'd i mean when i was a women especially are victims of violence to take part and send us your story we are trying all with to understand this new culture. another visitor another yes you want to become a citizen. in for migrants your platform for a while information. by riots venice shouldn't really exist with its 124 islands and countless bridges from canals this city in northern italy was built in the middle of a march. it's proof of human or dangerous n'est and our ability to muster nature. shotgun teaches that there are many beautiful cities in the world but

venice is in a class a bit on the porch of a native. every year more than $30000000.00 tourists come to marvel at the pullout so those around the grand canal. these stately townhouses are architectural masterpieces built using techniques that are unique worldwide. then it seems to float away to sleep over the water but in fact the entire city stands on a forest of wooden piles 10000000 logs were driven into the mud contrary to all prevailing rules of evan construction. the architects of the time conquered the lagoon to build one of the world's most extraordinary cities but the water is a continual threat even today. will then this is palaces withstand the danger pose. by the board. will they gradually sing.

the history of the nest began more than one and a half 1000000 years ago and a large stretch of course in the northern mediterranean on the asiatic coast of italy. the ukraine on the southern edge of the alps is 50 kilometers long and tension on it is winds. at one time it consisted of brackish water sand and mud and inhospitable place of little interest to anyone. then in the 5th century coastal inhabitants discovered the lagoon as a refuge. of the lagoon was

a natural fortress it was very difficult for enemies and their sailing ships to find their way around here the only the locals knew all the channels so they didn't have to build walls. even architectural historians like to not tell a collab you know very little about the 1st welling's built this area. that is imagine there are just a few paintings which give us an idea of what things may have looked like on riata island sound the core of the settlement with that straw thatched wooden huts it was located on reality of the cost of the only weapon of any of the 1st buildings in ancient venice were built on the most stable areas of the namely out o. comes from alto which indicates a high location by the river with the name of the district also dura includes the word for solid the early city was built at sites like the 3 that.

there is beginnings was still centuries away from the venice of palaces and bridges we know today. the 1st the nice. and slipped on small islands separated by boards and. each island had a small village with a similar structure essential an open space with houses around it and a church in the middle. with those who took a view that explains why there are so many churches and small squares here because they were the center of these all the micro towns and treat them all. over the centuries the small islands were linked by bridges which were often built over the water at strange angles. in the 2nd century building space gradually

became scarce. the problem could only be solved by developing new manmade areas but that was far from easy the bed of the degree in consists of sediments and much crisscrossed by numerous water courses building ground that was in constant movement. in one of the logically speaking this is neither solid ground nor the sea the ground varies considerably on the one hand almost it is characterized by the sand which the rivers transport from the land. out in the reeds there are pizza oils have a totally different consistency so venice is built on various layers of different density and that makes for problems why do we see so many slanting church towers. because they are not standing on just one type of substrate.

venice's church tile is leaning to one side but they do not topple over. so how did architects manage to build on this difficult ground without the buildings collapsing. the secret is to be found in simple wooden posts. hundreds of thousands of them were driven into the bed of the lagoon. at depths of 3 to 8 meters below the surface architects had discovered a layer of sedimentary clay known as kind until beneath the mud. by driving the posts into this layer of clay a stable building foundation was made possible. civil engineer dino to morley explains the principle was the part it would be to in order to stabilize the building substrate piles were driven into the bed in each area. if sufficient piles are used in the areas then so that with water the mud between the piles becomes

compressed and thus more stable than everything outside the area the piles keep everything together and prevent the substrate from being washed out that's the principle behind ground stabilization of the body. in this way the venetians created man made areas on which an entire city could gradually be built. because architects had discovered that the wooden piles did not brought in the mud . the poles underneath the buildings in the mud. that cut and then slid in oxygen free environment certainly none of the microbes that would normally think a word can get into that can be sure the wood undergoes a process of mineralization it turns rock hard and remains intact for centuries.

the most famous the mission buildings were constructed on this building ground of mud and wood. st mark's square with its balance how it stands 110-0000 foot in ponds. the foundations of the real chipper its rest on 12000 pounds. i'm to more than $1000000.00 wooden piles were driven into the looking for the impressive lesson due to the silica which is built of marble. there are between 8 and 10 i wouldn't piles research where meter this entire city stands on an incredible number of. so it's rather like the opposite of a forest. here the trunk is

a function like roots and it is. all in all an estimated 10000000 wouldn't piles have been driven into the good a large proportion of what used to be the northern italian forest. predominantly oak and large chunks from the surrounding regions were shipped to the lagoon to create extremely expensive building ground. the foundation which accounted for half the construction costs the other half were on the buildings themselves so the section under water was just as expensive as the part we can see. all of the nisus 400 plants stand on these unique foundations. from the 11 the century these architectural masterpieces were built on the constantly moving bed of the lagoon and the sandbags in order to build them the architects had to come up with

something special because they faced several topics at once. it means providing protection from the rising and falling salt water. designing buildings that were as light as possible. and building on a moving substrate. the solution they came up with was brilliant they placed a wooden construction on the piles and weighted down with several layers of bricks . on top of this they go to surround a white stone from istria on the adriatic it formed the 1st line of defense against the salt. that deals with the interface between the water and that resists an infinitely long time because it's not come able to the salty water . the resistant strain stone is unaffected by the process and full of the seed will

see. the heights of this protective wall corresponded to the tidal range in this way the water was prevented from coming into contact with the most sensitive load bearing brick or. for good reason the palaces on the stone base were designed with a maximum of 3 floors. they are listed when they were building that they couldn't make it to have a because they knew that it was all relatively fresh mud in juneau to cool times that still compact and cause the subsidence. slender columns and large windows in the efforts to build with minimum weight the architects created the special venetian style elegant and graceful. but despite the

lightweight construction method by no means had all the challenges been overcome. given more then because the movements of the ground on the water here are so variable the buildings themselves could not be too rigid. but here to the venetians came up with clever solutions like using special regional building materials such as lawn mortar. it was used in the construction of the brick walls applied as a cement substitute it has the advantage of remaining flexible. national center. for a long time was probably the most important construction material because of its adaptability so that it doesn't get as hard as cement architects always wanted to build what they wanted and how they wanted not to be restricted to the material. trying to remain flexible in the future to me of the vision down

a style. that also applied to the flooring between the stories. they used wood which is also a flexible material. another trick and should flexibility where the wall and the floor join. the beams were set in the walls in such a way that they could always move within them. flexible and subtle venetian buildings are like living organisms which adapt their form to the vagaries of the moving substrate. today the traces of this constant death tension are visible in many places in the form of to stores had to sign here and there cracks appear inside the building says well. you told me there have been a couple of instances of subsidence some facades have become distorted and tilt

slightly but not one of the venetian palaces has ever collapsed the grolier. this is architects constructed the buildings so well that they can even withstand the frequent earthquakes in the region. i remember my father in law telling me about when there was the earthquake in for you only in the 1970 something unfair list the shocks of that very strongly and where we live does very big windows you know with lead holding the panes of glass and he said that the windows just moved like the sails of a boat and then came back in place not one of those little playing loose crap couldn't sell out. there is a well. in the courtyard of every plant city. by developing

a sophisticated system for collecting rainwater venice is brilliant architects solve the problem of the city's drinking water supply. water flowed through these holes in the ground and into the underground chambers filled with extremely fine sand. after seeping through the sand the clean water then rose again in a well shaft. in this way they also wanted to conduct the water from the gutters into the wells it really was an ingenious system one unparalleled worldwide you know all these wells were still in operation in venice until the early 20th century you know the lead to the military. every square in the city has a well in all its architects created $900.00. by the late 15th century venice had 170000 inhabitants more than ever before the since he was

in its heyday thanks to its powerful fleet of ships built in the making shipyards business dominated commerce in the mediterranean region. the city built on water was totally in its element like a fish in water. the venetians had created an architectural jewel in the north italians are good. but nature was to turn on them in a dramatic way. as a result of human interference in the green system of channels to facilitate shipping new dangers began to threaten the blossoming influential city. the earth was having a serious effect on the bed of the lagoon and the titled water levels. the natural balance in the lagoon was under threat.

centuries later venice is still a proud and beautiful city but over the centuries the lagoon changed completely. shipping traffic and industrial utilization increase dramatically and left their marks in the course of industrialization a 1000 wells was sunk in order to access the ground was beneath the bed of philip green. in the 1950s up to 40000 cubic meters of water removed every day. civil engineer pierre tretiak teenie describes the consequences for venice these generate. decrease of the pressure. and when the pressure of the trees in the bay easing in so the mentoring mazing the

mason is these producer compaction else decide who wins and i know the wording of the surf it's looking right now we call it subsidence land subsidence. as a result of this land subsidence venice subsided but 14 centimeters in only 30 years. after a disastrous flood and $966.00 the practice of pumping up the groundwater was discontinued. but the damage to the city is irreparable the last 14 centimeters can never be regained global warming and rising sea levels are increasing the threat and have already seen the water rise by a further 10 centimeters. in all the water is now $24.00 centimeters higher up on the buildings than at the time they were built and that. left visible traces.

most of the affected areas can be recognized by the green zones on the buildings this is where the water rises and falls with the time. it's not major floods that are causing the greatest damage to the city but tried to change. the water comes and goes incessantly. with each new time the salt water is now also reaching the bricks another fine the architect centuries old preventative measure has the ring of history in stone can no longer protect the palaces from the ocean. the water is always against the brake and the bricks are very hard to pull and. leaving behind the souls which crystallise and as salts crystallize they expanded body and 12 times and that like is

a very kind of slow way you can say exploding brick. the sun to water is also attacking the line most have between the bricks loosening them and weakening the entire building structure. to provide more stability more and more steel barry is a being a wrecked it in the city's canals. today one in 3 venetian finance is damaged and to need a friend of a ship. and that is not only the result of the daily tide change much about its are an even bigger problem they stir up the water above and below the surface. just get us out of the back of the constant boat traffic is very bad for the masonry. the boats propellers churn up the water which a dish. no only a road to the wall. by once the masonry has been weakened. the water also

impacts the foundations on the ground. it'll be removed boats are always travelling past the building. it's the number of boats and the frequency of boat traffic that is threatening the walls. if. she. gets into any cracks in the brickwork and thracians the entire building structure it also uses the compacted earth between the piles the centuries old foundations on which the building stands in the attempt to limit the damage the city is introduced to speed limit for water taxis. to launch cruise ships which head for the diggin every day are a further problem. these big ships moves huge volumes abort a you know that's to me these principles there's still a volume of movement to the body of this ship that gets moved and when there isn't

there are 2 that they. all belong to a narrow the focus of the local level rises and then goes down again with the power to be it's a water that moves within you know over tens of seconds or 0 minutes and that's very detrimental to the building foundation. subsidence of that you can bet the rise of the water level and the waves created by boats and ships mean that venice is trace him from all sides and. the only way to save the city is valuable buildings is to drain the canals for basic restoration work but that's must be done with great kid. but in the north the cuticle a lot of the work only takes place and drain sections with a maximum length of

a 50 meters. draining the canals leads to a settling of the geological layers and that can result in damage to the neighboring. so a canal can be drained are longer than 3 months. today more modern methods are also being applied in order to stabilize the walls chemicals are introduced into the line more so. they prevent more say getting into the bricks all these measures are carried out by having. that is why the restoration work in venice is more expensive than elsewhere at present the city has no more than 2000000 euros a year available for preserving its buildings but the actual some need it is 13000000. the water to which the city owes its uniqueness and its wealth is

now turning against the venetians. today one 3rd of the ground floors in venice are uninhabitable. and rising water is threatening the buildings more and more often. global warming which is resulting in a gradual rise in the sea level will intensify this development even more. disturbing the peace in venice is destined to go under that is not my prediction but that of people who deal professionally with marine and climate issues you know the prohibition has been down to the end of an essentially they say that the sea level should be rise by let's in between 204-050-6070 meters. the demise of venice no longer seems to be merely a pessimistic scenario. and so once again the ingenuity of italian i. architects and engineers is called for to save the city.

or. the moves of project is an elaborate and expensive attempt by the italian authorities to say venice. concrete foundations weighing many tons have been sunk at all 3 little in him let's. head in them or try and flood gates at highways if these can be raised as far as the boston level requires. there is no doubt that if it is ever completed the most a project will be an engineering masterpiece. but skeptical voices warn against euphoria. and most here say the most a project is important but it's not the sole solution it's inconsistent i believe to want to protect the city from super floods without at the same time protecting

it from decay or. that is why another idea is to raise the subsided bed of the lagoon and with it the entire city. what sounds like a crazy plan was developed by researchers at the university in neighboring padua. we don't wells for 12 wells. on our own ass zuko our shape we don't need all the young winter don't you know meters and we inject the water into it quite barkley said you select an option for system that is located to be 3 to 6 on the 3rd and 1000 meter below the day like moon walk on. raising such a huge area with an entire city on it is an ambitious enterprise which no one has ever attempted before the plan is to pump 50 liters of salt water per 2nd. the wells and into the substrate over a period of 10 years research is that calculated the bed of the lagoon could be

raised by between 20 and 25 centimeters. the water level in the canals with tensing by the same amount but the plan is not without risks that you cannot do it. in a short time we don't want to generate any any structural. and for this new something you have to do to ensure the safety rate. raising the bed of the lagoon would recover the last $24.00 centimeters the project is still in the planning stage research is awaiting full funding for the 1st comprehensive tests. a little truth possible to save the masterpieces of the nation architecture from the consequences of human made problems. no one wants to see this city go under

venice needs visionaries like those who built it people who will think the impossible in order to achieve something magnificent. play play. play. kick off. a devastating set. limits if you want to just beyond belief can. you. please be a good little missa to pulling it out for the league. by a little you should enjoy just like him a victory against dr. i'm

not laughing at that i guess sometimes i am but most end up in the. sticks deep into the german culture of looking at the stereotypes clad in years think the future of the country that i not blame. me for taking this grandmother. it's all about. i might show join me to meet the germans on the w. . post movie is for me it. is for luke. and beethoven. is for. beethoven is for us. is for the mother and most beethoven 202250th anniversary year long deep.

this is the deed of news live from berlin an uncertain future here in germany as plans for the era after anglo-american have suddenly fallen apart the woman tipped to take over from chancellor angela merkel says she's no longer in the running the shocking announcement and a great prime time bought insists her decision will not affect the stability of the present government also coming up. syria's assad regime steps up its offensive in

edler province the last stronghold of anti-government rebels bought back to by turkey.