stunning pictures from china there of the annual ice festival in the city of harbin millions of tourists visit the site of the country's northernmost province to see the sculptures on display during the monthlong festival i'm terry martin thanks for watching. it's all happening with. your link to news from africa and the world your link to exceptional stories and discussions continue and welcome to african program tonight from for an exam to be from on the zito i would say defeated comes from africa joined us on facebook and w africa. life

in the post factual age. social networks spread fake news perceived truths in just seconds there are no filters or fact checks. the line between truth and lies has become blurred. us president donald trump is one of the most famous generators of fake news just about every day he posts and lives on the internet. there's one thing that's absolutely fascinating about trump's case. unequivocally backs what he says i know that he rejects every bit of expert knowledge or system of extra no verification such as archives facts images and the rest. is enough and he just says he knows it because he feels that there is something.

well i think we have something very very important politics is a liar's game a dishonest business. which. i did not. sexual relations with. their old law as. members of the public condemned the lying but they don't behave any better themselves. is an average guy and certainly less than honest. he feels every day. troubling your beautiful. johnny videos and my dress of course. it's really

so i know it's tight i know it fits as if it were made for you because. unlike the lies the politicians mueller's dishonest compliments are not intentional deceptions . but it's a tasty and wonderful thanks. when they're months old if someone tells you they've been to the hairdresser and they ask you how their new haircut looks and you think oh dear but say this is great this is and then that's a problem i'd fear not and i would not lie because you're aiming somehow to help maintain the other person's self esteem. health. researchers call those white or socially positive lies social conventions belong to this group inc. that morning neighbor how are you good well i'm fine have a nice day. a certain degree of dishonesty promotes harmonious coexistence. on the high cost. listen i'm stuck in traffic and i just wanted to let you know

that i'm going to be light. a boundary is violated when the law is used for deception. when will i get those quarterly figures working on it by the end of the week. knowingly failing to tell the boss the truth is driven by self interest miller doesn't want any trouble. he overlooks the fact that he could damage his boss. that didn't just happen by chance the center for processing emotions in miller's brain the limbic system is active especially has a mic. it triggers twinges of conscience. english researchers carried out an experiment with lies that indicated that a bad conscience can be overridden the more frequently test subjects lied the less the

a make dylan reacted. lying is immoral that's the consensus of all the world's cultures. but everyone lies at least 2 times a day. he's lying and ancient natural legacy. in coastal regions rain forests a phenomenon often takes place that could confirm exactly that and humans closest relatives are the ones that are doing it her. and warns his group of danger. the primates hide in an instant. 6 that was a mistake because a member of their own species tricked them he's the one that ends up with the prey the threat was just make believe humans apparently aren't the only beings who resort to trickery.

scientists are using new zealand picks to test whether the animals are conscious of what they're doing. they're raised in the clever pig lab of the messily research institute and have more in common with humans than humans would like. to. give is a quote i think it's from churchill always remember catholics down on man and dog looks up but if a pig will look him right in the eye. pinks genetic material is similar to humans that's only one factor that makes them ideal research subjects. and social animals pigs have a very well developed social network and they know each other very well they have a very distinct hierarchy. there is the leader and subordinates and they also have individuals in the group who interact with each other more rather than less so you

could call them friends and those they tend to avoid or if they do meet there's a clash you see that with us to. the scientists want to know if the pigs can engage in conscious deception. to do this they set up 3 feeding stations but only one hides a treat. if you got social strategy how an animal behaves using the information it has in our case that's the location of the source of food what does it do with that information say if a high ranking animal is present who could take that food source drive it away or if a level ranking animal is they who contact the food. 3 pigs compete in the test example the leader of the group.

who's on the lowest rungs of the pigs ranking. and zeus who is between. the. first zeus learns where to find the snack. he's the only one who gets to see where the good he is hidden. then comes then she's clueless about where the food is. will follow the higher ranking animal.

zeus immediately heads for the food bowl and gobbles up the snack. on the other hand quickly withdraws and leaves zeus to eat without a fight. not good in the banana didn't dead challenge says and claim the food for his self she knows it is rants about her and that gives him the right to take the 5th fest. marianna von doc has seen this often. while working on her doctoral thesis. 800 runs with 18 animals in cooperation with a behavioral biologist. from the university of veterinarian medicine in vienna. low ranking animals without information don't seem to. any deceptive maneuvers to

gain an advantage. but what happens if the lower ranking animal knows something a more senior animal doesn't. gets another training session. but this time the train is hidden behind the feeding place on the far left. and. his opponent is drawled leader xampp uno. based on ranking should give way. but zeus is clever he sends example though in the wrong direction. the faint gives him some time to get a head start in eating. as he does is

to largest video when i saw the video of zeus and zambrano for the 1st time and i was suddenly shakes off something or by sending him in another direction i wouldn't have thought it possible to. be informed animal deceives with intent social rank becomes secondary indecent right in state and. in this competition a cognitive arms race arises and intelligence challenge because the intelligence of one leaves the other to adapt to it and perhaps develops a new strategy. which the 1st needs to understand devising a further strategy as this progresses it can result in animals really developing a special kind of intelligence and a social or cultural intelligence which isn't something they need in their physical environment but all. that so apparently lying is

a natural legacy evolutionary researchers even see lies and deception as important drivers for the formation of human intelligence. human is a persistently disingenuous ape so that we can not only hide behind leaves but that we can tell tall tales has helped us to deceive others to believe in gods and tribunals and to fight together. so the lie was certainly a major help in evolution. it did only. researchers at the child development laboratory of the university of salzburg use playful experiments to investigate at which age people learn to lie. look here comes next he was just playing with his ball. after playing moxie puts the ball into the red box and leaves. down on his lawn

maxis gone his cystic. wood and she plays a little with the blue. but she puts the ball back in the blue box rather than the red one and moxie isn't on the wiser. and look here comes maxie again. this is to get into a trance a very important intellectual advancement to understand people don't behave in a way that reflects the real world but how they imagine it to me so that perceptions can be manipulated intentionally. went as with this if. we will next to look 1st.

we will not see look 1st. the researchers test if the children can put themselves in another person's shoes. they call this ability theory of mind. you know i think in that. the younger children the 3 year olds. who are they say he'll get the ball where it actually is. as a kinda sorta kid seem to assume that when moxie looks for his ball he just goes to where it is. with where will actually look 1st. in the red one that i want to read when you think starting at age 5 children can anticipate the knowledge of others will actually look 1st. at the red box why would you go to the red box. because it was in the red box before and now it's in the blue.

right in theory of mind of the theory of mind or the false believe is required for children to understand that human behavior is based on mental state but this for higher meaning people behave as they perceive the world to be and that can sometimes deviate from reality. and this comments made up by hearing from the relative. well look we have lots of different stickers you can choose one which one would you like the next task tests if the children can deceive strategically. it's worked at the school office text and stick you hide the sticker in one of your hands we are to will try to find it. not us to be at the 1st show i ask you where you hit a fish check test she finds if you can keep it but if she doesn't it's yours so you

have to think carefully about what you can do so but to doesn't find the sticker. best mom cans to be at that instant and so she tried. gathered up data start searching. where do you hide the stickers. well let's have a look. this is stella tells the truth she's 3 and can't deceive this is she was the wife one. and thinking before they can lie before they have developed the ability to understand that you can manipulate other people's mental states and use information to influence what someone else is thinking how they perceive the world. so. yes they're still very innocent before that so claims the incident. before this current and. get back

to 1st victim lottie is 5 years old the task is the same and lottie also wants that stick or. something now if one. lets play again it's not going according to plan for a lot. but at 5 her cognitive abilities are well enough developed that she'll figure it out. and then think that if she finds it she gets to keep it but if she doesn't then it's. the stick is it in there in the. brain is ready to fit at the age of 5. 6 year old antonia is already a true diva of deception. on the next try she takes it a step further and changes tactics.

to have a look. so enter any away to hide it. she's consciously chosen the other hand because she already knows that the other player can change strategy to. that people are is a fact of life and when you grow up in a society where it's a fact it's very important that you learn to lie and understand lies otherwise you'd be completely helpless and the mercy of those who do live in for those that say. the lie has 2 faces. it deceives but that knowledge helps to reveal reality. you won't believe what happened to me today as i was coming out of the office some idiot nearly ran me over no place i was shocked

and shouted stop him stop him miller lies to justify being late. she doesn't pick up the 5th at 1st but still liars send out signals that reveal their fraud. psychologist and body language expert reveals deceivers by examining their facial expressions. she uses an experiment to show how she does it. you're going to tell me a little story about your last vacation. one is true the other is a lie let's start. summer i was in no way alone yes actually just with a backpack and a tent. i just went and picked a little ruse like the let along were you there just 2 weeks

west where were you on vacation so i didn't go i was with a friend in barcelona the summer that's how close are you doing in barcelona we went out drinking and partying at night. where do you start. in on this and what was the next station. at the little town and remember the name anywhere took the ferry across. at him and i don't know about your friend what's he like and. he's really funny and plays music too. i haven't seen him for 20 years and that was very emotional. kens to do you know this person you're talking about yeah. guys that's the truth. on t.v. and this is your life. but even a country monday you can see the asymmetry in the smile was one sided and only in the lower face it wasn't honest laughter. but i can't just walk in

and the eye contact was choppy and i could simply contact he looked away then it means then away again. vicki shall. be delighted but that doesn't mean liars always do that they can so some use extra long eye contact to. what they're doing is trying to hide their immediate genuine emotions. joy anger grief contempt fear and surprise are the 7 basic emotions they present themselves in the same way in the facial. expressions of every human being. to do that 26 facial muscles must work in concert. if for example we feel joy the facial muscles react within a fraction of a 2nd. researchers call the short reaction

a micro expression. it momentarily reveals genuine feelings and can't be faked. only after that can liars control their expressions. but the face reveals even more. researchers look at the nose as if their subjects were the puppet pinocchio. they say the nose changes when a person is lying. american researchers used to say that the nose increased in size by millimeters if a person was lying. researcher in nearly all gomez milan from granada spain has been observing this phenomenon for several years. if not just an example actually the pinocchio effect is the holy grail of lying. researchers have always looked for a qualitative key to distinguish lies from the truth going to that. using

a thermal imaging camera researchers film people telling whoppers and find facial and hand temperatures change systematically. for us the lie has at least 3 components one is the level of physiological activation which increases when you lie this value can be measured at the tip of the nose and the tip of the middle finger. goma's milan tests this with a series of questions the respondent can decide whether to lie or not between. the researcher clearly recognizes falsehoods in one tale. nose and finger temperatures drop as the test subject makes up the lie ringback. that's just one clue.

and content of effort is the 2nd component of lying the brain must do heavy lifting . it up and set up inside. this effort shows in other parts of the face. the forehead and cheeks get warmer seeing here and yellow. since the law is a highly complex conceptual feat the brain works at full speed. increased blood circulation in the frontal lobe raises the temperature of the forehead. mirror neurons also become active in the front of the frontal lobe. they pick up the emotional state of the person being lied to and leave the liar to have warmer cheeks. get a liar wants to make a good impression is he being believed if not you can see it in his cheeks.

if you use the other person isn't convinced here blush. sits on a simple what he said. but other factors influence face and finger temperature intensity as well. the researchers suspect the recipient and gravity of the lie contribute to. do it in. a way you're going to do eva has been given a special mission. to eat she supposed to. convincingly to someone close to her. the 22 year old tells her mother she's pregnant knowing full well news like that would be a shock to a parent. this highly emotional shows up particularly clearly on the camera.

the nose and fingers cool down as forehead and cheeks. reveals the truth to the temperatures normalize again. and. it's especially easy to expose the lawyer. but it also depends on other factors such as personality. still one thing is certain if the full range of evidence for lying shows up we know with a probability of 90 percent that the person is really lying. and. for decades the lie detector has been used to identify liars on the basis of physical reactions. secret services still use it to expose double agents or criminals. the idea of using physical clues to identify

criminals is a very old one. at the end of the 19th century. a physician from to try to determine the external characteristics of born criminals he measured suspects blood pressure during questioning. the suicide. later used a galvanometer to measure skin conductivity during sweating. at the university of victoria developed the polygraph it measures respiration and. theory was that if a person is lying excitement would cause heart and respiration rate. to change. but lie detector results still aren't considered irrefutable evidence a conventional polygraph wouldn't have unveiled this thief. the measurements are too inaccurate because nervousness can happen in many situations not just during

a lie. the woman isn't a real feat she's a research subject. gama from the university of birth board has set up some items at a fake crime scene he wants them to be stolen. the aims to use what's known as the guilty knowledge test to show that breathing pulse heart rate and skin connectivity can be significant. that autism test by the end of the guilty knowledge test is based on the idea that you don't detect the lie itself so you don't ask a question like did you kill so and so because it will or did you steal the cash box on file instead you ask about certain details of the crime not details that only the perpetrator can know can come from. the shows these details to the test

subject. of recorded interrogator asks if she recognizes the objects on the screen she supposed to deny it all or cloth back. no. gum or can read her reactions on the monitor. or document folder. no whenever she recognizes something the reading changes. no mobile phone. this becomes particularly clear with the picture of the stolen mobile . phone. the test person begins perspiring more. than monday media trends if you recognize things you've seen before or experienced in the context of a criminal offense for example. then you are more receptive to these details. you

sure are stronger skin conductivity which means that the skin is more stor you sweat a bit more and the reaction has nothing to do with the line itself. this is a reaction that depends on its importance certain details are more important so the perpetrator reacts more strongly to these details is a ties the idea to a teacher to signal stick on. everyone wants to win even if they have to lie to do it. that was the case with lance armstrong. allegations of doping plagued his career but one thing is clear today he cheated his way to his triumphs in the tour de france and other races. oh. a lot i have not. even then he was sending out signals that could have supported the medical findings.

he said. it's about us learning to cluster that's what does that mean we have to serve people from head to toe and try to find as many clues as we can i know he has a few his acknowledged if only then do we have a shot at getting it right i know. the answer is i could never. how clear is that. monica much nick can find many giveaways in a 2005 interview with lawyers of armstrong sponsors. and. scene of another t.v. scene was when he said no and kept on saying that one of the sort of 100 percent. he would have nodded if it were really true had to be nick and on tonight. and it's exactly the same if someone. i would say great idea

and great argument to high speed yes yes i'm open to anything and there you can see the body language doesn't harmonize with the words and water nor does it seem credible. even experienced liars give themselves away especially if they're stressed. by junior budget minister in france. implicated himself in a web of lies about secret foreign accounts in 2013. and went to him you only see non-verbal signals indicating struggle. where there is . a rigid focused gaze for tooting chin and his variant phatic language on. that someone who is fighting even when they lie often i

think. even bill clinton couldn't conceal his world famous lie. i did not have sexual relations with that. these allegations are false. i had so i knew vehement shock of his negation was so vehement and so strong. is eyes were blinking faster. and he distance himself from this woman mention when people lie they don't use names he said that woman that woman. sooner or later the truth will out in the end nevertheless politicians lie and lie and lie and donald trump is a premier league liar who tops all the standings. it's the largest tax cut in the history of our country and the reforms but tax cuts.

newspapers like the washington post record trump swappers thousands and thousands of them. in any other country. no u.s. president has lied more than trump. there's actually a relationship between lies and power everyone lies every day in politics the lies are more common there are many studies on power and from them we can conclude that the more powerful someone is the easier it is to lie and the more they feel right about it. the. deception helps to disguise that strategy has a long tradition politics were already being conducted in secret during the renaissance. the less people knew about what happened in the chambers of power the

better. political philosopher. openly condemned lying as immoral. yet indirectly he called on those in power to do it. doesn't advise the prince to lie because the lie it cannot lead to anything positive. song in his political tract the prince machiavelli tries to advise the prince on how best to maintain his power. or next to none will know he advised him to hide part of the truth because for him the secret is required for the success of a political act for me to do so ok then just. simply saying nothing is an alternative to lying with unpredictable consequences as

history shows. europe's climate worsened in the 18th century causing crops to fail and famine everywhere. in france people starved needed someone to blame and found. even though the royals were also plagued by low supplies the king lived up the people smelled a rat. rumor spread that the king the monopolists and the ministers were deliberately trying to starve the people. when rumors like this came up when grain prices got too high longer just said i'm going to. of course and that's when the peasants took up arms his. own. me. back then fake news led to uprisings in 775.

people chanted down with the king we want bread down with the king. as supplies became scarce the poor took to the streets of paris. in search of food they looted shops and markets. the result is known as the flour war in french history. these are special moments of crisis when power is weak. a power vacuum is created because it's such times we have a sequence of difficulties that cause instability and unrest. revolt triggered by rumors that led to the french revolution and later ended the

monarchy in france. alone can we observe the emergence of false information fake news in propaganda precisely at moments of historical crisis. this is very striking in the case of the revolution there were waves of bogus news fake news that circulated through all camps more or less being exploited to support the interests of someone or other but it's also a sign of fear of. then as now truth clearly tends to lose its meaning in a crisis. experts say a similar system is in operation among the yellow best movement in france. it started as a protest against rising gas prices and continued to be stoked by more fake news

online. example of don't see many rumors circulating on social networks with respect to the yellow vest on rest. for example there's the rumor of a belgian lady who was killed during a demonstration one day. why are there such rumors. because people inform each other and communicate among people like themselves and above all because they don't believe a word of what the mainstream media says yet they see the so-called official media mass media etc mass media. mistrust. among the population is growing. fertile ground for more lives. through. this you know there are also social networks where the lower classes create somewhere's are everywhere as they say in england. on longer then that's

their own reality their own interpretation of reality and it merges an ideological phenomena we no longer believe in the elites with the technological one we can say something and circulated on the internet. that's an explosive mix certainly for the elites. many experts agree lawyers and bogus news pose a serious threat to political systems. it doesn't matter who spreads deception those in power or the people. they primarily so mistrust and destabilize democracies. yet there's no magic bullet to counter this trend. only we can enact a whole range of laws to monitor and prevent fake news but it's not going to go away. because there are plenty of laws all very old. by the 13th century

we were already talking about sins of language which are condemned just as they are now and so it's not the law that will prevent the spread of lies. the question is whether individuals and citizens in particular are able to identify them and refrain from giving them recognition they don't deserve. experts say the number of lies online will merely multiply as the inhibition threshold continues to fall. meanwhile the rate of daily fibbing will remain constant with most people lying between 2 to 80 times a day still awareness and observation can reveal falsehoods. research has led to making lies a visible and measurable in part technology that may develop for later use at

airports and by the police and justice authorities. and the powerful they'll continue telling whoppers of the lying is a part of the political system and firmly rooted in power seekers d.n.a. . meanwhile in private the means will go on justifying the ends. i tell me have you ever thought about soldering. some are you crazy. research has yet to prove if liars have long noses. force now. in any case a lie is half life is manageable. dissembling is hardwired into the brains of living beings. yet the cognitive ability to lie goes hand in hand with the capability to expose liars.

ok cough come look back at the season's 1st half. a good the one whose leg has been this exciting in years. where the big surprise is. the big disappointment. in plans and goals losers and the winner. take all. 90 minutes on doubling. every 2

seconds a person does forced to flee their homes nearly 71000000 people have been forcibly displaced the consequences of coming to some stress in our documentary series displaced depicts traumatic humanitarian crises around the world you know. what a good thing we don't need i didn't go to university to kill people. or to have a. my boss come to me and tell me to kill someone and he got mad and if i don't they'll kill me. people feel for their lives and their future so they seek refuge abroad but what will become of us who stay behind it's a. little my husband went to peru because of the crisis that i wanted that if he hadn't gone there we would have died of hunger. place just starts trying to take.

the. place. this is the wus coming to live from the iranians gather for the burial for assassinated general qassam so that money a huge few hundreds taking place in his home city of care monte with tens of thousands of people in attendance also in the program uncertainty of the future of u.s. troops stationed in iraq following suit the money's killing the u.s. government says its soldiers grilled steak but elite met by a general suggest they will go and fight but that's all her rap.