the people of east germany. the mooste trance the commerce for german unity journalist peter allen borg was at the scene. 30 years later looks back on the time of interest and starts december 19th g.w. . gets into tomorrow today the science show on d w coming up. europe's new launch rocket is due to take off in late 2020 what's up with asean 6. we'll be doing a little experiment how natural does a digitized voice sound. we look at plants they may seem new but they have their own ways of communicating.

the official opening of the of a young 6 integration hole in braman. at the un 6 is the european space agency's new launch vehicle its upper stage is being built here europe is trying to consolidate forces in its space program to counter the growing global competition the new heavy lift rocket will also be carrying the hopes for future space missions . using whether a high tech sector for a high tech is never finished i think is we always have new ideas for improving the rocker's. what innovations does early on 6 have to offer here's an overview of. europe's new launch vehicle will stand more than 60 meters tall. building the area 6 rocket posed challenges for the european space agency. engineers and technicians

. huge fuel tanks were produced using a technique called friction star welding it softens the metal edges by friction to create smooth and durable seals it's a solid state process that doesn't melt the material it works at temperatures as low as $500.00 degrees celsius compared to the more than 2000 degrees for the usual arc welding technique. though you didn't know it in. the new materials reviews to contain a large amount of lithium. and mostly i'm cannot be joined using arc welding. legionnaires alone melting temperature so it would quickly evaporate yes the fact that. the lightweight alum many i'm living on tanks are part of the engine that powers the upper stage of the rocket. that engine has been named vinci in honor of the great inventor and artist leonardo da vinci it's special feature is that it can

be restarted 5 times during a mission. that way arianne 6 will be able to release satellites destined for different orbits at different altitudes. the rocket is expected to play a part in many different projects. for example to create a network of satellites spanning the globe to enable fast internet all over the planet. the restartable vinci engine would enable the precise positioning of the necessary swarm of satellites. costs that were developed for this purpose include a visit up to the support structure is designed to carry more than a dozen small satellites and deliver them to their place in space.

back launch booster rockets will provide arianne with the necessary thrust. at this advanced production facility the boosters structural casings are constructed out of lightweight carbon fiber materials and other rockets the casings are still made of metal. the boosters have to withstand enormous strain they're filled with solid propellant fuel when it's ignited it will produce tremendous heat and pressure in the interior. area and 6 has yet to be launched but engineers are already working on improving it they want to reduce its weight to increase its frost. so the plan is to develop a new upper stage by 2025.

we call it a black about steps because it will be. a tough stage and as you know cow bunnies much else there no meat all are called by nance and this is why it will last a while up to 2 tons mock up by bt focused on us. it currently takes about a year and a half to build an engine like this by using 3 d. printing production time could well be slashed to just a few weeks and the costs reduced by a factor of 10. in 2018 a printed prototype of the engine was tested at the german aerospace center in southern germany. in the future the idea is for the ariane engine to return to earth after its flight to be reused up to 5 times. it's an important building block for a reusable rocket in an ongoing reese. each project a demonstrator

a model prototype version was built to test how fuels perform in different way usable engine designs. if tomorrow's a market is going to expand and to be bought that it is important that we have the capability to match it with a reusable orkut it is not the case today because the market today does not so does not to go totally into direction but we must be ready and this is why we want to must also pick no g.'s which could the lowest one day to go for reusability. but 1st this edition of the arianne 6 rocket has to prove itself. the launch is planned for late 2020. the universe is suffused with particles that traverse entire planets stars and galaxies neutrinos there among the most common elementary particles and

a source of fascination for scientists in the antarctic an entire observatory has been built to detect these mysterious objects. in 2015 to physicists shared the nobel prize for demonstrating that neutrinos have mess but how much mass to find out researchers have developed the world's most precise scale. tree knows are born during nuclear fusion in the sun countless numbers of solar neutrinos arrive on earth every 2nd and that's just one source of this mysterious particles they're so puny that until recently scientists believe they had no mass at all. today we know that this subatomic particles do have a mass an extremely small one physicist magnus lesser is involved in experiments to pin it down they've already yielded initial results. yet so these measurements allowed us to narrow down. the estimate is mass so the upper limit was previously 2

electoral votes but now we've cut that in half with we now know that you train those have to be lighter than one electron volts massacre of a little it's hard to picture how small that is grams it busier 0.0 dark $36.00 more zeros and that aligns you know that's an incredibly tiny massive giving a. cluster is part of an international team of more than $100.00 researchers here at the crowds who institute of technology they're using a giant neutrino scale and operators called cutting in to investigate one of the biggest mysteries in physics cutting was built in southeastern germany in 2001. but it was too big to be transported by land instead it went on a 9000 kilometer g tour down the danube around europe by sea and up the rhine then came a tight squeeze the last few kilometers in karlsruhe or to the research center where it finally got down to work. a big effort for such tiny particles.

considered by through every big centimeter of the universe still has about 300 neutrinos left over from the big bad with his other sources like the sun and supernovas although also produce huge amounts. of lots of new tracers arrive on earth and pass right through our bodies get these there so weakly interacting we don't even notice them not feel familiar there's gas through every square centimeter of our skin every 2nd of this and we don't even notice. weighing neutrinos it's very complicated and requires some clever tricks cutting measures some 70 meters long. at one end of the device the scientists put tritium a radioactive isotope of hydrogen. the base of decay of the radioactive tritium nuclei produces an electron and a neutrino the 2 particles share the decay energy which is a known quantity and that allows the researchers to determine the new. tree knows

mass the neutrinos aren't detectable but the electrons are and their energy can be measured only a few highly energetic electrons end up in the giant spectrometer the researchers measure their energy 1 and then subtract it from the decay energy to arrive at the neutrinos energy and thus its mass. now the researchers want to make the measurements even more sensitive. but he must if the mass is here and we keep increasing sensitivity will come a point where we'll be able to actually measure a mass right now the sensitivity is here and the mass is somewhere between 0 and this limit we can't measure it yet but we're guessing that the good old us to. the project will continue through 2024 giving the scientists 1000 days of measurements in all that. is the saddest thing about what we're doing here is that we're working right at the scientific frontenac and at the cutting edge of himself we've got our team with all these experts because i working to push the boundaries even further.

across who are researchers now know that the neutrino scale works and what they discover with cartoon over the next few years could revolutionize the world of physics. neutrinos are a top candidate for the mysterious dark matter that's thought to account for most of the stuff in the universe most astro physicists believe that dark matter exists but they still don't know what it consists of. the problem is red white objects but only very few if you have a science question send it in as a video text oh voicemail. if we answer it on the show we'll send you a little surprise as a thank you. come on just ask. this week's question comes from severe they are in columbia. why do animal horns vary

so greatly. some a small. others big. they maybe cut. a point upwards or downwards. but even though they look very different they all have. the same structure the bony core of the horn protrudes from the skull. then comes the sheath which is usually hollow and made of keratin similar to hair feathers fingernails and hooves. but not all animals with homes come from the same family rhinos are what's known as odd as they have 3 toes and they're the only ones in that family to have horns. the other group is the brother die family even told the new let's which nearly all have horns they include cattle sheep and goats but also antelopes and gazelles. by

contrast the moose and deer don't have horns they have and clothes which are bony structures. elephant tusks by the way are neither horns nor employers but actually teeth are made of dental. but what's the purpose of horns. in all cases that sharp weapons to fend off enemies. perhaps their most important function is to impress the males with large attractive horns will have an easier time finding a mate. and establishing themselves at the top of the pecking order incidentally they rarely injury each other seriously as the hormones fit together well. in short horns vary so much because they've adapted over time to become more and more specialized to ensure the survival of each species. if you're in the mood for more science stories visit us online at d

w dot com slash science and you'll find us on twitter and facebook. now we're going to talk about an instrument we use all the time without giving it much thought our voice. that was a computer generated voice but here tomorrow. today we force everything ourselves so now at least some are just having to do some extra it's about the human voice and young people who lead us forces for a very interesting. hello when i was mariana i'm 29 and i'm a film student. on this by mach's 28 and i'm just real designer. max and i gonna have been selected for an experiment we're going to steal their voices or to be more precise reproduce them digitally with the help of the french company

candy voice. we can imitate all voices very naturally and not your. first language specialists need voice samples from max and ariana vine gardens foosball at sea. and they speak 500 sentences which contain all the sounds of the german language defenselessness and i'm flynn nama talk in. doc about you know also. that the sentences are recorded in a radio studio and sent off to paris. did you receive the files. we you know yes i have everything to work and we'll see each other in 2 weeks in paris. will they really be able to create convincing copies of max and i on his voice says and what our digital voice is actually good for canadian software company lyrebird has found at least one yes

they've cloned the voice of donald trump using original sound bytes now they can make him say whatever they want. i am not a generation is always different and how they want i am not a robot a nation is always there for i'm not a robot this is obviously fake but what will happen in the future when the technology is improved and you can't be sure whether the leader of a country really said something or not. it's not going to. what it was the nature of. lyrebird is a free program that anyone can use but currently only in english arianna is testing the program. to do that she needs to record 20 sentences. james put his hand in the pocket of his rope if you breath crumbs remained 10 minutes later the program can say any sentence in our young as voice. in and

29 years old when jimmy. it's not totally convincing but perhaps it's only a matter of time before artificial intelligence becomes a master impersonator will we be able to tell the difference between a real human on the phone and a computer clone of their voice will telephone recording still have any legal weight in court it's too early for experts to predict what hazards the new technology will bring but despite that lots of companies including banks are planning to replace pin numbers with voice recognition. the phone hoover institute in darmstadt is testing how secure these systems are project manager flowing and. shows us how voice id works minus to me my voice is now my password. is for the company keeps a voice samples of their customers on file its software creates

a biometric profile with more than $100.00 characteristics including pitch and rhythm. with one of my. my pos what is mine instrument when a customer logs on the program compares their voice to the one saved on their profile if there's a 100 percent match they get the green light. but what happens if you played a clone for us from liar bird. to end liable to other similar systems haven't reached the level of protection required to replicate the melody and features of a human voice in. artificial voices are also used in the entertainment industry the french company candy voices developing software for computer games. players can have fun with well known voices. people who've lost their voice through illness could also benefit from the technology as long as their voice is saved in the

system. after off again you know could do more. after off again you know. how technology can synthesize a voice on the basis of just 80 words thereafter a voice can say whatever the person wants to play. and macs are eager to hear what their artificial voices sound like. i give you the microphone company founders on luke claim who has something unusual in mind for their visit he claims that ariana should be able to speak in max's voice let's see if he's right. are you are. from germany i'm speaking with marches for a set of challenges very real. confirmation are similar to how i hear my record of course the book. and what about vice versa the.

marks i'm speaking with arianna's voice it's really pretty convincing but it feels quite weird. the result is really quite impressive but still can't be mistaken for the real thing for our guinea pigs max and i'm gonna that comes as something of a really. can hear voices with a real all synthetic. well study shows that they do perceive sound that enables the release of the piece shoot to locate a source of water and grow in the direction of the water sound. in other ways to plants a highly sensitive to signals in their surroundings. not only register and give off certain fragrances they can also sense whether the it is dry or dump. whether there's

a gentle breeze or strong wind and which direction it's coming from. that constantly measuring the air temperature they can differentiate between morning and evening light they're equipped with infrared an ultraviolet light senses and if they find themselves in the shade they can tell whether it's being caused by rock or not a plant. plants collect information every 2nd they need to respond to their environment so they can adopt the right behavior to survive just like on a moles 10 years ago the idea of plant behavior wasn't taken seriously now that's changing. just any of you can from i think we can call it plant behavior because plants are able to perceive all kinds of environmental conditions process this information internally and then respond accordingly. and i would define that as behavior based on the definition of the word. a

while to back a plant called nicotine yeah 10 years displays especially complex behavior to defend itself. if attacked by pests or in this case a scientist can produce more than 1000 substances in just one hour. they all help to fend off attacks from hungry predators and repel them. but it doesn't work on every predator. the hawk-moth is immune to the nicotine produced by the tobacco plant. its larvae are also resistant. so the plant changes its strategy. if. the land gives off certain sense that attract a predatory bug. it pierces the caterpillars and sucks out there. so the plant is basically drawing on outside help to fend off the pest. but if there

aren't enough predatory bugs nearby the caterpillars continue to feed. side of the plant train just once again. it produces digestive inhibitors which make sure the caterpillar can't absorb the food to teach. the plant withdraws its nutrients from the leaves stools them in the stem. these 2 strategies serve one purpose. the caterpillars stay small which keeps them vulnerable to predatory pokes for much longer. some. times that doesn't help either and the caterpillars broke into joint eating machines. which good prices serious threat to the tobacco plant and so it tries yet another tactic. when the fans are ok with your plant is very badly injured it changes the

pollinators it attracts from off to hummingbirds which are active during the day. one of the pollination is then taken care of by hummingbirds store owner friends are fun information this helps the plant to get rid of the hawk moths and their caterpillars but what exactly is it doing. to the flowers change in some way. tests reveal that this is in fact the case. of the scent from the flowers becomes weaker so the book says can some scent. of. the plant also keeps its flowers shot at night and only opens them again in the morning when the hope lots of talk that. this ensures that the plant is pollinated by humming bad sonata hope wants. to.

be described as intelligent behavior. looked at from into the consumer i think it's a step too far to call it intelligence i prefer to think of it as complex reactions . which were planted trying to find a solution to the critical to or sometimes not so critical situation it finds itself in to ensure its survival and. i do believe. these survival strategies are genetically programmed they've evolved throughout the course of evolution to protect the plant and keep predators up. why. it seems we can also bribe plants with some won't grapevines grow better when they're exposed to lots of music the grapes us research and the plant some more resistant to diseases at least that's what one study claims.

above next time we'll be talking about climate research we go to wonder to pay a visit to the 1st climate observatory on the african continent. join us till then stay curious to see you soon but by.

going to. come. out to the field discover the browse utopia the meat design can just be a treat to tackle the big issues of all time. for more sustainable society. 100 years of powerhouse. our documentary the world's 3 utopia.

and now i'm going affectionately but as affectionately as you can. remember from tim in the middle of his election campaign in 2000 but documentary was filmed for russian television. to turn the camera back on of course the film secretly chronicled a power grab of actually everything was precisely played instruction. featuring a top supporting role. to the freedom of russia. and featuring a lead role like you've never seen before. but i'm here for a marriage to the ends justify the means. to tim's witnesses starts december 13th on g.w. . that created today's world stood.

a good challenge going to politics business religion. in iran the upheaval of the islamic revolution under a tough. opens up making its initial flirtation capitalism. strong sense states of emergency britain sinks into chaos margaret thatcher remarks in carriage them to work and they will was it the start of neo liberalism. pope john paul the 2nd visits pope hence the. friends the old order. crisis. story is an era that defines only. 970 the big meeting today since december 23rd w.

this is d w news live from berlin fridays for futures goes global again thousands of australian students kicking off a day of rallies planned in cities around the world the call to action coming ahead of next week's un climate summit we'll talk to one of the movement's organizers in australia also on the show. hong kong thanks president trump for signing legislation supporting democracy in the territory but china condemns the u.s. for meddling in its domestic affairs and.