substrate piles were driven into the bed in each area. it sufficient piles are used in the area and then saw it with water the mud between the piles becomes compressed and thus more stable than everything outside the area the piles keep everything together and prevent the substrate from being washed out that's the principle

behind ground stabilization of the body. in this way the venetians created man made areas on which an entire city could gradually be built. because architects had discovered that the wooden piles did not branch in the mud. on. the poles. underneath the buildings in the mud. that putman clearly in oxygen free environment none of the microbes that would normally think they would can get into that. the wood undergoes a process of mineralization it turns rock hard and remains intact for centuries. the most famous the nation buildings were constructed on this building ground of

mud and wood. st mark's square with its balance how it stands 110-0000 foot in piles. the foundations of the real to preach rest 112000 particles. imes more than $1000000.00 wooden piles were driven into the looking for the impressive last salute which is built of marble. there are between 8 and 10 i wouldn't piles for square meter this week with the entire city stands on an incredible number of. it's rather like the opposite of a forest. here the truthers are function like ruthless it's. all in all an estimated 10000000 wouldn't piles have been driven into the

a large proportion of what used to be the northern italian forest. predominantly oak and large trunks from the surrounding regions was shipped to the lagoon to create extremely expensive building ground. through the foundation which accounted for half the construction costs the other half were on the buildings themselves so the section under water was just as expensive as the part we can see. all of them this is 400 plots stand on these unique foundations. from the 11th century these architectural masterpieces were built on the constantly moving bed of the lagoon and the sandbags in order to build them the architects had to come up with something special because they faced several towns at once. it meant

providing protection from the rising and falling salt water. designing buildings that were as light as possible. and building on a moving substrate. the solution they came up with was brilliant they placed a wooden construction on the piles and weighted down with several layers of bricks . on top of this they build a surround of white stone from history on the age we are seeing it formed the 1st line of defense against the salt forces. that deals with the interface between the water and that that resists an infinitely long time because it's not probable to the salty water. the resistant strain stern is unaffected by the prize and full of the siebel said. the heights of this protective wall corresponded to the tidal range in this way the

water was prevented from coming into contact with the most sensitive load bearing brick. the good reason the palaces on the stone base were designed with a maximum of 3 fields. they understood when they were building that they couldn't make it to have it because they knew that it was all relatively fresh mud into a logical tile is that still contacts and cause the subsidence. slender columns and large windows in the efforts to build with minimum waves the architects created the special venetian style elegant and graceful. but despite the lightweight construction method by no means had all the challenges been overcome. given is more then because the movements of the ground

on the water here are so variable the buildings themselves could not be too rigid. but here to the venetians came up with clever solutions like using special regional building materials such as lawn mortar. it was used in the construction of the brick walls applied as a cement substitute it has the advantage of remaining flexible. less sure certain a. long time was probably the most important construction material because of its adaptability so that it doesn't get as hard as cement architects always wanted to build what they wanted and how they wanted not to be restricted the materials. had to remain flexible in the future to me the vision done with. that will subside to the flooring between the stories. they used wood which is also flexible material.

another trick and should flexibility with a pull on the floor join. the beams were set in the walls in such a way that they could always move within them. flexible and subtle venetian buildings unlike living organisms which adapt their form to the vagaries of the moving substrate. today the traces of this constant death tension are visible in many places in the form of distorted facades here and there cracks appear inside the buildings as well . although there have been a couple of instances of subsidence some facades have become distorted and tilt slightly cleaner but not one of the venetian palaces has ever collapsed the role

you have in. this is architects constructed the buildings so well that they can even withstand the frequent earthquakes in the region. i remember my father in law telling me about when there was the earthquake in for you only in the 1970 something and venice felt this shocks of that very strongly and where we live as very big windows you know with lead holding the dane's of glass and he said that the windows just moved like the sails of a boat and then came back in place not one of those little things to crack than fell out. there is a well. well in the courtyard of every plant save by developing a sophisticated system for collecting rainwater venice's brilliant architects solve the problem of the city's drinking water supply. water flowed through these holes

in the ground and into the underground chambers filled with extremely fine sand. after seeping through the sand and the clean water then rose again in a well shaft. in this way they also wanted to conduct the water from the gutters into the wells and it really was an ingenious system one unparalleled worldwide to all these wells were still in operation in venice until the early 20th century you know the need for. every square in the city has a well in all its architects created $900.00. by the late 15th century venice had 170000 inhabitants more than ever before the since he was in its heyday thanks to its powerful fleet of ships built in the queen's shipyards

venice dominated comus in the mediterranean region. the city built on water was totally in its element like a fish and was. the venetians have created an architectural jewel in the north italian the good. but nature was to turn on them in a dramatic way. as a result of human interference in the green system of channels to facilitate shipping new dangers began to threaten the blossoming influential city. the earth was having a serious effect on the bed of the lagoon and the title was a level of stuff. the natural balance in the lagoon was under threat.

centuries later venice is still a proud and beautiful city but over the centuries the lagoon changed completely. shipping traffic and industrial utilization increase dramatically and left their marks in the course of industrialization a 1000 wells were sunk in order to access the groundwater beneath the bed of the living. in the 1950s up to 40000 cubic meters of water removed every day. civil engineer ph teenie describes the consequences for venice uses generate a. decrease of the pressure. and when the pressure of the trees in the basie sedimentary mazing the basin is this producer compaction all society runs and along the wording of the land surface that right

now we call it subsidence land subsidence. as a result of this land subsidence venice subsided by 14 centimeters in the early 30 years. after a disastrous flood in $966.00 the practice of pumping up the groundwater was discontinued. but the damage to the city is irreparable the last 14 centimeters can never be regained global warming and rising sea levels are increasing the threat and have already seen the water rise by a further 10 centimeters. in all the water is now $24.00 centimeters higher up on the buildings than at the time they were built and that. left visible traces of zone abuse both most of the affected areas can be recognized by the green zones on the buildings this is where the water rises and falls with the time. it's not major

floods that are causing the greatest damage to the city but try to change. from the qualities of water comes and goes incessantly. with each new time to the salt water is now also reaching the bricks another fine the architect centuries old preventative measure has the ring of history instead it can no longer protect the palaces from the bullshit. the water is always against the break and the break down very hard and. leaving behind the souls which crystallize and as salts crystallize they expanded the body and 12 times i'm not like is a very kind of slow way you can say exploding brick.

the salt water is also attacking the line most have between the bricks loosening them and weakening the entire building structure. to provide more stability more and more steel barry is a being directed in the city's canals. today one in 3 venetian pronounces this damaged and to need a friend of a ship. and that is not only the result of the daily tide change much about its are an even bigger problem they stir up the water above and below the surface. just get us out of the back of the constant boat traffic is very bad for the masonry. the boats propellers churn up the water which edition. only a road to the wall. by once the masonry has been weakened. the water also impacts the foundations on the ground. a little bit in the boats are always

travelling past the building. it's the number of boats and the frequency of boat traffic that is threatening the walls. of. the churned up water gets into any cracks in the brickwork and thracians the entire building structure it also uses the compacted earth between the piles the centuries old foundations on which the building stand in the attempt to limit the damage the city has introduced a speed limit for water taxis. to launch cruise ships which had put the diggin every day are a further problem. these big ships move huge volumes aborter you know that's our communities principle there's still a body of women at the bottom of this ship that move them when they're in their power to get them to the actual narrow little jim as the local

level rises and then goes down again with the passage of the ship it's like a wash water that moves within you know over tens of seconds or 0 minutes and that's very detrimental to the building foundation. subsidence of the lagoon bed the rise of the water level and the waves created by boats and ships mean that venice is trace him from all signed it's. the only way to save the city's valuable buildings is to drain the canals for basic restoration work but that must be done with great care. the cuticle a lot of work only takes place and drain sections with a maximum length of the 50 meters of draining the canals leads to a settling of the geological layers and that can result in damage to the

neighboring. so a canal can be drained and are longer than 3 months. today more modern methods are also being applied in order to stabilize the walls chemicals are introduced into the lime water. they prevent water getting into the bricks all these measures are carried out by half. that is why restoration work in venice is more expensive than elsewhere at present the city has no more than 2000000 euros a year available for preserving its buildings but the actual some need it is 13000000. the water to which the city owes its uniqueness and its wealth is now turning against the venetians. today one 3rd of the ground fields in venice are uninhabitable. and rising water is threatening the buildings more and more often.

global warming which is resulting in a gradual rise in the sea level will intensify this development even more. with the standard p.b.s. venice is destined to go under that is not my prediction but that of people who deal professionally with marine and climate issues the prohibition that is being done from the angle from essentially the same to the sea level rise by let's emitting 204-050-6070 meters. the demise of venice no longer seems to be merely a pessimistic scenario. and so once again the ingenuity of italian i. architects and engineers is called for to save the city. or. the most

a project is an elaborate and expensive attempt by the italian authorities to say venice. concrete foundations weighing many tons have been sunk at all 3 little in inlets and hid in them all giant floodgates at highways have these can be raised as far as the water level requires. it. there is no doubt that if it is ever completed the most a project will be an engineering masterpiece. but skeptical voices warn against euphoria. in most usa the most a project is important but it's not the sole solution but it's inconsistent i believe to want to protect the city from super floods without at the same time protecting it from decay you know. that is why another idea is to raise the subsided bed of the decaying and with it the entire city. what sounds like

a crazy plan was developed by researchers at the university and neighboring padder well. we don't work. on our own ass zuko are shaped to the young earth or don't you know meters and we inject the water into a. bar to say in arkansas system that it is located between 601000 meter below the dialogue one wall phone. raising such a huge area with an entire city on it is an ambitious enterprise which no one has ever attempted before. the plan is to pump 50 liters of salt water per 2nd. the wells and into the substrates over a period of 10 years researchers have calculated the bed of the lagoon could be raised by between 20 and 25 centimeters. the water level in the canals with tensing

by the same amount but the plan is not without risks you cannot do it. in a short time we don't want to can generate any any structural. and for this amazingly ask you. to inject the safety rate. raising the bed of the lagoon would recover the last $24.00 centimeters the project is still in the planning stage research is awaiting full funding for the 1st comprehensive tests. the arabs would it possible to save the masterpieces of the nation architecture from the consequences of human made problems. no one wants to see this city go under venice needs visionaries like those who built it people who will think the impossible in order to achieve something magnificent. the

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a coach you know was supposed to help byron munich get back on track this season. but he hasn't been a strong idea. we'll take a closer look at a stellar career. as w. . shashank hello this is you love all speaking welcome to the show with that. hot concert. with the asterisk it. credible. well coming tonight. every week w. .

this is think of the news live from berlin a major shift in u.s. middle east policy is right what proves the palestinians. washington says it no longer considers his friend the settlements on palestinian land in the occupied west bank to be a violation of international law palestinians can then move that's not a blow to prospects for peace in the region also coming up. in hong kong thousands of pro-democracy activists to skate a police age at a university campus again wanted could intervene to end.