but only a few can enjoy the benefits for those allowed. kim jong un introduced and serious reward system to course allegiance to the regime. those who don't make it into the fun metropolis often feel toggery. have fun in pyongyang starts february 28th on w. . by roy it's venice shouldn't really exist with its 124 islands and countless bridges and kells this city in northern italy was built in the middle of a march. it's proof of human or dangerousness and our ability to muster nature. show there are many beautiful cities in the world but venice is in

a class of its own needs that. every year more than $30000000.00 tourists come to marvel at the palazzo surround the grand canal. these stately townhouses to take from masterpieces built using techniques that are unique worldwide. then seems to float away to slee over the water but in fact the entire city stands on a forest of wooden tiles 10000000 logs were driven into the mud contrary to all prevailing rules of them construction. the architects of the time conquered the lagoon to build one of the world's most extraordinary cities but the water is a continual threat even today. will then this is palaces withstand the danger of. by the board. will they gradually say.

the history of the nest began more than one and a half 1000000 years ago in a large stretch of force in the northern mediterranean on the adriatic coast of italy. then again on the southern edge of the else is 50 kilometers long and 10 kilometers winds. at one time it consisted of brackish water sand and mud and inhospitable place of little interest to anyone. then in the 5th century coastal inhabitants discovered the lagoon as a refuge. of the lagoon was

a natural fortress it was very difficult for enemies in their sailing ships to find their way around here only the locals knew all the channels so they didn't have to build walls. even architectural historians like to not tell a collab you know very little about the 1st welling's built this area. because imagine there are just a few paintings which give us an idea of what things may have looked like on riata island sound the core of the settlement with its straw thatched wooden huts it was located on reality it was the cost of the only property mother and i think the 1st buildings in ancient venice were built on the most stable areas of the namely out o. comes from alto which indicates a high location by the river with the name of the district also duro includes the word for solid the early city was built at sites like the 3 that if.

those beginnings were still centuries away from the venice of palaces and bridges we know today. the 1st one. nations lived on small islands separated by boards. each island had a small village with a similar structure essential an open space with houses around it and a church in the middle. it was easy to give you that explains why there are so many churches and small squares here because they were the centers of these all the micro towns and treat all. over the centuries the small islands were linked by bridges which were often built over the water and streams angles. in the 2nd century building space gradually

became scarce. the problem could only be solved by developing new manmade areas but that was far from easy the bed of the decline consists of sediment and much crisscrossed by numerous water courses building ground that was in constant movement. in one of the on a hill logically speaking this is neither solid ground nor the sea the ground varies considerably on the one hand almost it is characterized by the sand which the rivers transported from the land. out in the reeds there are pizza oils have a totally different consistency so venice is built on various layers of different density and that makes for problems why do we see so many slanting church towers. because they are not standing on just one type of substrate.

venice's church tile is leaning to one side but they do not topple over. so how did architects manage to build on this difficult ground without the buildings collapsing. the secret is to be found in simple wooden posts. hundreds of thousands of them were driven into the bed of the lagoon. at depths of 3 to 8 meters below the surface architects had discovered a layer of sedimentary clay known as cut on told beneath the mud. by driving the posts into this layer of clay a stable building foundation was made possible. civil engineer dino chee morley explains the principle of the pilot would be to in order to stabilize the building substrate piles were driven into the bed in each area. if sufficient piles are used in the areas then so that with water the mud between the piles becomes compressed

and thus more stable than everything outside the area the piles keep everything together and prevent the substrate from being washed out that's the principle behind ground stabilization. in this way the venetians created man made areas on which an entire city could gradually be built. because architects had discovered that the wooden piles did not fronts in the mud. the poles. underneath the buildings in the mud. that had been in clearing in oxygen spring environments and none of the microbes that would normally think a would can get into that. the wood undergoes a process of mineralization it turns rock hard and remains intact for centuries.

the most famous the nation buildings were constructed on this building ground of mud and wood. st mark's square with its bell tower stands 110-0000 foot in piles. the foundations of the relative bridge rest 112000 pilots. and more than $1000000.00 wooden piles were driven into the lookin for the impressive lesson due to pacifica which is built of marble. there are between 8 and 10 i wouldn't piles of research where meter with entire city stands on an incredible number of the. so it's rather like the opposite of a forest. here the troubles are function like roots it is.

all in all an estimated 10000000 wooden piles have been driven into the a large proportion of what used to be the northern italian forest. predominantly oak and large trunks from the surrounding regions was shipped to the lagoon to create extremely expensive building ground. the foundation accounted for half the construction costs the other half were on the buildings themselves so the section under water was just as expensive as the part we can see. all of venice is 400 plants stand on these unique foundations. from the levee the century these architectural masterpieces were built on the constantly moving bed of the lagoon and it's sandbags in order to build them the architects had to come up with

something special because they faced several turns at once. it means providing protection from the rising and falling sun towards. designing buildings that were as light as possible. and building on a moving substrate. the solution they came up with was brilliant they placed a wooden construction on the piles and weighted down with several layers of bricks . on top of this they go to surround of white stone and from history on the adriatic it formed the 1st line of defense against the salt forms. that deals with the interface between the water and that resists an infinitely long time because it's not probable to the salty water. the resistant strain stone is unaffected by the process and full of the sea will set.

the heights of this protective wall corresponded to the tidal range in this way the water was prevented from coming into contact with the more sensitive note bearing brick all. the good reason the palaces on the stone base were designed with a maximum of 3 films. they understood when they were building that they couldn't make it to have a because they knew that it was all relatively friends mud into you know they could tell is that still come tops and cause the subsidence. slender columns and large windows in the efforts to build with minimum wage the architects created the special venetian style and again and graceful. but despite the

lightweight construction method by no means had all the challenges been overcome. it is more there because the movements of the ground and the water here are so variable the buildings themselves could not be too rigid. but here to the venetians came up with clever solutions like using special regional building materials such as lawn mortar. it was used in the construction of the brick walls applied as a cement substitute it has the advantage of remaining flexible. less sure saying no . longer volume was probably the most important construction material because of its adaptability so that it doesn't get as hard as cement architects always wanted to build what they wanted and how they wanted not to be restricted the materials. had to remain flexible in the future to me divisions on the stump. that also

applied to the flooring between the stories. they used wood which is also flexible material. another trick in should flexibility with the wall and the floor joining. me to place the beams were set in the walls in such a way that they could always move within them. flexible and suckle venetian buildings alike living organisms which adapt their form to the vagaries of the moving substrate. today the traces of this constant adept station are visible in many places in the form of to stores had facades here and there cracks appear inside the buildings as well. although there have been a couple of instances of subsidence some facades have become distorted until

slightly cleaner but not one of the venetian palaces has ever collapsed the grolier . this is architects constructed the buildings so well that they can even withstand the frequent earthquakes in the region. i remember my father in law telling me about when there was the earthquake in for you only in the 1970 something unveil list the shocks of that very strongly and where we live as very big windows you know with legs holding the panes of glass and he said that the windows just moved like the sails of a boat and then came back in place not one of those little panes the crack didn't sell out. there is a well. well in the courtyard of every plant sing by developing

a sophisticated system for collecting rainwater venice is brilliant architects solve the problem of the city's drinking water supply. water flowed through these holes in the ground and into the underground chamber is filled with extremely fine sand. after seeping through the sand the clean water then rose again in a well shopped. in this way they also wanted to conduct the water from the gutters into the wells and it really was an ingenious system one unparalleled world watching all these wells were still in operation in venice until the early 20th century. every square in the city has a well in all its architects created $900.00. by the lake 15th century venice had 170000 inhabitants more than ever before this is he was in

its heyday thanks to its powerful fleets of ships built in the queen's shipyards venice dominated commerce in the mediterranean region. the city built on water was totally in its element like a fish in water. the venetians had created an architectural jewel in the north italians are good. but nature was to turn on them in a dramatic way. as a result of human interference in the diffusion system of channels to facilitate shipping needed dangerous began to threaten the blossoming influential city. the earth was having a serious effect on the bed of the lagoon and the title or so levels. the natural balance in the good it was under threat.

centuries later venice is still a proud and beautiful city but over the centuries the lagoon changed completely. shipping traffic and industrial utilization increase dramatically and left the monks in the course of industrialization a 1000 wells was sunk in order to access the groundwater beneath the bed of the accused. in the 1950s up to 40000 cubic meters of water removed every day. civil engineer ph describes the consequences for venice. generate a. decrease of the pressure. and when the pressure of

the creates in the bay using so the mentoring the mason is these producer compaction off the sidelines and wording of the surface right now we call it subsidence learn subsidence. as a result of this learned subsidence venice subsided by 14 centimeters in nearly 30 years. after a disastrous flood and $966.00 the practice of pumping up the groundwater was discontinued. but the damage to the city is irreparable the last 14 centimeters can never be regained global warming and rising sea levels are increasing the threat and have already seen the water rise by a further 10 centimeters. in all the water is now $24.00 centimeters higher up on the buildings than at the time they were built and that. left visible traces.

most of the affected areas can be recognized by the green zones on the buildings this is where the water rises and falls with the time. it's not major floods that are causing the greatest damage to the city but tried to change. water comes and goes incessantly. with each new time to the salt water is now also reaching the bricks another fine the architect centuries old preventative measure has the ring of history in stone can no longer protect the palaces from the roofs of. the water it's always against the break and the bricks are very hard hit and they're. leaving behind the souls which crystallise and as so it's crystallized they expanded the body and 12 times i'm not like

is a very kind of slow way you can say exploding brick. is some torture is also attacking the line most have between the bricks loosening them and weakening the entire building structure. to provide more stability more and more steel barry is a being a wreck to in the city's canals. today one in 3 venetian finance is damaged and to meet a friend of a ship. and that is not only the result of the daily tide change much about its are an even bigger problem they stir up the water above and below the surface. just get us out of it by the constant boat traffic is very bad for the masonry. the boats propellers churn up the water which a dish. only the roads the walls. and once the masonry has been weakened. the

water also impacts the foundations on the ground. and hold it in the boats are always travelling past the building. in the back of it's the number of boats and the frequency of boat traffic that is threatening the walls. the churned up water gets into any cracks in the brickwork and thracians the entire building structure it also uses the compacted earth between the piles the centuries old foundations on which the buildings stand in the attempt to limit the damage the city has introduced a speed limit for water taxis. the large cruise ships which head for the diggin every day are a further problem. these big ships moves huge volumes aborter you know that's our kidney disease principle there's still a volume with the lid to the bottom of this ship that it's new and when they're in

there are 2 deaths that. will narrow the canals the world. will rises and then goes down again with the plants and to be hit it's a wash of water that moves within you know over tens of seconds or minutes and that's very detrimental to the building foundation. subsidence of the lagoon bed the rise of the water level and the waves created by boats and ships mean that venice is threatened from all sides. the only way to save the city is valuable buildings is to drain the canals for basic restoration work but that's must be done with great kid. but in the hope that the. work only takes place and drain sections with

a maximum length of a few meters. draining the canals leads to a settling of the geological layers and that can result in damage to the neighboring. so a canal can be drained are longer than 3 months. today more modern methods are also being applied in order to stabilize the walls chemicals are introduced into the nih more. they prevent more sick getting into the bricks all these measures are carried out by having. that is why restoration work in venice is more expensive than elsewhere at present the city has no more than 2000000 euros a year available for preserving its buildings but the actual some need it is 13000000. the water to which the city owes its uniqueness and its wealth is

now turning against the venetians. today one 3rd of the ground floors in venice are uninhabitable. and rising water is threatening the buildings more and more often. global warming which is resulting in a gradual rise in the sea level will intensify this development even more. with the standard kiddies venice is destined to go under that is not my prediction but that of people who deal professionally with marine and climate issues came out the previous show as being from the un often essentially they say that the sea level should be rise by let's and between 20405060 something for. the demise of venice no longer seems to be merely a pessimistic scenario. and so once again the ingenuity of italian i. architects and engineers is called for to save the city.

or. the most a project is an elaborate and expensive attempt by the italian authorities to say venice. concrete foundations weighing many tons have been sunk at all 3 lookin in let's. get in them all try and flood gates at highways had these can be raised as far as the water level requires. but there is no doubt that if it is ever completed the most a project will be an engineering masterpiece. but skeptical voices warn against euphoria. in most usa the most a project is important but it's not the sole solution it's inconsistent i believe to want to protect the city from super floods without at the same time protecting

it from decay. that is why another idea is to raise the subsided bed of the lagoon and with it the entire city. what sounds like a crazy plan was developed by researchers at the university and neighboring powder where. we put. on our own ass circle our shape who you know they are with or don't you know meters and we inject the water into a. box he said with an awkward 1st system that if he's located between the 6 on the 3rd and one tower song need to be told the. raising such a huge area with an entire city on it is an ambitious enterprise which no one has ever attempted before. the plan is to pump 50 liters of salt water per 2nd. the wells and into the substrates over

a period of 10 years researchers have calculated the bed of the lagoon could be raised by between 20 and 25 centimeters. the water level in the canals with then sink by the same amount but the plan is not without risks you cannot do it. in a shorter style you don't want to generate any any structural. and for this to mean something you have to do to inject at the same stuff rate. raising the bed of the lagoon would recover the last $24.00 centimeters the project is still in the planning stage research is awaiting full funding for the 1st comprehensive tests. would it prove possible to save the masterpieces of venetian architecture from the consequences of human made problems. no one wants to see this city go under

venice nice visionaries like those who built it people who will think the impossible in order to achieve something magnificent. odd. above. the bellinger a 4 week research project for climate protection students from 20 countries involved in a scientific expedition with the child's powers you collected some all from to devise. some standards or the project will help them to spread environmental awareness i come home i really want to share that there's a lot that we can to. the. 30 minutes on t.w. .

closely. carefully you don't know those soon. to be a good. match. discovered. subscribe to the documentary on you tube. odd.

this is d w news live from berlin bernie sanders claims victory in the new hampshire primary the presidential hopeful edges to the front of the democratic field but does sanders win get the party any closer to a candidate to challenge donald trump also coming up they risk speaking out some even risk their lives as well now critics of the china.