denning the location. welcome to night. every week w. j h into tomorrow today the science show on d w coming up. europe's new launch rocket is due to take off in late 2020 what's up with arianna 6. we'll be doing a little experiment how natural does a digitized voice sound. we look at plants they may seem mute but they have their own ways of communicating.

the official opening of the of a young 6 integration hole in braman. at the un 6 is the european space agency's new launch vehicle its upper stage being built here europe is trying to consolidate forces in its space program to counter the growing global competition the new heavy lift rocket will also be carrying the hopes for future space missions. resuming leggo high tech sector front high tech is never finished we always have new ideas for improving the lot of. what innovations does of the un 6 have to after his an overview. europe's new launch vehicle will stand more than 60 meters tall. building 6 rocket posed challenges for the european space a. agencies engineers and technicians.

huge fuel tanks were produced using a technique called friction star welding it softens the metal edges by christian to create smooth and durable seals it's a solid state process that doesn't melt the material it works the temperatures as low as $500.00 degrees celsius compared to the more than 2000 degrees for the usual arc welding technique. though i didn't know it in. the new materials review last year contain a large amount of lithium. and mostly i'm cannot be joined using arc welding license plate it has a low melting temperature so it would quickly evaporate yes men felt that. the lightweight alum many of them tanks are part of the engine that powers the upper stage of the rocket. that engine has been named vinci in honor of the great inventor and artist leonardo da vinci it's special feature is that it can be

restarted 5 times during a mission. that way arianne 6 will be able to release satellites destined for different orbits at different altitudes. the rocket is expected to play a part in many different projects. for example to create a network of satellites spanning the globe to enable fast internet all over the planet. the restartable vinci engine would enable the precise positioning of the necessary swarm of satellites. plants that were developed for this purpose include this adaptor the support structure is designed to carry more than a dozen small satellites and deliver them to their place in space.

but booster rockets will provide arianne with the necessary thrust. at this advanced production facility the boosters structural casings are constructed out of lightweight carbon fiber materials and other rockets the casings are still made of metal. the boosters have to withstand enormous strain they're filled with solid propellant fuel when it's ignited it will produce tremendous heat and pressure in the interior. ariane 6 has yet to be launched but engineers are already working on improving it they want to reduce its weight to increase its thrust. so the plan is to develop a new upper stage by 2025.

we call it a black about stage because it will be. a stage and as you know cow bunnies they're never made taller and this is why huge willow is to have up to 2 tons mock up ability for customers. it currently takes about a year and a half to build an engine like this by using 3 d. printing production time could well be slashed to just a few weeks and the costs reduced by a factor of 10. in 2018 a printed prototype of the engine was tested at the german aerospace center in southern germany. in the future the idea is for the ariane engine to return to earth after its flight to be reused up to 5 times. it's an important building block for a reusable rocket in an ongoing. in research project a demonstrator

a model prototype version was built to test how fuels perform in different regions of the engine designs. if tomorrow's a market is going to expand and to be bought that it is important that we have the capability to match it with a reusable orkut it is not the case today because the market today those notes does not to go totally into direction but we must be ready and this is why we want to must also technologies which could the lowest one day to go for reusability. but 1st this edition of the aryan 6 rocket has to prove itself. the launch is planned for late 2020. the universe is a few used with particles that traverse entire planets stars and galaxies neutrinos

their monk the most common elementary particles and a source of fascination for scientists in the antarctic an entire observatory has been built to detect these mysterious objects. in 2015 to physicists shared the nobel prize for demonstrating that neutrinos have most but how much mass to find out researchers have developed the world's most precise scale. tree knows are born during nuclear fusion in the sun countless numbers of solar neutrinos arrive on earth every 2nd and that's just one source of these mysterious particles they're so puny that until recently scientists believed they had no mass at all. today we know that the subatomic particles do have a mass an extremely small one physicist magnus slusser is involved in experiments to pin it down they've already yielded initial results. yet so these measurements allowed us to read. arrow down the estimated mass slightly the upper limit was

previously to electronic votes but now we've cut that in half with we now know that you train those have to be lighter than one electron volts massacre level and it's hard to picture how small that is grams it was hero point followed by $36.00 more zeros and then the ones that's an incredibly tiny mass is getting. closer as part of an international team of more than $100.00 researchers here at the crowds who institute of technology they're using a giant neutrino scale and operators called cutting in to investigate one of the biggest mysteries in physics cutting was built in southeastern germany in 2001. but it was too big to be transported by land instead it went on a 9000 kilometer detour down the danube around europe by sea and up the rhine then came a tight squeeze the last few kilometers in karlsruhe or to the research center where it finally got down to work. a big effort for such tiny particles.

can signal by through every big centimeter of the universe still has about 300 neutrinos left over from the big bad with the use of other sources like the sun and supernovas all those also produce huge amounts. of lots of new tracers arrive on earth and pass right through our bodies due to these lesser weakly interactively but we don't even notice them not feel familiar there's gas or to every square centimeter of our skin and every 2nd of that is that we don't even notice. weighing neutrinos it's very complicated and requires some clever tricks catch me in measure some 70 meters long. at one end of the device the scientists put tritium a radioactive isotope of hydrogen. the base of decay of the radioactive tritium nuclei produces an electron and a neutrino to 2 particles share the decay energy which is a known quantity and that allows the researchers to deter. in the neutrinos mass

the neutrinos aren't detectable but the electrons are and their energy can be measured only a few highly energetic electrons end up in the giant spectrometer the researchers measure their energy and then subtract it from the decay energy to arrive at the neutrinos energy and thus its mass. now the researchers want to make the measurements even more sensitive. to the muscle if the mass is here and we keep increasing sensitivity will come a point where we'll be able to actually measure a mass right now the sensitivities here and the mass is somewhere between 0 and this limit we can't measure it yet but we're getting that we can all just to do the project will continue through 2024 giving the scientists 1000 days of measurements in all that. is the simplest things about what we're doing here is that we're working right at the scientific frontenac and at the cutting edge itself with our team with all these experts and so i working to push that boundaries even further.

to cross who are researchers now know that the neutrino scale works and what they discover with kathleen over the next few years could revolutionize the world of physics. neutrinos are a top candidate for the mysterious dark matter that's thought to account for most of the stuff in the universe most astrophysicists believe that dark matter exists but they still don't know what it consists of. if outlet is right why are they buying movies very good maybe if you have a science question send it in as a video text ovoid smile. if we answer it on the show we'll send you a little surprise as a thank you. can on just ask. you this week's question comes from a severe there are in columbia. why do animal horns vary so greatly.

some a small. others big. they maybe cut. the point upwards or downwards. but even though they look very different they all have. the same structure the bony core of the horn protrudes from the skull. then comes the sheath which is usually hollow and made of keratin similar to hair feathers fingernails and hooves. but not all animals with horns come from the same family rhinos are once known as odd as they have 3 toes and they're the only ones in that family to have horns. the other group is the brother die family even told the new let's which nearly all have horns they include cattle sheep and goats but also antelopes and gazelles. by

contrast the moose and deer don't have horns they have antlers which are bony structures. elephant tusks by the way are neither horns nor employers but actually teeth are made of dental. but what's the purpose of horns. in all cases that sharp weapons to fend off enemies. but perhaps their most important function is to impress the males with large attractive horns will have an easier time finding a mate. and establishing themselves at the top of the pecking order incidentally they rarely injured each other seriously as the horns fit together well. in short horns vary so much because they've adapted over time to become more and more specialized to ensure the survival of each species. if you're in the mood for more science stories visit us online at d. w.

dot com slash science and you'll find us on twitter and facebook. now we're going to talk about an instrument we use all the time without giving it much thought our voice. continue to generated voice and hear it tomorrow. today we force everything ourselves till now at least some of us going to have been introduced to the next record it's about human boys and 2 young people who led us to enjoy says for a very interesting. hello when hello i'm mariana i'm 29 and i'm a film student. on this by mach's 28 to not just real designer. macsween i gonna have been selected for an experiment we're going to steal their voices or to be more precise reproduce them digitally with the help of the french company

candy boyce. we can imitate all voices very naturally and not your. first the language specialists need voice samples from max and ariana vine gardens foosball or at sea. and they speak 500 sentences which contain all the sounds of the german language defenselessness and i'm flynn dhamma talk. about you know also. the sentences are recorded in a radio studio and sent off to paris. did you receive the files. yes i have everything get to work and we'll see each other in 2 weeks in paris. will they really be able to create convincing copies of max and ariana's voices and what are digital voices actually good for canadian software company lyrebird has found at least one yes they've

cloned the voice of donald trump using original sound bites but now they can make him say whatever they want. i am not the lives of nations always different and how they want i am not a robot the nation is always there for i'm not a robot this is obviously fake but what will happen in the future when the technology is improved and you can't be sure whether the leader of a country really said something or not. it's not going to be. what it was the image of a liar bird is a free program that anyone can use but currently only in english arianna is testing the program. to do that she needs to record 20 sentences. james put his hand in the pocket of his rope if you bread crumbs remained 10 minutes later the program can say any sentence in adding on his voice and name

isn't and 29 years old engine. it's not totally convincing but perhaps it's only a matter of time before artificial intelligence becomes a master impersonator will we be able to tell the difference between a real human on the phone and a computer clone of their voice will telephone recording still have any legal weight in court it's too early for experts to predict what hazards the new technology will bring but despite that lots of companies including banks are planning to replace pin numbers with voice recognition. the phone hoover institute in darmstadt is testing how secure these systems are project manager flowing and. shows us how voice id works minus to me my voice is now my password. is for the company keeps a voice samples of their customers on file its software creates

a biometric profile with more than $100.00 characteristics including pitch and rhythm. with one of my. of. my pos what is my instrument when a customer logs on the program compares their voice to the one saved on their profile if there's a 100 percent match they get the green light but what happens if you played a clone for us from liar bird. and liable and other similar systems haven't reached the level of perfection required to replicate the melody and features of a human voice in. artificial voices are also used in the entertainment industry the french company can be voices developing software for computer games. players can have fun with well known voices. people who've lost their voice through illness could also benefit from the technology as long as their voice is saved in the

system. now off again you know could be more. off again you know. how technology can synthesize a voice on the basis of just 80 words thereafter a voice can say whatever the person wants to play. and macs are eager to hear what their artificial voices sound like. i give you the microphone company founders on luke claim who has something unusual in mind for their visit he claims that ariana should be able to speak in max's voice let's see if he's right. you are already on the line from germany speaking with marches for shout it sounds very real. this conference mission are similar to how i hear my record of course of the book. and what about vice versa the. marks i'm

speaking with arianna's voice it's really pretty convincing but it feels quite weird. the result is really quite impressive but still can't be mistaken for the real thing for our guinea pigs max and i'm gonna that comes as something of a really. can plants hear voices with a real all synthetic. well it study shows that they do perceive sound that enables the release of the piece shoots to locate a source of water and grow in the direction of the water sound. in other ways to plants on highly sensitive to signals in their surroundings. not only register and give off certain fragrances they can also sense whether the it is dry or dump. whether there's

a gentle breeze or strong wind and which direction it's coming from. that constantly measuring the air temperature they can differentiate between morning and evening light they're equipped with infrared an ultraviolet light senses and if they find themselves in the shade they can tell whether it's being caused by a rock or another plant. plants collect information every 2nd they need to respond to their environment so they can adopt the right behavior to supply just like common moles 10 years ago the idea of plant behavior wasn't taken seriously now that's changing. based on your confront i think we can call it plant behavior because plants are able to perceive all kinds of environmental conditions process this information internally and then respond accordingly. and i would define that as behavior based on the definition of the word.

while to plant called nicotine yeah displays especially complex behavior to defend itself. if attacked by pests or in this case a scientist can produce more than 1000 substances in just one hour. they all help to fend off attacks from hungry predators and repel them. but it doesn't work on every predator. the hawk-moth is immune to the nicotine produced by the tobacco plant. its larvae also resistant. so the plant changes its strategy. in the long gives off certain sense that attract a predatory bug. it pierces the caterpillars and sucks out there. so the plant is basically drawing on outside help to fend off the pest. and 6 i

want enough credit to buy the caterpillars continue to feed. citing the plant train just once again. if it uses digestive inhibitors which make sure the caterpillar can't absorb the food to eat. the plant withdraws its nutrients from the leaves and stores them in the stem. these 2 strategies serve one purpose. the caterpillars stay small which keeps them vulnerable to predatory bugs for much longer. some. timeslot doesn't help either and the caterpillars probe into giant eating machines. which could pose a serious threat to the tobacco plant and so it tries yet another tactic. when the fans are ok if your plant is very badly injured it changes the pollinators

it attracts from off to hummingbirds which are active during the day. one of the pollination is then taken care of by hummingbirds going up funds are fun information this helps the plant to get rid of the hawk moths and that caterpillars but what exactly is it doing. to the flowers change in some way. the. tests reveal that this is in fact the case. of the centrum the flowers becomes weaker so the walkabouts can't sunset. the plant also keeps its flowers shot at night and only opens them again in the morning when the whole clocks are tucked up. this ensures that the plant is pollinated by humming bad sonata hope wants it.

will be described as intelligent behavior. looked at from into the consumer i think it's a step too far to call it intelligence i prefer to think of it as complex reactions . which were planters trying to find a solution to the critical to or sometimes not so critical situation it finds itself in to ensure its survival and. i do believe. these survival strategies are genetically programmed they've evolved throughout the course of evolution to protect the planet and keep predators up. i. it seems we can also bribe plants with some won't grape vines grow better when they're exposed to lots of music the grapes us we said and the plant some more resistant to disease says at least that's what one study claims.

next time we'll be talking about climate research we go to wonder to pay a visit to the 1st climate observatory on the african continent. join us till then stay curious to see you soon but by.

all means with our economy and superheroes my mission is clear kushti good and culturally. explore germany. they dive in and check everything out and a lot going on in. germany tried and tested and checking. on t w. d to know that 77 percent of laughing are

younger than thinks of 5. that's me and me and you. think you know what time all forces. are on this 77 percent talk about the stuff my. front porch 62 flashes from housing groups how this is where. welcome to the 77 percent. this weekend t.w. . this is a 15 year old girl. being gang raped. as teacher is beating a boy for talking by complots. on the rest of the class watches.

on tear and told her it's been said by his mother. breaking up last. his child sleeps in the streets because her family threw her. beer. on my way. pushes a teenager over the edge. just because you can see violence against children doesn't mean others and there are make them visible visible. might violence against children disappear. i am.

above. this is the w. news lies are from buying a spectacular heist out of one of the world's oldest museums thieves for akin to the royal palace in the german city of taiz in a make off with the diamonds and jewelry all in measurable cultural that also coming up. the documents shed light on the chinese government does have

a chain of we good muslims of a network of prison camps beijing insists they're simply voluntary education centers.