world. power down december shouldn't have caused the middle east to come to a race crisis. the moslems of the gulf states nov 27th on t.w. . gets into tomorrow today the science show on d w coming up. europe's new launch rocket is due to take off in late 2020 what's up with other than 6. we'll be doing a little experiment how natural does a digitized voice sound. i once we look at plants they may seem new but they have their own ways of communicating.

the official opening of the of a young 6 integration hole in braman. at the un 6 is the european space agency's new launch vehicle its upper stage is being built here europe is trying to consolidate forces in its space program to counter the growing global competition the new heavy lift rocket will also be carrying the hopes for future space missions . because in a way the high tech sector and high tech is never finished and because we always have new ideas for improving the rockets focus on. what innovations does early on 6 have to offer here's an overview. of. europe's new launch vehicle will stand more than 60 meters tall. building the area 6 rocket posed challenges for the european space agency. as engineers and

technicians. huge fuel tanks were produced using a technique called friction star welding it softens the metal edges by friction to create smooth and durable seals it's a solid state process that doesn't melt the material it works the temperatures as low as $500.00 degrees celsius compared to the more than 2000 degrees for the usual arc welding technique. though i didn't know even what. the new materials review mr contain a large amount of lithium. and mostly i'm cannot be joined using arc welding. meters i know melting temperature so it would quickly evaporate yes well for. the lightweight alimony i'm libyan tanks are part of the engine that powers the upper stage of the rocket. that engine has been named vinci in honor of the great inventor doctors leonardo da vinci it special feature is that it can be restarted 5

times during a mission. that way ariane 6 will be able to release satellites destined for different orbits at different altitudes. the rocket is expected to play a part in many different projects. for example to create a network of satellites spanning the globe to enable fast internet all over the planet. the restartable vinci engine would enable the precise positioning of the necessary swarm of satellites. costs that were developed for this purpose include this adaptor the support structure is designed to carry more than a dozen small satellites and deliver them to their place in space.

booster rockets will provide arianne with the necessary thrust. at this advanced production facility the boosters structural casings are constructed out of lightweight carbon fiber materials and other rockets the casings are still made of metal. the boosters have to withstand enormous strain they're filled with solid propellant fuel when it's ignited it will produce tremendous heat and pressure in the interior. and. ariane 6 has yet to be launched but engineers are already working on improving it they want to reduce its weight to increase its thrust. so the plan is to develop a new upper stage by 2025.

we call it a black about steps because it will be. a tough stage and as you know cow bunnies met their never met all are called by nerds and this is why you tweet a lawyer as to why up to 2 tons mock up by bt focused on us. it currently takes about a year and a half to build an engine like this by using 3 d. printing production time could well be slashed to just a few weeks and the costs reduced by a factor of 10. in 2018 a printed prototype of the engine was tested at the german aerospace center in southern germany. in the future the idea is for the ariane engine to return to earth after its flight to be reused up to 5 times. it's an important building block for a reusable rocket in an ongoing reese. such project a demonstrator

a model prototype version was built to test how fuels perform in different ways usable engine designs. if to morrow's the market is going to expand and to be both don't it is important that we have the capability to match it with a reusable orkut it is not the case today because the market today does not does not to go totally new direction but we must be ready and this is why we want to must also pick no g.'s which could go lower as one day to go for reusability. but 1st this edition of the arianne 6 rocket has to prove itself. the launch is planned for late 2020. the universe is suffused with particles that traverse entire planets stars and galaxies neutrinos their monk the most common elementary particles and

a source of fascination for scientists in the antarctic an entire observatory has been built to detect these mysterious objects. in 2015 to physicists shared the nobel prize for demonstrating that neutrinos have met but how much mass to find out researchers have developed the world's most precise scale. tree knows are born during nuclear fusion in the sun countless numbers of solar neutrinos arrive on earth every 2nd and that's just one source of these mysterious particles they're so puny that until recently scientists believed they had no mass at all. today we know that this subatomic particles do have a mass an extremely small one physicist magnus lesser is involved in experiments to pin it down they've already yielded initial results. yet so these measurements allowed us to narrow down. the estimate is mass so the upper limit was previously 2

electoral votes but now we've cut that in half with we now know that you train those have to be lighter than one electron volts massacre of a little it's hard to picture how small that is grams at this hero point followed by study 6 more zeros and then only ones that's an incredibly tiny mass is giving us. closer as part of an international team of more than $100.00 researchers here at the crowds who institute of technology they're using a giant neutrino scale and operators called cutting to investigate one of the biggest mysteries in physics cutting was built in southeastern germany in 2001. but it was too big to be transported by land instead it went on a 9000 kilometer detour down the danube around europe by sea and up the rhine then came a tight squeeze the last few kilometers in karlsruhe or to the research center where it finally got down to work. a big effort for such tiny particles.

considered by every getting big centimeter of the universe still has about 300 neutrinos left over from the big bang with these other sources like the sun and supernovas although also produce huge amounts and not he lots of new transfers arrive on earth and pass right through our bodies of these there are so weakly interacting we don't even notice them not feel familiar there's gas through every square centimeter of our skin every 2nd of this and we don't even notice from those . weighing neutrinos is very complicated and requires some clever tricks cutting measures some 70 meters long. at one end of the device the scientists put tritium a radioactive isotope of hydrogen. the base of decay of the radioactive tritium nuclei produces an electron and a neutrino to 2 particles share the decay energy which is a known quantity and that allows the researchers to determine the new. trios mass

the neutrinos aren't detectable but the electrons are and their energy can be measured only a few highly energetic electrons end up in the giant spectrometer the researchers measure their energy and then subtract it from the decay energy to arrive at the neutrinos energy and thus its mass. now the researchers want to make the measurements even more sensitive. when the muscle if the mass is here and we keep increasing sensitivity will come a point where we'll be able to actually measure a mass right now the sensitivities here in the mass are somewhere between 0 and this limit we can't measure it yet but we're guessing that we can all just to do the project will continue through 2024 giving the scientists 1000 days of measurements in all that. is the simplest thing about what we're doing here is that we're working right at the scientific frontenac and at the cutting edge of stuff we've got our team with all these experts because i working to push that boundaries

even further. across who are researchers now know that the neutrino scale works and what they discover with cartoon over the next few years could revolutionize the world of physics. neutrinos are a top candidate for the mysterious dark matter that's thought to account for most of the stuff in the universe most astrophysicists believe that dark matter exists but they still don't know what it consists of. the problem is right why are they don't move even if you have a science question send it in as a video text oh voicemail. if we answer it on the show we'll send you a little surprise as a thank you. can on just ask. this week's question comes from severe riviera in columbia. why do animal horns rary

so greatly. saw a small. others big. cuddly point upwards or downwards. but even though they look very different they all have. the same structure the bony core of the horn protrudes from the skull. then comes the sheath which is usually hollow and made of keratin similar to hair feathers fingernails and hooves. but not all animals with homes come from the same family rhinos are what's known as odd as they have 3 toes and they're the only ones in that family to have horns. the other group is the brother di family they're even told and you let's which nearly all have horns they include cattle sheep and goats but also antelopes and

gazelles. by contrast the moose and deer don't have horns they have and clothes which are bony structures of elephant tusks by the way are neither horns nor employers but actually teeth are made of dental. but what's the purpose of home ones. in all cases that are sharp weapons to fend off enemies. but perhaps their most important function is to impress the males with large attractive horns will have an easier time finding a mate. and stablished themselves at the top of the pecking order incidentally they rarely injury each other seriously as the horns fit together well. in short horns vary so much because they've adapted over time to become more and more specialized to ensure the survival of each species. if you're in the mood for more science stories visit us online at v.w.

dot com slash science and you'll find us on twitter and facebook. now we're going to talk about an instrument we use all the time without giving it much thought our voice. that it was a computer generated voice but here tomorrow it's. today we force everything ourselves so now at least some of us go ahead and introduce some extra it's about the human voice and to young people who let us have a voice is for a very interesting. hello when hello i'm mariana i'm 29 and i'm a film student. on this by mach's 28 to not just real designer. max and i gonna have been selected for an experiment we're going to steal their voices or to be more precise reproduce them digitally with the help of the french company

candy voice. we can imitate all voices very naturally and not your. first the language specialists need voice samples from x. and find governments who spoiler at sea. and they speak 500 sentences which contain all the sounds of the german language defenseless and i'm fluent nama talk in. double but you know also. that the sentences are recorded in a radio studio and sent off to paris. did you receive the files. we yes i have everything to work and we'll see each other in 2 weeks in paris i mean. will they really be able to create convincing copies of max and ariana's voices and what are digital voices actually good for canadian software company lyrebird has found at least one yes they've

cloned the voice of donald trump using original sound bytes now they can make him say whatever they want. i am not a generation is always different and how they want i am not a robot today she was always different not a robot this is obviously fake but what will happen in the future when the technology is improved and you can't be sure whether the leader of a country really said something or not. out of this mortal sin that's what it was the nature of. liar bird is a free program that anyone can use but currently only in english arianna is testing the program. to do that she needs to record 20 sentences. james put his hand in the pocket of his rope if you bread crumbs remained 10 minutes later the program can say any sentence in our van as voice names. and

29 years old engine. it's not totally convincing but perhaps it's only a matter of time before artificial intelligence becomes a master impersonator will we be able to tell the difference between a real human on the phone and a computer clone of their voice will telephone recording still have any legal weight in court it's too early for experts to predict what hazards the new technology will bring but despite that lots of companies including banks are planning to replace pin numbers with voice recognition just for. the phone hoover institute and is testing how secure these systems are project manager flowing on kish shows us how voice id works minus to me my voice is now my password. is for the company keeps a voice samples of their customers on file its software creates

a biometric profile with more than $100.00 characteristics including pitch and rhythm mind you will my. mind pos what is my instrument when a customer logs on the program compares their voice to the one saved on their profile if there's a 100 percent match they get the green light but what happens if you played a clone for us from liar bird. to end liable and other similar systems haven't reached the level of perfection required to replicate the melody and features of a human voice in. artificial voices are also used in the entertainment industry at the french company candy voices developing software for computer games. players can have fun with well known voices. people who've lost their voice through illness could also benefit from the technology as long as their voice is saved in the

system. that's off again you know. he left off again you know. he noted how technology can synthesize a voice on the basis of just 18 words thereafter a voice can say whatever the person wants to play. and macs are eager to hear what their artificial voices sound like. i give you the microphone company founders on luke claim who has something unusual in mind for their visit he claims that ariana should be able to speak in max's voice let's see if he's right. and ariana from germany i'm speaking with max's voice had a chance very real. it was coming from a charge similar to how i hear my recorded voice to mckenna and what about vice versa. i max i'm speaking with arianna's voice it's really pretty

convincing but it feels quite weird. the result is really quite impressive but still can't be mistaken for the real thing. for our guinea pigs max and i'm gonna that comes as something of a relief. can plants hear voices with a real also infests. well study shows that they do perceive sounds that enables the roots of a piece shoot to locate a source of water and grow in the direction of the water sound. and in other ways to kill it so highly sensitive to signals in their surroundings. not only register and give off certain fragrances they can also sense whether the it is dry or. whether there's

a gentle breeze or strong wind and which direction it's coming from. that constantly measuring the air temperature they can differentiate between morning and evening light they're equipped with infrared an ultraviolet light senses and if they find themselves in the shade they can tell whether it's being caused by a rock or not a plant. plants collect information every 2nd they need to respond to their environment so they can adopt the right behavior to supply it just like on a moles 10 years ago the idea of plant behavior wasn't taken seriously now that it's changing. is genuine for i think we can call it plant behavior because plants are able to perceive all kinds of environmental conditions process this information internally and then respond accordingly. and i would define that as behavior based on the definition of the word over.

a while to a plant called nicotine yeah displays especially complex behavior to defend itself . if attacked by pests or in this case. a scientist can produce more than $1000.00 substances in just one hour. they all help to fend off attacks from hungry predators and repel them. but it doesn't work on every predator. the hawk-moth is immune to the nicotine produced by the tobacco plant. its larvae are also resistant. so the plant changes its strategy. difference a good block gives off certain sense that attract a predatory bug. it pierces the caterpillars and sucks out that and. so the plant is basically drawing on outside help to fend off the pest. but if there

aren't enough predatory bugs nearby the caterpillars continue to feet. so the plant changes time once again. every juices digestive inhibitors which make sure the caterpillar can't absorb the food to. the plant which draws its nutrients from the leaves and stores them in the stem. these 2 strategies serve one purpose. the caterpillars stay small which keeps them vulnerable to predatory bucks for much longer. sometimes that doesn't help either and the caterpillars grow into giant eating machines. which could pose a serious threat to the tobacco plant and so it tries yet another tactic. when the plant is very badly injured it changes the pollinators it attracts from

afs to hummingbirds which are active during the day. actually one of the pollination is then taken care of by hummingbirds going up runs up on information this helps the plant to get rid of the hawks. it's on that caterpillars but what exactly is it doing. to the flowers change in some way. tests reveal that this is in fact the case. percent from the flowers becomes weaker so the book says can't sunset. the plant also keeps its flowers shot at night and only opens them again in the morning when the hope lots of talk that. this ensures that the plant is pollinated by humming bad sonata wants.

to do to all this be described as intelligent behavior. bookish from interlaken soon i think it's a step too far to call it intelligence i prefer to think of it as complex reactions . which were planters trying to find a solution to the critical to all sometimes not so critical situation it finds itself in to ensure its survival and. i do believe. these survival strategies are genetically programmed they've evolved throughout the course of evolution to protect the planet and keep predators up by. it seems we can also bribe plants with sound great finds grow best when they're exposed to lots of music the grapes us research and the plant some more is just into diseases at least that's what one study claims.

the next time we'll be talking about climate research we go to wonder to pay a visit to the fast climate observatory on the african continent. china. stay curious see you soon but by.

law. currin sits. on docks i i. heard these. i reckon. coming up on i.

may get things moving. again making noise. miniature models made out of paper and they work just like the real thing. the man who invented the shows us how he doesn't get in. your robotics in 30 minutes w. . show hello halflings this is super bowl speaking when i come to the show with the ding dong xoai high end concerts with phil mistress guests.

and then incredible location. tonight occurs every weekend on t w. and now look at a section at least as affectionately as you can. slap the mayor putin in the middle of his election campaign in the year 2000 a documentary was filmed for russian television but director vitali months is captured much more and. that was to turn the camera back on should of course. the film secretly krone gold a power grab actually everything was precisely planned in structure. featuring top supporting roles. is proving to the precipice and to the freedom of russia. and featuring a lead role like you've never seen before let me be clear with you i have to act in

ways that i feel necessary and people whose assiduously understand that. including your federal judge to the ends justify the means. to terms with mrs stuart's december 13th on t.w. . this is news these are top stories members of germany's ruling christian democratic party have rallied around their leader and it could come combo has told delegates that she was prepared to quit if they didn't back her she took over from chancellor angela merkel as party leader last year but the party's popularity has plunged under her leadership. colombian president evander has called for a national dialogue in a bid to end nationwide demonstrations against his.