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africa. when christianity 1st arose it was without images it had only words only script images were 1st introduced into the christian's assembly rooms where they were concentrated at the far end of the simple hole cold the clays yet but once the walls were adorned with images they told a story. how did these images arise how did these stories come a badge and what role did angels play in the stories of conflict between power and

order heaven and. angels on the messengers of the one god of who no image exists and upon whom no human will ever set eyes people worship god swerves words that were brought by angels who were closest to him. they are spiritual beings like him beams of

light. the angels proclaim what god wishes to tell people. that is their calling. they were imagined to be all new president always talking guiding advising and judging people and so they became a central theme of the pictorial history that week old west in our. 2 christianity became the state religion of the roman empire at a time when it was already beginning to collapse the city of rome the capital was a civilized metropolis of millions whose standards of living and represented the

pinnacle of human history. the roman emperor has placed themselves on the same level as the gods even today we talk of their buildings and legacies as monumental which also means overwhelming. different baptists close 2 of the christianity whether it likes it or not is also an add to the roman empire they were temporally contingents the roman empire had a claim to universality to christianity also claims universality and translated it into the commandment to go into the world and preach the gospel to all creation because the indian. the 1st images the 1st pictorial symbols arose alongside the script when the

christian or a trees in rome was still hidden underground in the catacombs. these pictures were different from those of pre-christian antiquity and portrayed angels wearing halos instead of winged messengers with laurel reeds but in the beginning there were very few specifically christian images. to take our measure of your hats can dogmatically antique roman religion didn't develop any dogma and for that reason provided no order from our order 1st becomes apparent in christianity for instance in the hierarchy of the angels who we can see as the successor to the mynah functional gods of the romans one of the best by the continuity and transformation volatile. but what were the models for the superhuman images in christendom were they the heroes of antiquity early christian

imagery has its roots in the assyrian babylonian period with its anthropomorphic creatures for example the firy and winged cherubs. but this isn't because if let's take. the concept of demons which in a greek hero were neither good nor bad the morning demons were only intermediaries between the debt is and humanity in christianity they are rico defined as unclean spirits the new testament teaches us that they are the repudiated and resentful gods of the greeks for rick give us and then i'm delighted that a christian. instead of adopting the pictorial world of antiquity christianity chose to take a detour through demonic beings which took on an idealized human form copied from

the n.t. god's angels are based on models taken from antiquity and the babylonian demons even their name reflects these roots anger loss is greek for messenger and the chair of bears a resemblance to the early demon. so don't use your sister suitor dionysius is the ideal author because he imagines the angels heaven as a world organized according to 3 sets of 3 it's made up of spheres nested in each other until they reach the highest mystery who's gotten caught. in front isn't pierced again and from his highest mystery received only as a sea of light divine glory is radiated to the world beloved son of it consists not just of visible light but also of the knowledge of who god actually is this is based on the 1st level of angels the seris from them to the cherubs who pass it on

via an almost visible spiritual connection to the throne of the political masters and self and so vital. and thus the portrayal of angels in the late middle ages is above all an indication of the primary thing communicated by christian images order . doesn't leslie through one of these or reflections on. asked jensen how can i portray god how can i portray what is holy and purely spiritual without it becoming sensible and being dragged down to the level of antiquity which the christians termed paganism. ruston because. the picture of a hierarchical order in heaven is the keen to christian imagery order is the prerequisite for perfection.

the 1st step towards a self-contained christian iconography of angels didn't take place in rome in the 4th century a.d. the roman empire collapsed into 2 hobs rome and the western part of the empire was overrun by the goths then reconquered by eastern roman by xantia in the mid 6 century rome became a provincial city of the buys and time empire with red bama as its capital. this is where the 1st systematic pictorial history of the still young christendom as a synthesis of greek philosophy and the christian doctrine of salvation was developed. did drive that model of a series of youth as a simple as the greatest height of the high number 3 is normally reserved as a symbol of the day it is this but in the old testament we also have angel often easily been

a prophet izzie kill all eyes are allowed to look up to heaven they see being surrounding god or to think they are either ordered in groups of 4 or have 4 facets for example equal like lion like or human like beings and old vegas and. a few it is something that was imported from the babylonian iconography and integrated into christendom god is surrounded by groups of 4 figures when seated on . his throne and that's why alongside the number 3 which symbolizes gaunt there is a number for an extension symbolizing his rule in all 4 world least he has and eras have i fear that's also why the derivatives of 341224 were also in doubt with a wholly systematic significance systematically door to. the oldest most acts of christian iconography out to be found in the sacred buildings of ravenna opposite a series of martyrs there's

a series of holy virgins that individual expressions are not important but the series and the number are. 16 profits stand above them which signifies 12 plus 4 and the fact that they are placed above the virgins in the martyrs expresses their place in the hierarchy and they're all foraging within christendom. even higher up are scenes portraying christ's passion even this position denotes hierarchy order here in revenge of the hierarchy is formulated and translated into a system of images. the beginning and the end of this mural are reserved for the key figures of holy scripture mary and christ they are positioned formally alongside each of them are 2 angels that look out directly on the view of. the angels are the courtiers whole body guards of mary

and jesus christ. her here on. this simple picture oriel system became a camera upon which everything else was based from then on the church is became larger and the at says and domes express the unity and perfection of the christian cosmos. in the way it. rangely it's images the christian pictorial system took over and transcended the buys and time court order and its core trail of power and representation. that i see when you read the 30 year jubilee unity on constantine the great we can discern a formula for order in the world one god one empire one emperor constantine was an advocate of an eagle a tarion god really

a clear hierarchy order this system of subservience this reflected socio political relationships with an. inch while the. was where the synthesis between the systematic thinking of the greeks and the christian doctrine of salvation became translated into imagery. amidst the ruins of rome new churches were built and the ancient roman buildings repurposed by christians the pictorial canon of ravenna made itself felt in some time area and trust there where. the larger the church was the more imagery could be depicted. here for the 1st time mary was depicted directly alongside jesus christ as his

companion the mosaic still expresses representation directly but the angels are missing. thus the picture clearly indicates that the central figure of the new testament jesus christ the redeemer is superior to the angels in the hierarchy even though he was a human being. the up a bazillion san clemente in rome was built at the beginning of the 12th century in it the buys on time court order is abandoned the christian cross dominance the ordering of the spheres still expresses number and order but more important is the concentration on the christian visual symbols they signify the opposites of power christ as the holy land in the center of his flock.

love this is god as the angel of peace among us of full god it's a different pictorial message from those of antiquity all the buys and time empire . will. around the turn of the millennium the church order as expressed in images went through a profound crisis of increasing worldliness and corruption the author already of the pope and with it the message of salvation through the one church was substantially shaken. the radical return of the liturgy to the original message of salvation took place not initially but in france i am in a small chapel near only all the founding motifs of that message of salvation are represented on it's by sand timer sanders. above 2 small 6 winged chariots 2 of the angels dominate the done. they

represent the old and the new testament which in the language of the mosaic were delivered by angels to humankind. the suggestion of a hand tells us that they have delivered the scripture upon god's command i'm not the path to salvation can only lie in following god's will. this new system of christian liturgy and message of salvation comes from cluny abbey founded in 1910 by the juco back retain as a benedictine abbey clooney was not only the center of the christian cosmos during the middle ages of the largest and most powerful church of the christian world it was only supposed later by st peter's basilica during the french revolution almost

900 years later clooney was destroyed as being a symbol of an absolute monarchy that claimed divine legitimation. but today even amid the ruins the pattern significance of this order with its many of the churches and ministries throughout burgundy is still palpable it's no accident the burgundy was home to the most significant monastic orders and of the biggest cathedrals of the 11th and 12th centuries the most important pilgrims way to santiago de compostella took them through here. tongue cathedral houses the most significant pictorial example of the transformation of christian iconography joining that period it was carved in stone by give back to a spittoon 11201135. the main portal through which millions of pilgrims enter the church no longer depicted

the power of god but the last judgment christ and the elders the angels that god's throne sits and judge over human souls which in line with the general understanding of this period threatened by evil more than ever. in order to uphold order and the perfection of salvation christ and the angels have to demonstrate that they can differentiate between good and evil from this point on the rank of the angels changes dramatically in the imagery from now on they become the most important representatives of the ruler of old things a god that rewards good behavior. as christ companions the angels are lot at the role of completing salvation the angels are once again the mediate has between god and humanity they fight for god and for

humanity against evil. the pilgrims moved within the great knaves as though they were in a parade and looked up into the capitals with the vivid illustrations of the evil in all its incarnations. the 2nd temptation of christ taken from the gospel of luke makes it clear what's happening here christ determination to resist heresy and damage. the suicide of judas shows what happens when someone turns away from god the monumentally impressive knave signified to the believers that only god's words could help against ollie's temptations and human weaknesses. to to home. home have heading southwards with the manton's just visible on the

horizon lies one of the most important cities of the middle ages the peace of the modern day said they may rockley was originally a burial place beyond the city wools the whole complex with its cathedral baptistry and compost some toe was bigger. in 1300. 11 to have the campo son cho was the not just cemetery of the christian middle ages and that's a place where death damnation and redemption played a prominent role here we find a monumental representation of the love judgment. this powerful fresco must have shocked its contemporaries it begins with the last judgment on the ruffle christ who reveals his wounds and flings his outrage like lightning in the direction of how. this anger is offset by the gentle virgin mary

to his left. beneath them is an angel with us at high level with the viewer is the warrior michael with his sword. another angel herds frightened citizens of towards damnation the faces up terrified and pleading but no one can escape divine judgment this is a recurring motif in christendom in the face of the might of the last judgment the wealth and grand bishops and even the power of mana all to no avail. pictorial arrangement the artist has paid tribute to social status the kings occupy the top. even one of the angels reveals its fear in the face of the past and

unavoidable ity of the last judgment announced by trumpets on the left we can see the saved these 2 are portraits of real life citizens of pisa their facial expressions are calm and they all look up to the merciful figure of the virgin mary . before the judge their body language is relaxed the face is a clear although their expressions reveal intense concentration. pease's pious citizens are expressing their heartfelt gratitude for the victory of good over evil . the struggle. receive the souls who have already been saved. it's as if in addition to the widely understood concepts of the apocalypse in the last judgment a new orientation is taking place towards the end of the 20th century not far from

the russian pass on the edge of the southern alps the monastery of muddy and back was established to this day the benedictine monks there assemble in a narrow vaults that are a tree. that. marion barry monastery is famous for its roman frescoes in a symbolic series of images they reinterpret human beings path to salvation they are brought closer to the angels by pursuing their battle against evil. more. humans can rise in the heavenly hierarchy by successfully overcoming evil that is the message of these frescoes. we see the end jet except sin cherubs recognizable by the 6 wings that. alongside them

is the apostle peter who holds the key to heaven in paradise and on his right is a protective angel. this constellation indicates a new link between apostle and heavenly beings man and angel again come closer to one another despite the evil in the world. order for. the most important message there is communicated in the arrangement of angels above the almighty in the mandorla in jesus christ appears to be standing on his hand. the real focus is this small angel smaller than all the other heavenly figures it represents the new human who are to fighting a lifelong battle against evil is seen by christ to be deserving of redemption and thus as a small angel is taken into the communion of the big angels human beings can rise

into the sphere of the heavenly beings and can be redeemed heaven awaits them that's what this fresco expresses the small angel is both messenger and message a new era in the relationship between humanity in the heavenly sphere has begun whoa. further southwards we reach a place of great importance in christian iconography assisi. in burgundy joining the 12 century monasteries have adopted district the organizers liturgy and had almost completely rejected imagery. in the 13th century new waters arose in central italy this one in assisi was to be a purely mendicant told a completely dedicated to charity and neighborly love as the most direct path to redemption. the building of the lower church

began in the early 13th century together with thomas aquinas francis of assisi was considered the main renewal of the christian doctrine of salvation no building from the late middle ages bad as great a testament to the spirit of renewal as that of the highest church of assisi. its name is dominated by jaw tows world famous francisco's but the real secret is to be found in the older decorated transepts of the name of what is here translated pictorially is the virgin mary's bodily ascension to heaven and her final exultation over the angels. in one of the men dollars held up by for an angels jesus and mary are in friend in

loving devotion one of the angels is said to have called out who is she she who is raised up from the desert nestling on her love on. pain jewels profits on the saints assemble around the heavenly throne on which the virgin mary sits alongside her son as an intercessor on behalf of humanity. what is important here of the protectionists hammes st francis whose face can no longer be recognized plates for redemption on behalf of his brothers is please convey by mary to her son who listens and gives his blessing to the franciscan. the virgin mary's role in the heavenly hierarchy is in this franciscan church newly defined. she is jesus' companion and on with the angels at the same time she

remains a human being that signifies that she is the 1st human being to be redeemed and raised to heaven. the rose window in the outer world is like a final symbol of this new order. the shape of the sun can be construed as referring to jesus the rose to the virgin mary both forms are united as part of a circle that has only one center god. at the close of the middle ages towards the end of the 14th century tuscany became a european stronghold of progress the dominican monk from and jellicoe came from the area around florence and achieved world renown with his portrayals of angels.

there. than in the conspicuous chapel mikko tona is home to the annunciation a popular motif. the message is depicted in the form of visible words the virgin mary is face still has a generic madonna like quality but is also individually defined and this image symbolizes not only the metaphorical line between the middle ages and the modern era it also makes clear what will become more and more important. human rights are now represented as emotional and individual beings in the story of salvation. 'd 'd the lower part of the painting depicts the marriage between mary and joseph what is

grand breaking in this weather and jellicoe is the expression with which he has endowed the figure of mary reserved geneal cain jewel gabriel she is his equal she represents the human striving for salvation the face expresses humility and dignity yet is still powerful she remains self-conscious and what gesture expresses not subservience but surprise and also knowledge awareness of what is happening she has been endowed with an individual soul and it is for that reason that we still describe her as beautiful. the impact of from the angelic owes work remained basically limited to tuscany he traveled little his main ambition was to embellish the sacred places of worship for the brothers of his own order 'd. once again the

relationship between the history of god. salvation in the world of the profane changed dramatically. the renaissance emerged 1st in tuscany then in rome it was a blossoming of trade and dot and since the downfall of the classical world had been so prosperous that of course also influenced the depiction of angels. the vilified on a scene a in rome was commissioned by the bank i go see no cheap and built by. it is seen as the ultimate expression of the high renaissance and with its perspectives hole it features a room of trump boy painting. the walls are covered with scenes from the life of an example of

a great book 1st catches the eye is a writing messenger with flowing cloaks in the form of a white fan giving the impression of wings. the messenger is part of a historical allegorical depiction of the wedding of alexander to the persian princess razzamatazz of the center alexander appears and hands the princess the crowd the real focus that was the heavenly messenger commies and half an archangel gabriel. alexander is typical of the newly awakened interest in mythical historical figures during the 16th century the small angels which look like cupid's are borrowed from the pagan classical era. in classical times cupid's when love calls depicted a small voice. the art of christendom. makes them into anonymous angels and celery

figures they reveal the meaning and intention of the miral its aim is to move the view essentially not spiritual. the villa fun a siena is the high point of the renaissance this work shows how far images from the classical era survived into christendom the godlike figures in the hero's return in allegorical form complementing the christian images. at the beginning of the 16th century the foundation was laid for the new st peter's basilica in rome it was intended as a proof that christendom suppose the classical era.

in the mid 17th century a sculpture was made for the church of sun. it had the same aim to illustrate the ultimate triumph of christendom. the sculpture. was a successor to me. whose late work marked the end of the renaissance and the beginning of the baroque. the motif of the ecstasy of centuries or is a variation of the enunciation also depicted by frau angelica but with benny there was a decisive transformation. to resign or is portrayed in dramatic full many attempts to make the ecstasy tangible the mits a groan her eyes are twisted her body is open. from now on the story of salvation on the motifs derived from it were presented theatrically utilizing old visual tools available. that included classical heroes

and out agrees. precisely at the moment when st peter's basilica symbolized the victory of christian imagery of a pagan antiquity the latter returned in full force into the christian world. in the immense st peter's we find the legend of its foundation expressed in the sentence and so i say to you you peter and upon this rock i will build my church. a new building claim to be nothing less than the greatest monument in the history of the world time and again the builders disband and dams had weathered the immense vult would be capable of bearing the enormous. but will.

the spirit of the age demanded a massive triumphant. as an old man received a commission from pope clement the 9th to design the entrance to the cast and some tangent of. the building was the most a limb of emperor of hadrian and the triumphant entrance way over the bridge was lined with statues of the classical dogs of victory many replace these with angels converting a pagan monument into christian. the angels hold the instruments of the passion. in their hands the road becomes a symbolic way of the cross or via dolorosa like the one walked by the pilgrims in jerusalem. converted it into

a triumphal procession and the angels bear with. as to it with the symbols of christ's passion. the angel with a crown of forms was sculpted by many me himself the newly sculpted angel stood in the sequence of statues with the apostles peter and paul who were on it as martyrs and the here to proclaim the victory of christendom. the more easily i'm of cast out sometimes yellow but always dominated the entranceway to rome if people look around now they saw the miracle of saint peter dedicated to the triumph of the holy roman church but this triumph was soon called into question by knowledge and silence. the battle began for the right to interpret imagery and after bernie's death it was no longer 40 in italy but in the hapsburg empire on the other side of the house.

nancy understood how but here. the house builder again if you visit the headquarters of the hapsburgs in piano the hoff org you'll see on the left and right a representation of how austria ruled the world's oceans and much of the world ordered the debate to be has done since there are going to see it is a plagiarized version of the fall of the rebel angles associated with michael vincent as a bases on strayer personifying defeating the enemy forces with a lance exactly as we know it from michael he thrusts lucifer into the jaws of hell and nowhere is this triumph as clear as in the michael motif of the christian tradition the church is celebrating its own triumph that's why the church directly adjoining the hoff org is dedicated not just to any old saint but to michael the hero the general of the angels with his soldierly demeanor the inheritance. dame's

i doubt it. any skin that i. this full of the rebel angels was completed in 726 during the reign of the austrian emperor col the 6. the michael motif had become much more than merely a central christian motif also signified gaunts forgiveness and the emperor is grand. the church of st karl as the most significant broke edifice in vienna makes that very clear. it is a sacred building with imperial aspirations the church was intended to symbolize the connection between rome and buys and him between the west and the east roman churches that is why it looks rather like the haga sophia in istanbul and contains its imitation trojan columns this too has to be understood in an allegorical way the absolute monarchs of the modern era wanted to appear as glorious as the roman

emperors. in the coppola is the ecclesia with an allegorical figure representing the one true church she wears a gorgeous cloak as the holy grail in her hand and holds the eucharist over the grand having the last supper positioned at the center of the coppola in the patron church of emperor charles the 6 was intended to signify that his empire would uphold the supremacy of the christian world view. as an borg abbey is only one journey away from vienna towards the end of the reign of calm the 6 the baroque painter paolo tolga was commissioned to decorate the central rooms of the abbey with frescos. even the architecture of the imperial stack case has symbolic significance to

flights of steps merge into a single one that implies that 2 separate spheres can be seen as a unity. religion with it che lo's sits alongside science as allegorical figures on the heavenly coppola and they are reconciled with one another. all figures on the arched roof have both allegorical and sacred meaning the heavenly virtues of love and hope are depicted as symbolic female figures faith is shown as masculine and posing victoriously. the angels fill this heaven and serve as an order and they seem as though they're about to applaud the harmonious order the happy dancing. the

painting a bump the imperial stack ace tries to illustrate to the viewer the reconciliation between the sacred and the scientific worlds angels have no significant role anymore in this harmony. that's the end of this history of angels more than one and a half 1000 years of a dominant religious interpretation of the world with a single center of god gave way to an age of absolutism succeeded by the age of reason and the era of industrialization. the angels as messengers of an inscrutable god lost their significance but as advocates for and counselors to humanity they are an eternal reminder of humans yearning not to be alone and as

a perpetual changing motif of vives they are a central aspect of western religious culture. snow there is no reason to stay if. you can get rid of it. get over it. and if nothing else you can just flip out completely the top. russian and japanese do it they should never let it sit there all 3

considered the 15 men. in the art of climate change. for christmas. what's in store for the most money for the future. come from the major cities to get insight. culture. 50 years of religion is for peace people so many different faiths for working together toward a common goal the peaceful resolution of religious conflicts. now the female members are for allegiance for peace from the middle east are demanding a larger role. in the female peacemakers stores

january 5th on g.w. . out of. place. this is deja vu news live from berlin a deadly plane crash in kazakhstan at least 12 people were killed when a passenger jet came down shortly after takeoff from the city of dozens of people survived the crash also coming up more rage in india over a controversial citizenship law the death toll from weeks of clashes between demonstrators and police surpasses 25.