to the people of east germany. the moose tent crowd clamors for german unity. journalist peter allen boyd who was at the scene. 30 years later looks back on the . interest of. storage december 19th g.w. . welcome to to morrow today the science show on t w. us. the 25th u.n. climate change conference kicks off this week so for this special edition 2 of our tomorrow today reporters paid a visit to the clean my house in flame a half in germany one of the things the house or climate house is a museum that allows visitors unique opportunity to experience the world's climate

zones it has exhibitions that feature a number of places on a total of 5 continents along the 8 meridian east in just a few hours our reporters will feel the heat of the tropics and the chill of polar winds. but before they set off here's a look at what's coming up. we'll learn about research being done it africa's 1st climate monitoring station. here how geo engineering could be used to curtail climate change. see what happens when permafrost is lost along coastlines lands we talk to climate experts suzanne an awful lot. this is being with us through our trip we have with the climate zones to see the 2 physicists and the scientific director of this exhibition never thank you for being with me there is that why do we need such a climate. where you know simon and. i'm

a chainsaw talked about everywhere. but hell years ago. it wasn't in the media of that march and we wanted to raise awareness for this important topic. now we've been talking about climate change for the last 30 years there's just something we can learn here where for example here we so people in the from climate zones how they have adapted so they are reaching their climate else how they are affected by climate say. ok thank you for now we see in just a bit. the 1st stop on their excursion is nice share in africa. really want any thing around 35 degrees of something but you know what in summer in niger it can get until 48 degrees in the shade i know actually that temperatures here are rising want to know how times faster than the global average researchers actually assume that in about 100 years people won't be able to lift anymore purely

physically the question is what would happen if temperatures keep on rising. the earth has already warmed one degree celsius since the 19th century our goal was to cap warming at well below 2 degrees right now we're on track for at least 3 degrees what would that mean. even today we're seeing more heat waves and droughts including more severe storms and flooding. as temperatures rise all that will increase. i mean a rise of 1.5 degree celsius would threaten the existence of many pacific island countries as sea levels rise some of them will vanish beneath the waves and as coral reefs die many people will lose their livelihood a rise of 2 degrees or more climate scientists say could be the tipping point. polar ice reflect sunlight which until now. help to put

a brake on global warming as this ice melts the oceans will capture more of the sun's heat this vicious circle will cause even more ice to melt. the cascade effects like these all over the world would further accelerate global warming. beyond 3 degrees more and more glaciers will vanish rivers will run dry and arid regions will become even more parched. and even the world's great rain forests like the amazon would disappear bit by bit . an increase of more than 4 degrees would bring near constant drought to southern europe heat would make parts of the us and the middle east virtually uninhabitable. and much of the world's population would suffer from a scarcity of water countless people would die of heat and disease. even

more would die of hunger as crop failure and famine become more widespread. other places will have to cope with too much water rising water levels will pose a global threats including 2 major cities such as hamburg mumbai shanghai and do your work. each additional degree of warming will force more and more people to flee their homes. some to seek food and water others to escape floods and storms. and storms will grow even more devastating. at a rise of 4 degrees or more the impact becomes difficult to predict but what seems clear is that all living species would gradually die out even human civilization would face extinction.

the pictures we just saw what my dress steak is it's really going to be that bad where if we don't do enough against it can we be that bad we saw this like sample in someone to help 2018 that we had extreme conditions in europe and i don't think many scientists have expected this at that point already and i would be a mother soon so now i'm really worried if it was such a wise decision to put a child in this world what do you think i know climate scientists who have treated rooms or still don't vary but actually have the i.p.c.c. published a report in october 2018 where they showed that we can stay below 1.5 think we is warming and that this world war is the worst consequences so what do you think what's the most pressing issue what should we tackle 1st. were well

beyond the beyond the point where we can choose where to start we have to take every measure with him to avoid climate change thank you for now we'll talk later now i'm going to see what we're doing. cameroon a stop number 2. now leon come to ruin in the cold the virgin forest suffering countries like these low the least the carbon emissions into the atmosphere though they're among those suffering the most from climate change but they're not really much measurements so it's a big huge data gap but now there's a new up there a tree in a rundown just south was from here. the antennae of the rwanda climate observatory rois 50 meters into the air above the mountain gogo. this is africa's

1st climate monitoring station. rwanda has been badly hit by climate change average temperatures here have already risen by 1.4 degrees celsius in the last 50 years. droughts and flash floods are becoming more common that's catastrophic for farmers on the slopes of mount mugabo. the weather is crazy in rwanda the rainy season always used to be in march april and may these days it even rains in september we never know what to expect. rwanda needs reliable data so that it can better adapt to climate change. that's why a team of scientists here are monitoring ozone depleting c.f.c.'s and other greenhouse gases for the 1st time for the entire african continent. and it is so all of the scale and on that there always never see

a difference is causing war and who is going to commit towards. these normally african countries are going in $200.00 to about a day without evidence so this kind of research supports the and it was the a difference to. the wonder climate observatory is part of the most important global climate research network the advanced global atmospheric gases experiment. the scientists check the black carbon levels on a daily basis. much of this air pollution they discover is not due to traffic in rwanda or to cooking over open fires. in fact many of the subpart of course stem from devastating forest fires thousands of kilometers away. the equipment needs frequent maintenance because of high humidity.

to understand global climate change whether phenomena also have to be taken into consideration. that's why the climate research team is working together closely with meteorologists. the climate change project comes with the greenhouse gases so it comes off the majority does not help but i'm it does however to be focused on so it is like now we have a full package often with roads. like elaine. like a climate change their remaining think is to do things to did up into harvard if report. soon in rwanda could gali scientists are testing a new system custom built at the massachusetts institute of technology. called medusa the instrument is capable of filtering minute amounts of gas out of the air. depleting substances like c f c's are not just very small they're also

present in much smaller quantities than oxygen and nitrogen for example. medusa removes the biggest components of air making it possible to measure c f c's under the greenhouse gases the instrument will soon be moving elsewhere. in the future you want to more out of this summit of mt fencing the fancy so that the summit is hidden in the clouds but it's a 4500 metres high so it's a very nice place to be. wrong. and to be ready for that people. from not lofty height medusa will continue to trace and measure more than 50 greenhouse gases. time for our reporters to add a few extra layers of clothing. minus 6

degrees celsius my fingers. freezing it in winter you could only survive a few minutes without protective clothing what are you doing is strictly here they're not even people living here just research as well but it's really important region for the climate i'll go on these ice sheets to see. these ice covers can be over 40 kilometers thick it really is perpetual ice hundreds of thousands of years old but because they're so stable they're really important for our planet and the climate but even perpetual ice a sensitive west and actually cast melting faster than for sea so some research just had an idea what if we covered west antarctica in artificial snow would that save the planet. imagine if you took water out of the oceans lots of water several trillion times

and you froze it into trillions of tons of snow and spread that across the west antarctic ice sheet covering it with a blanket of artificial snow. the team from the potsdam institute for climate impact research or pic thinks this could save the ice sheet and stop coastal cities such as shanghai and new york from becoming submerged if and arctic as giant ice sheet melts pic researchers estimate that sea levels would rise by more than 3 meters. the colleagues of pick are doing what scientists do best the dokken experiment and it's what we call it. so that's all just hypothetical a thought experiment just like most of the ideas on how to intervene in the earth's climate system it's called geo engineering and there are 2 main approaches. first extract carbon dioxide from the atmosphere known as carbon dioxide removal and 2nd

reflect solar energy to prevent further heating called solar radiation management let's start with number one. a whole range of measures are being discussed on the one hand things like reforestation. trees absorb c o 2 from the atmosphere as they live and grow and when for 3rd preserved they can act as a carbon sink. and then there's the high tech version of that technology that would suck the o 2 out of the air like an artificial tree that c o 2 would need to be stored somewhere and for that week use geological storage. that's the big problem where to put the c o 21 idea is to store it underground. small test facilities already exist but there are concerns this basic one of the risks or what people might worry about is that this. c o 2 might escape not necessarily in huge amounts but enough to negate the

mitigating effect effects of recent studies suggest that this is a fairly small risk. when it comes to solar geo engineering there are also various ideas under discussion the most common one involves spraying some blocking particles for example sulfur into the stratosphere which would reflect the sun's heat back into space. if there were enough particles put into the stratosphere to really substantially affect temperatures and change the temperature by say 2 degrees that would start to change the color of the atmosphere and we've seen this after volcanoes that we get really funky colored sunsets of magenta those and weird oranges and so on and you can also change the color towards making the sky in general more white and blue when we look at it so these kinds of effects we might be able to see and worth to know to that these kinds of effects might have a much larger impact on some other animals besides us especially on insects which

orient very much on the frequency of light. solar radiation management presumably would lower temperatures on earth but some regions would suffer more drought and it wouldn't help reduce c o 2 levels in the atmosphere in any case these geo engineering ideas are still just hypothetical proposals no significant real life tests have been carried out so what role is geo engineering likely to play could the benefits outweigh the risks. that haven't. been delayed for so long that we probably won't be able to manage without removing theo too from that atmosphere be fixed but the most important thing by far still is reducing c o 2 emissions. every time a c.e.o. to that we don't emit is a tonne that we won't have to remove later and great effort and expense but if we. want 0 emissions will need to offset the residual emissions we can't avoid. that

will entail capturing c o 2. covering antarctica with artificial snow is a crazy idea as even the cost of researchers admit it would take enormous amounts of energy and tens of thousands of giant turbines. this kind of a good on can experiment gives us an idea of how much energy and resources would be needed to make something like that happen and we realize this is something that we can't count on as a solution just like all of the other climate geo engineering techniques that are being discussed so far. a lot of research is needed to understand the consequences of geo engineering but perhaps one day it will become a tool in our struggle against the climate crisis. that is 2 miles or climbs in some. of.

this island nation in the middle of the pacific ocean consists of 2 main islands and has a total of 403 kilometers of coastline. island on a stick the climate is tropical. temperatures tend to be around 30 degrees celsius. once again i'm always yes this is going to be my favorite place in a came out how it's humid warm climates sandy beaches the ocean wonderful you know you know what i think it once they have paradise like this for so long anymore it's true the rising sea levels and perry cans and euros would become more and more of a problem in states like this. you might think that this are really happy about rising sea levels right but actually there are so bad oh. yeah that's true but you know pretty fish in chorus they're good for tourism which a lot of locals depend on but their actual true value for each is that lies in

their function breakwaters they help to avoid erosion and flooding experts actually estimate that if the reefs are gone the coast would be destroyed twice the spot on. coral reefs host the rich diversity of species and are often called the tropical rainforests of the sea but global warming is making the oceans more acidic confirmation has come from a special report by the intergovernmental panel on climate change more than half of all coral reefs worldwide are under serious threat. many are dying as a result of mass coral bleaching. without trace the oceans will be empty places. and in addition to the impact on aquatic life she ones will be affected to. more than 500000000 people live in low lying coastal areas places that are threatened by

a roshon and rising ocean levels coastlines and coral reefs could still be saved provided we take action immediately. next stop the u.s. state of alaska. life look at something with this now well on trampolines like this you pick people from alaska they threw the hunters in the air and then from up there they look for animals. that was possible in a place like alaska where much of the land mass is composed of tundra a type of bio characterized by low growing plants the ground is frozen and covered in snow much of the year. sounds pretty rough it is rough i think but it's the basis for life because when those souls melts actually whole villages collapse and this happens now all around the arctic circle. this is siberia in

russia's far north instead of icy tundra reveal lots of melt water. the region is warming twice as fast as the rest of the globe arctic permafrost is thawing. with deadly consequences subsidence has led to the collapse of homes roads and bridges. it's become an everyday problem in many arctic cities and melting permafrost also has consequences for the climate. organic matter trapped in the ground since woody mammoths roamed the earth is being exposed. and with the microbes that devour these plants remains releasing c o 2 and meeting into the air. greenhouse gases that warm up the atmosphere even more than one thing does by it's a vicious circle the wall of yeah the more the permafrost thaws on the more carbon is released this the man i'm convinced of is it. considerable

quantities it's estimated that almost twice as much carbon is stored in permafrost as is found in the earth's atmosphere. in summer 29000 there were wildfires in the arctic places themselves are not unusual but they lasted longer and were on a far bigger scale than ever before many of them burnt through the p. player that protects the permafrost against he's in summer. then as for when there's a fire in this layer of pete disappears that increases the temperature of the permafrost and. which in some cases could cause it to disappear. in the north of canada the permafrost on also known as hershel island is also towing and it's changing the coastline in record time mudslides are turning the sea here a grey brown color. up to 20 metres of land disappear every summer. extreme also of course not as extreme consequences for human settlements but it also has an impact

on the climate on this carbon that i previously mentioned is trapped in permafrost and stored there and when erosion takes place this carbon is released. it enters the ocean and up until now we've assumed that it was deposited there. to have a view but now we know that a lot of this carbon is immediately released before it enters the water microorganisms become active and immediately turn the permafrost into greenhouse gases. that reinforces the process of global warming but new research indicates that eroding permafrost could release carbon dioxide not yet included in existing climate model calculations. there's never do we always talk about carbon dioxide emissions c o 2 which is the most important greenhouse gas can we make use of it i mean plans

use it for their photosynthesis i'm fortunately it's very different could take our c o 2 off the atmosphere from the atmosphere once we want it in my burning fossil fuels like coal and oil. plants do this very efficiently but we have no technical solution to do it this way so why don't we just planned a lot of forests all around the world trees are file it's a very good plan for us. it's even better to keep existing forests but it would be a part as could be part of the solution but not the whole solution sold couldn't we couldn't plan enough trees to get enough c o 2 out of the atmosphere so what about geo engineering we've heard about this before for example reflecting the sunlight or making algae grow in the sea what do you think about this would this be a solution i personally i don't like this idea because it could have side effects

that we don't know yet and i also think it might even be more expensive than. trying to avoid bringing c o 2 in the atmosphere in the 1st place can everyone really make a change like can i do can i make a change where everyone can do something earl for example buying electricity from renewable sources sold them more with will be produced but we are at the point where we need bigger solutions so we need the laws of political decisions. tool to protect the climate thank you very much that you had us on this trip from this climate zones thanks for that. and finally anna and les are back in germany where they started. it's really crazy how easily we can upset the system which is so sensitive system or it's true but you know it really stays with me that we can still make

a difference if we just work together. thank you for being with us in this climate so of tomorrow today see you next time keep careers.

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play. play play . play. play this used live from cairo. there's a major climate summit is due to begin in madrid the u.n. secretary general sounds the alarm on rising global temperatures will meet an intonation of fishermen waging his own personal battle with the resulting increase in sea level also coming up. germany's ruling coalition on a collision.