reward systems course allegiance to the regime. those who don't make it into the fun metropolis often feel toggery. have fun and john. starts feb 28th on w. . by roy it's venice shouldn't really exist with its 124 islands and countless bridges and kells this city in northern israel it was built in the middle of the marsh. it's proof of human or dayshift snus and our inability to mostyn nature. shows that there are many beautiful cities in the world but venice is in a class of its own operative in into. every year more than

$30000000.00 tourists come to marvel at the palazzo surround the grand canal. these stately townhouses are all he takes from masterpieces built using techniques that are unique worldwide. then seems to float over the water but in fact the entire city stands on a forest of wooden tiles 10000000 logs were driven into the much contrary to all prevailing rules of evan construction. the architects of the time conquered the lagoon to build one of the world's most extraordinary cities but the water is a continual threat even today. venice is palaces withstand the danger posed by the water hole will they gradually sink.

the history of the n s began more than one and a half millennia ago and a large stretch of course in the northern mediterranean on the adriatic coast of italy. in the green on the southern edge of the alps is 50 kilometers long and 10 kilometers winds. at one time it consisted of brackish water sand and mud and inhospitable place of little interest to anyone. then in the 5th century coastal inhabitants discovered the lagoon as a refuge. of the lagoon was a natural fortress it was very difficult for enemies and their sailing ships to find their way around here the only the locals knew all the channels so they didn't

have to build walls. even architectural historians like to not tell a collab you know very little about the 1st welling's built this area. that is imagining there are just a few paintings which give us an idea of what things may have looked like on riata island saw the corner of the settlement with its straw thatched wooden huts it was located on reality it was the cost of the only weapon in the event if the 1st buildings in ancient venice were built on the most stable areas of the namely out o. comes from alto which indicates a high location by the river with the name of the district also dura includes the word for solid the early city was built at sites like the 3 that. there is beginnings was still centuries away from the venice of palaces and bridges

we know today. the 1st the nice. and slipped on small islands separated by wolves. each island had a small village with a similar structure essential i open space with houses around it and a church in the middle. with this live look at it that explains why there are so many churches and small squares here bill . because they were the centers of these all the micro towns and treat them all. over the centuries the small islands were linked by bridges which were often built over the water and streams angles. in the 2nd century building space gradually became scarce. the problem could only be solved by developing new manmade areas but that was far from easy the bed of that again consists of sediment and

much crisscrossed by numerous water courses building ground that was in constant movement. in one of the on a hill logically speaking this is neither solid ground nor the sea the ground varies considerably on the one hand almost it is characterized by the sand which the rivers transport on the land. out in the reeds there are pizza oils have a totally different consistency so venice is built on various layers of different density and that makes for problems why do we see so many slanting church towers. because they are not standing on just one type of substrate. but in reality a company. then says church tile is leaning to one side but they do not topple over. so how did architects

manage to build on this difficult ground without the buildings collapsing. the secret is to be found in simple wooden posts. hundreds of thousands of them were driven into the bed of a little. at depths of 3 to 8 meters below the surface architects had discovered in layer of sedimentary clay known as kind until beneath the mud. by driving the posts into this layer of clay a stable building foundation was made possible. civil engineer dino to morning explains the principle was the father will be in order to stabilize the building substrate piles were driven into the bed in each area. if sufficient piles are used in the area it's been soaked with water the mud between the piles becomes compressed and thus more stable than everything outside the area the piles are keep everything together and prevent the substrate from being washed out that's the

principle behind ground stabilization of the body. in this way the venetians created man made areas on which an entire city could gradually be built. because architects had discovered that the wooden piles did not brought in the mud . the poles. underneath the buildings in the mud. that come in and live in oxygen spring environment a certain amount of microbes that would normally think a wood can get into that. the wood undergoes a process of mineralization it turns rock hard and remains intact for centuries. the most famous the mission buildings were constructed on this building ground of

mud and would. be. sent not square with its balance how it stands on a $100000.00 foot in time. the foundations of the reality of bridge rest 112000 pounds. and more than $1000000.00 wooden tiles were driven into the lagoon for the impressive lesson due to pacifica which is built of marble. there are between 8 and 10 i wouldn't piles research where meter with entire city stands on an incredible number of. so it's rather like the opposite of a forest. here the troggs are function like roots it is. all in all an estimated 10000000 wouldn't piles have been driven into the liquor

a large proportion of what used to be the northern italian forest. predominant over and large chunks from the surrounding regions was shipped to the lagoon to create extremely expensive building ground. to the foundation which accounted for half the construction costs the other half went on the buildings themselves so the section under water was just as expensive as the part we can see. all of venice as 400 plots stand on these unique foundations. from the 11 the century these architectural masterpieces were built on the constantly moving bed of the lagoon and the sandbags in order to build them the architects had to come up with something special because they faced several turns at once. it means providing

protection from the rising and falling some forces. designing buildings that were as light as possible. and building on a moving substrate. the solution they came up with was brilliant they placed a wooden construction on the piles and weighted down with several layers of bricks . on top of this they go to surround a white stone from istria on the asiatic it formed the 1st line of defense against the salt force. that deals with the interface between the water and that resisted an infinitely long time because it's not probable to the salty water . the resistant is tree and stone is unaffected by the rise and fall of the sea. the height of this protective wall corresponded to the title reign. in this way the

water was prevented from coming into contact with the most sensitive load bearing. for good reason the palaces on the stone base were designed with the maximum of 3 floors. they understood when they were building that they couldn't make it to have a because they knew that it was all relatively friends much into logical talents that still come tops and causes subsidence. slender columns and large windows in the efforts to build with minimum ways the architects created the special venetian style attic and graceful. but despite the lightweight construction method by no means had all the challenges been overcome.

given more then because the movements of the ground in the water here are so variable the buildings themselves could not be too rigid. but here to the venetians came up with clever solutions like using special regional building materials such as law and mortar. it was used in the construction of the brick walls applied as a cement substitute it has the advantage of remaining flexible. less sure. a long time was probably the most important construction material because of its adaptability and it doesn't get as hard as cement architects always wanted to build what they wanted and how they wanted not to be restricted the materials. trying to remain flexible in the future to me bhavna division done with done. that also applied to the flooring between the stories. they used wood which is also flexible

material. another trick and should flexibility with the wall and the floor join. the food for the beams were set in the walls in such a way that they could always move within them. flexible and subtle venetian buildings are like living organisms which adapt their form to the vagaries of the moving substrate. today the traces of this constant adaptation are visible in many places in the form of to stores had to sometimes ok i'm there cracks appear inside the buildings as well. will be there have been a couple of instances of subsidence some for sods have become distorted and tilt slightly but not one of the venetian palaces has ever collapsed. given.

this is architects constructed the buildings so well that they can even withstand the frequent earthquakes in the region. i remember my father in law telling me about when there was the earthquake in free only in the 1970 something and venice felt the shocks of that very strongly and where we live as very big windows you know with lead holding the panes of glass and he said that the windows just moved like the sails of a boat and then came back in place not one of those little pig. crap can sell out. there is a well. in the courtyard of every plant say. by developing a sophisticated system for collecting rainwater venice is brilliant architects solve the problem of the city's drinking water supply. water flowed through these

holes in the ground and into the underground chambers filled with extremely fine sand. after seeping through the sand for clean water then rose again in a well shaft. in this way they also wanted to conduct the water from the gutters into the wells it really was an ingenious system one unparalleled worldwide in all these wells were still in operation in venice until the early 20th century. every square in the city has a well in all its architects created $900.00. by the late 15th century venice had 170000 inhabitants more than ever before this is he was in its heyday thanks to its powerful fleets of ships built in the queen's shipyards venice dominated comus in the mediterranean region. the

city built on water was totally in its element like a fish and water. venetians had created an architectural jewel in the north italians are good. but nature was to turn on them in a dramatic way. as a result of human interference in the green system of channels to facilitate shipping new dangers began to threaten the blossoming influential city. the earth was having a serious effect on the bed of the lagoon and the title or some levels. the natural balance in the do was under threat.

centuries later venice is still a proud and beautiful city but over the centuries the lagoon changed completely. shipping traffic and industrial utilization increase dramatically and left their marks in the course of industrialization a 1000 wells was sunk in order to access the groundwater beneath the better for the good. in the 1950s up to 40000 cubic meters of water removed every day. civil engineer ph describes the consequences for venice used. to. decrease of the pressure. and when the pressures victories in the basie so the main 3 mazing the maison is these producer compaction off the sidelines and the wording of the land surface that right now we call it subsidence land

subsidence. as a result of this learn subsidence venice subsided by 14 centimeters in the early 30 years. after a disastrous flood and $966.00 the practice of pumping up the groundwater was discontinued. but the damage to the city is irreparable the last 14 centuries has can never be regained global warming and rising sea levels are increasing the threats and have already seen the water rise by a further 10 centimeters. in all the water is now $24.00 centimeters higher up on the buildings than at the time they were built and that. left visible traces. most of the affected areas can be recognized by the green zones on the buildings this is where the water rises and falls with the time. it's not major floods that

are causing the greatest damage to the city but try to change. so quickly if you so water comes and goes incessantly. with each new time to the salt water is now also reaching the bricks another falling the architect centuries old preventative measures the ring of history in stone can no longer protect the palaces from the water. the water is always against the brick and the bricks are very hot and. leaving behind the souls which crystallise and as salts crystallize they expanded in body and 12 times and that is a very kind of slow way you can say exploding brick.

the sun towards her is also attacking the line most have between the bricks loosening them and weakening the entire building structure. to provide more stability more and more steel barry is having a wrecked it in the city's canals. today one in 3 venetian finance is damaged and to need a friend of a ship. and that is not only the result of the daily tide change much about its are an even bigger problem they stir up the water above and below the surface. just get us out of there by the constant boat traffic is very bad for the masonry. the boats propellers churn up the water which edition. only the roads the walls. i once the masonry has been weakened. the water also impacts the foundations on the ground. and old it in quotes are always travelling past the building. in the back of it's

the number of boats and the frequency of boat traffic that is threatening the walls . she. gets into any cracks in the brickwork and thracians the entire building structure it also uses the compacted earth between the piles the centuries old foundations on which the building stands in the attempt to limit the damage the city has introduced a speed limit for water taxis. to launch cruise ships which head for the diggin every day are a further problem. these big ships move huge volumes aborter you know that's our communities principle that's still a part of the limits of the body of this if it gets moved and when they're in there are 2 things that all the laughter will narrow the focus was the local

level rises and then goes down again with the potential to be hit it's like a wash of water that moves within you know over tens of seconds or 0 minutes and that's very detrimental to the building foundations. subsidence of the lagoon bed the rise of the water level and the waves created by boats and ships mean that venice is trace him from all sides. the only way to save the city is valuable buildings is to drain the canals for basic restoration work but that must be done with great care. but in the north the cuticle a lot of the work only takes place and drain sections with a maximum length of a 50 meters. draining the canals leads to a settling of the geological layers and that can result in damage to the

neighboring. so a canal can be drained or longer than 3 months. and. today more modern methods are also being applied in order to stabilize the walls chemicals are introduced into the line more so. they prevent more say getting into the bricks all these measures are carried out by hand. that is why restoration work in venice is more expensive than elsewhere at present the city has no more than 2000000 euros a year available for preserving its buildings but the actual some need it is 13000000. the water to which the city owes its uniqueness and its wealth is now turning against the venetian just. today one 3rd of the ground floors in venice are uninhabitable. and rising water is threatening the buildings more and more

often. global warming which is resulting in a gradual rise in the sea level will intensify this development even more. with the standard p.b.s. venice is destined to go under that is not my prediction but that of people who deal professionally with marine and climate issues you know the prediction that has been down to the end of the sun for me they say that the sea level should be rise by let's in between 20405060 something later. the demise of venice no longer seems to be merely a pessimistic scenario. and so once again the ingenuity of italian i. architects and engineers is called for to save the city. or. the most

a project is an elaborate and expensive attempt by the italian authorities to say venice. concrete foundations weighing many tons have been sunk at all 3 look him in let's. get in the try and flood gates at high walls if these can be raised as far as the boston level requires. there is no doubt that if it is ever completed the most a project will be an engineering masterpiece. but skeptical voices warn against euphoria. in the most a project is important but it's not the sole solution but it's inconsistent i believe to want to protect the city from super floods without at the same time protecting it from decay or. that is why another idea is to raise the subsided bed of the lagoon and with it the entire city. what sounds like

a crazy plan was developed by researchers at the university and neighboring padua. we don't work. on our own ass sukumar shape. it or don't you know meters and we inject the water into a deep obviously we select an obvious 1st located between the 601 tower song meter below the. phone. raising such a huge area with an entire city on it is an ambitious enterprise which no one has ever attempted before. the plan is to pump 50 liters of salt water per 2nd. in the wells and into the substrates over a period of 10 years researchers have calculated the bed of the lagoon could be raised by between 20 and 25 centimeters. the water level in the canals with then

sink by the same amount but the plan is not without risks you cannot do it. in a shorter style and you don't want to generate any any structural. and for this amazing thing you have to do you can inject at the same stuff rate. raising the bed of the lagoon would recover the last $24.00 centimeters the project is still in the planning stage research is awaiting full funding for the 1st comprehensive tests. would it prove possible to save the masterpieces of a nishan architecture from the consequences of human made problems. no one wants to see this city go under venice needs visionaries like those who built it people who will think the impossible in order to achieve something magnificent. i am.

telling. a full week research project on climate protection students from 20 countries embark on a scientific expedition to teach other columns to collect some all from the device . and look at sea surface temperatures or the project will help them to spread environmental awareness i come home i really wanted to share that there's a lot that we can too. 30 minutes on d w. i we're consumerism is causing a radical depletion of forests. for 25.

1000 fans of. mr. forests and the money. the tragic reality behind the exploitation of junk. in 75. years. i was here when i arrived here i slept with 6 people in a room. it was hard i was free. i even got white hair. benjamin language. this gives me a little but you need to interrupt let's say you want to do their story my parents were fighting and reliable information for margaret. i'm not laughing at the

germans because sometimes i am but i said nothing with the damage to the budget and i think deep into the german culture of the new did seem to take this gram a day out you toss it all out who had a new time rachael join me i mean the damage done to help. this is news and these are all top stories. germany's governing christian democrats are in disarray after their party leader announced she will step down and a great crime carabao was a protege of medical and was widely expected to run for chancellor in the next election.