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979 shah mohammed to raise up after he was overthrown by a revolution that put an end to a monarchy that was more than 2500 years old. it's true nature i didn't believe it was an uprising at 1st. you know. that's syrian regimes fall 1st gradually and then such. a mistake to want to do too much too fast mohamed raise our pocket he was the last shah of iran and a key figure in world politics during the 2nd half of the 20th century. and was the shiite ayatollah ruhollah khomeini who became a beacon of resistance to the shops rule. he by groups

who got to see the 2 of them were polar opposites both in terms of and personality by than those they became very fierce untagged was absolutely in the shot developed . an almost obsession with. their rivalry lasted almost a lifetime eventually the shah was defeated and with the ayatollahs victory came islamic fundamentalism a new challenge for world politics. in september 941 at the height of the 2nd world war the iranian parliament swore in 21 year old mohammed to raise our posterity as the country's new head of state.

his father a razor sharp levy had declared iran neutral but make no secret of his sympathies with the nazi regime the allies demanded his abdication. since hitler's invasion of the soviet union in 1941 the british and americans had been transporting heavy military equipment through iran to aid russians in their fight against the german reich. i say 5 and up to one reason abdicated and fled iran he left his son behind mohammad reza stayed in iran raise a shot told him to remain there and take over last year. mohammed raise his father . had prepared him for this moment from

a young age his crown prince had always had a special role among his siblings his father chose his son's playmates and sent him to an elite swiss boarding school to receive a western education. he also dictated who he would marry. the egyptian princess found. a union that ultimately would end in divorce razor sharp wanted this arranged marriage between the 2 ruling families to strengthen the power of the past love the dentist in iraq. and she was of very very powerful charismatic figure who completely dominates the sun's life. 300 kilometers southwest of the capital tehran lies the away says city of hama and the youngest of 6 children ruhollah more savvy khomeini was born here in 1902 in a house on the outskirts of the city his father was murdered when he was just 5

years old. the case was officially never solved but khomeini always held the razor sharp responsible. until the end of his days at a love from a new thought that there is a shop a survey had intervened and to say the murder this was the bitterness lived in him because in his writings in overnight and then uses those whose fathers have big writers are shot. growing up without a father which shaped the rest of khomeini's life his mother put him in the care of a wealthy aunt who made sure he got a good education. common he started school age 5 a village school teacher taught him to read and write and he proved to be a quick learner far more capable than his classmates. while the children planed he

studied and read the koran. before razor sharp was forced to abdicate he had launched a comprehensive program of reforms he wanted iran to become a modern country and one of his moves was to ban women from wearing the traditional veil known as the shadow or the clergy accused him of meddling in their affairs and a wave of protest and chewed. khomeini was now starting islamic law and he also felt that this was a fundamental violation of the principles of islam. it must have come as a relief to khomeini when razor sharp was pressured by the allies to abdicate khomeini demanded that iran should return to being governed by islamic law but his demands fell on deaf ears. razor sharp

died in exile in south africa in 1944 or eyes were on his son when he took over. people were intrigued to see how he would solve the conflict with the clergy that he had inherited from his father up until then his public image had always been rather reserved. but the young sharon our showed surprising determination like his father he wanted to modernize the country and it society but he also wanted to end the religious dispute. khomeini had by now started teaching as law and he found a willing audience among young students who were becoming increasingly radicalized one shiite fundamentalist group called itself. in islam the devoted of islam it still exists today. its members came from poor districts have. tehran and campaign

for a theocratic state based on the qur'an they wanted western influences banned and to force women to cover up in public. be deemed a couple of years they really became very important because the 1st 2 were the assassinated top intellectual missive. who campaigned against islam as a whole then they proceeded further assassinated the prime minister. for many was. the cleric who gave the. clerical cover because you know he. you can't just go i kill somebody unless. the rights of as for example. in early 1949 unknown attackers tried to kill the shah many believe the devoted behind the attempted assassination although that was never proven the iranian

parliament accused the pro moscow today party and banned its a move the shah approved of because he wants answers species of communism as he was of radical islam his political path was needing him toward the west. i'm hoping. they can or thank you. thank you again. here and they're great that they marched. in the 3 of. us president harry s. truman and the people of america gave sharma hammett a raise or an exuberant welcome when he arrived in november 949 of course this wasn't a purely selfless gesture america was looking to gain access to the immense spoil reserves in iran. the shah

also needed support for his plans to modernize the country and was interested in technical innovations like the hoover dam but not everyone shared his enthusiasm for the west. just slammed what a pain the country was totally dependent the sharr was dependent on the americans and the british but we wanted to have an independent state. a country that was in control of its own fate. one that made its own decisions soaps and shy that. the post-war global economic boom was fueled by one thing in particular oil the largest refinery in the world was being built and about done not far from the persian gulf oil production had been a predominantly british enterprise since the start of the 20th century the anglo persian oil company in iran was like a state within a state. in march 951

the iranian parliament decided to nationalize the oil industry and britain cut off its supply to iran many skilled british workers had to leave the country the state takeover of the oil facilities was popular but the oil embargo soon caused an economic slump extreme part is like the communist today party. exploited the crisis for their own ends. the shah even briefly fled into exile to escape the line of fire. several camps were now fighting for power in iran including the mullahs and their followers and various political groups like the communists who wanted to abolish the monarchy in favor of a people's republic bashar could only hold on to his power with help from the u.s. the american intelligence service the cia gave him money and helped him to set up

his own secret police called sock. the shah was willing to team up with any ally who would fight against the influence of communism from the soviet union the clerics were traditionally anti communist and pro-monarchy so he tried to win them over to his side but it didn't work. he certainly thought that that ideological backing was religion. and that's again another mistake that he made. region as particularly as incarnated boy the shiite clergy could never have because. the ideological framework on which to build modernization and it was so nice. in

december 1959 tehran witnessed huge celebrations press photographers from all over the world fought for the best picture of mohammed to raise a popularity and his new wife. after 2 failed marriages his 3rd wife the new queen would soon give birth to the much awaited and to the throne and ensure the future of the park lobbied in a state. with the shah by her side far past ravi became an influential figure in her own right she accompanied him on his trip to america in 1962 by the couple warmly received. together with john f. kennedy as president bashar intensified iran u.s. relations the 2 of them agreed that only a strong military could fend off the latent threats from the soviet union the u.s. promised aid to strengthen iran's armed forces and in return for weapons america would get a while. i

. already cut. them off and the americans gave the shah modern weapons to build up his armed forces. there were countless military advisors in iran who decided what would be done and what wouldn't ask you to do it and the things they did was certainly not a service to democracy that bush diminished a democratic. in the 960 s. iran was still very much a developing country most people were tenant farmers with most of the land in the hands of feudal lords and big landowners including numerous mullahs and religious foundations. was. on january 11th 963 the sham put forward

a comprehensive reform program aimed at significantly improving the people's living conditions he called it the white revolution. and you know this if it will make the white revolution that his majesty decided to undertake was truly his idea and his decision. he wanted his country and his people to develop to be shared a little bit at a nationwide referendum was held on a vast majority voted in favor of the m.p. shares program that aim to abolish the feudal system privatized state owned companies combat illiteracy and give women the right to vote they want allowed to vote in the referendum but were allowed to fill in unofficial ballot papers to register their support of the rakyat he wanted iran to modernize the word but lucian was intended to make iran better and it did in many many ways it ended feudalism in iraq that's not an easy thing to do. the starting point of the white

revolution was a land reform which met with staunch resistance from the clergy the shan gave more than 500000 hectares an area twice the size of luxembourg to $30000.00 poor families. yet there it would fit because. there were rumors that the shah's reforms were carried out under pressure from america which would have meant they would only have served colonial and imperialist interests and not those of the iranian people. in other words they were being carried out on foreign on american orders because they are. so-called educational soldiers were sent to village schools to teach children how to read write and count . adult farmers and nomads also had to go to school the shot included people from all social classes in his campaign.

on the air as guard i don't read so i voted to see if there was an army for literacy but not for real education. i mean of course it's a good thing that people are literate but literacy doesn't equal political education there's a big difference for it it should be little. and said also into shit and or political education was banned in schools and in universities. for boards and. khomeini became the spokesman for a group of mourners who rejected his policy as being pro west and. that all of them are too law from a knee on one of the at the time the ayatollah khomeini was someone who represented the people and the opposition that is on the holler fundal was he bravely articulated their demands which is why we supported him. as our tool of khomeini

him i asked me for many votes of the that khomeini was now very much in the public eye he was no longer the young clergyman he had been in the city of course complaining about razor sharp and holding back out of respect for his teachers so on and now he was the grand ayatollah he gathered a considerable following and had much more potential to mobilize the people. and. so many took advantage of this enhanced power imagine from the shadows and adopting an. gress if stance towards the shah's policies for the 1st time he publicly want him against continuing in the ways of his family. coming he send a couple of letters directly addressed to the shah and the shah gave a couple of lectures speeches directly responded. i've quoted those at length in the shop and they're remarkable khomeini for his defiance.

boy. don't do something so that i throw you out of the country like your father and the shah saying these little. the world is like ants like the who survived in feces we are not going to let them rule this country. a key element of the white revolution was to strengthen the role of women in iranian society. iranian women enjoyed their newly acquired rights under self-confidence that came with them not only could women vote they could even run for political office. it was a milestone on the journey towards female emancipation.

khomeini and his followers believed the foundations of their faith were under threat from the new role of women in politics and society and head back how many denounced corruption state violence and the torture employed by their son back secret police threatening what he called the tyrants of our time with a black reaction to the white revolution. anyone dying to get there ziad the karl dharma back then khomeini was the only one who spoke out against the shah. to go out. and he threatened to portray him as a sinful person and. a religiously sinful person mentioned and to organize a revolt against him. and i stand here you insure various you know. demonstrations and counter-demonstrations swept the country the

shah sent the army into the holy city of qum and khomeini was arrested and sentance . the deaths. this sentence was mitigated after intervention from the clergy but khomeini was forced into exile in a jaf in iraq. meanwhile the white revolution was running into problems in the country signed. the farmers now had their own fields to cultivate but they often lacked seeds water and modern farming equipment. that a usual theory is that as the 7th through. the land reform resulted in people having to move out of their villages and into the cities such as terror. but they couldn't live in the city centers so they settled on the outskirts. it was these

marginalized communities that became the soldiers of the revolution just result was an analog for that when khomeini arrived in not just the stronghold of shiite islam in iraq he initially withdrew from public life now aged 60 he was isolated and believe that his time was coming to an end many iranian clerics wanted nothing to do with his political activities he started taking a renewed interest in the study of the holy scriptures and talked with just a few of his students to keep up to date with his situation in iran and. family members who had accompanied him into exile were amongst his few supporters. it was this distant figure very little interest in anything other than his mosque

and his books it never went once 2 blocks from his house the other side to see a river. went to his mosque and came home for 14 years. back in iran the shah had always maintained that he wanted to achieve something for his country before he finally ascended the peacock throne now he finally allowed himself to be crowned in a lavish coronation in october 19th 67. he knew how important it was to display the dentist his religious foundations and always involve the clergy and his public appearances so he had their support as he took up his rightful place as the new shot one shot the king of kings. lairs.

he also had his wife crowned empress and elevation unprecedented in iran's long history i mean she began mostly callous had to do the same i would urge when his majesty placed the crown on my head it was as if he put it it's of all women. it was a very important moment in the history of our country. i didn't think that i had become important in my own right. i sighed as a sign of progress and respect for women. is an hour. earlier in 1987 the glamorous couple had been on a state visit to the federal republic of germany where they were greeted by president col hina luca and chancellor court kissing up. the visit focus primarily on economic ties between the 2 countries bashar visited the big steel companies along the rhine and he needed help to industrialize his country for example

building new dams for agricultural irrigation it was a lucrative opportunity for german businesses. but the ugly side of the shah's regime was revealed during the couple's visit to the opera and ballet and when members of savak attacked demonstrators protesting against oppression and torture and iran the situation escalated in the shah's visit and the protests against his policies became a turning point in the history of west germany. i i to drive his white revolution forward the shah used capital from abroad to upgrade his country's technology he invested billions in electrification and in various industries. he wanted iran to catch up with the modern world and become the global power it once was.

i think our country in the next 10 years will be what you are today. in the next 25 years according to other people i'm not saying that will be among the 5 prosperous countries of the world. the iranian capital in particular had started opening up to western culture and was quickly becoming a modern metropolis very few women still covered up in public and young people could travel freely and get an education abroad terence people enjoyed all the advantages of a cosmopolitan city where they were free to express themselves. but as far as the political structures were concerned nothing had changed embodied by the shah himself the monarchy remained an all powerful and unaccountable avoid it is allowing their child into us who are here for he wanted to decide everything all by himself for good that was the mistake behind all his failures. and what

ultimately led to his demise and the if you're taught well as a large charge at the shows ministers didn't have the courage to tell him about the country's poor economic situation. this has been caused by changes imposed from above the move towards an all for a tearin regime rife with corruption crime and the murder of intellectuals. the country was bleeding to death intellectually it was a patrol that was if iran were under foreign rule be gone and the government rushed . in their jobs however time seemed to have stood still khamenei was still giving lectures to a small circle of students and thinking about how an islamic legal system where the clergy played a leading role would look he condemned western shallowness and had an ism he attacks the colonial powers and israel and he called for an end to the separation

of politics and religion. the transcripts of his lectures were published in a book entitled islamic government. i think i was one of the maybe 1st people to read it i was shocked. but i like a lot of other simple people like me thought this would never work this is a medieval idea iran has had a constitutional revolution in 1000 or 5 or 7 is not going to let the clergy come and cut off people's hands in public squares is not going to let the clergy rule because they know sharia. i was wrong as were a lot of other countries and forces. iran wanted to stop the spread of radical ideas and theological demands from shiite

clergy and band harmonies book but this censorship only made it more attractive to opponents of the ruling class. anyone who opposed the shah's regime could expect to end up in some back cells where torture and executions were commonplace there was no escape from this dreaded prison in tehran which german architects had built in the 19 $130.00 s. this is what the students in germany were protesting at during the shah's visit. even some of iran's current political leaders were imprisoned here during the shah's rule including today supremely.

the shah's regime was totally intolerant of opposition or even dissent there was no open dialogue about the country's social and political development and political parties both left and right were largely stamped out. the opposition had either fled abroad or been locked up. the shah's autocratic rule meant he was increasingly losing touch with the people of his country. tehran with its modern high rise buildings had come to symbolize a belief in progress but many people were no longer able to keep pace with the shock so they turned to the institution that was familiar to them one that had always provided support in times of uncertainty. it completely went after the left. whether it was the left that was dependent on the soviet union or whether there was a social democratic left the only people who were allowed to build mosques build

schools teach their own cadres were the religious works and you bring millions into the cities and shantytowns concentrate them made them easy to mobilize and allow the closure to be the only one who's active and then people are surprised that the revolution was won by the clergy. during the 1970 s. the shah renovated many of the country's mosques and greatly increased the number of qur'an schools as well. he wanted to reassure the clergy that islam was fundamentally important to him that it was the very foundation of iranian society despite the orientation of his policies towards the west. through his public appearances and his annual pilgrimage to the city of mashad considered one of the 7 holy sites of shia islam he hoped to keep the clergy firmly on his side.

he saw religion as his last line of defense he saw religion as his most powerful stronghold within the country and that's where he made a massive miscalculation massive strategic and either logical miscarriage and political miscalculation because what he thought of as his most powerful strong and backing turn out to be his most fatal and then dress enemy. in 1978 an inflammatory article about khomeini in a leading daily newspaper accused him and the clergy of mounting a counter revolution. his followers took to the streets in tune. to show their solidarity. last. it was a very moving evolution may be. the fastest revolution in human history because

everything happened of it in 4 months with every passing day the resolve of the shah's regime to stay in power was weakening and the resolve of the opposition to demand his removal was increasing. as many as 300 people were killed at the demonstration in coom. there was a 40 day mourning period as is customary and but straight after that hundreds of thousands took to the streets again their numbers swelling by the day. wasn't prepared for resistance on this scale it took him and his regime completely off guard and left it paralyzed. an acid attack on the wrecked cinema in the oil city of abba down on august the 1978 killed 422 people. the opposition accuse the secret police and the shah however

evidence later suggested that khomeini himself had masterminded the attack after it was a different story both in magnitude and anger and industry for the 1st time i heard thousands of people say death to the shah. that would have been unimaginable in 77 . the protest became increasingly violent and the military was called to intervene september the 8th $978.00 would go down in history as black friday. it's not known how many people were killed on central tehran's janice square that day estimates range from less than 10215000 in searing general strike brought the country to a standstill. sharpshooter

. starter's the shah had a strong military and intelligence service. so all the instruments of power were in his hands and this rig. feel your death off story that's why many people like me thought. let's 1st try to overthrow the regime with khamenei. and then we'll deal with him later on meet in prayer to. the shah pressured the iraqi government to declare khomeini persona non-grata and he had to leave his acts out in najaf his aides advised him to head to europe which he had 1st rejected asking him what he would do amnon islamic country little did he know that thousands of his followers from all over the world would make a pilgrimage to his new home in new flare château a small suburb of paris western politicians i'm going to like draws like

a sham paul sartre michel foucault and francois mitterrand also showed support for khomeini in france he suddenly found himself at the center of global attention. but. nobody talked about the radical ideas khomeini had expressed in his book about islamic government since his writings were banned in iran and are known in the west now and even raise the subject with him his speeches against the shah recorded and distributed throughout iran. mob actually conclude in the yard you know it's a lot we spread the speeches around in every form possible that we handed the tapes out all over the place and we even took them to the villages. the generals in iran were waiting for mohammed razor to order them to take action against the insurgents but nobody realized that the shah was suffering from cancer

and was physically weak without orders the military held its file. cabinet. once the soldiers had stopped shooting down civilians people put flowers and i got news to tell pictures of how many and their hands in a celebration of their future leader. but then the shah used the television address to try and regain the initiative. man needs by you or me i'm going to show me like you don't know sinead because we knew going into that in uganda and the source of the not so see. they don't let it. barrow the 1000000 they do as is the dog. he looked weak he looked absolutely despondent. he couldn't read the text. and the point that he was saying is that i have heard that's the famous phrase i have heard the. call of your revolution and give me another chance.

and people thought rightly as a sign of his weakness if ever there was a sign that he is not going to be able to master the situation that was to me the speech. the international community was alarmed by the crisis in iran and french president of valor. invited german chancellor helmut schmidt u.s. president jimmy carter and british prime minister jim callaghan to a meeting on the island of guadalupe to discuss what to do but offered up the. talks had a twofold objective. to increase security and reduce tension around the world we thought we needed to recognize the realities of today's world and increase our efforts to improve international relations what do you really want if you said no that's true no. western powers decided that meant abandoning the shah and his

regime on january the 16th 1979 he left iran with his family. the shah thought the crisis would soon be over and he would be able to return but in actual fact it was goodbye forever that he's rough i don't usually good i'll never forget the tears in his eyes when we left and the officer who threw himself at his majesty's feet thank you holy should the party and is that inducted. 14 days later on february the 1st 1979 khomeini flew from paris to tehran many fear that the shans air force would thought khomeini's return by forcing the plane off course or even shooting it down. because. you know the holding that in spite of the danger well you couldn't feel safe of course you'd be worried about how many didn't show any sign of fear but he must

have been afraid anyone would be. butterfly the other day. in the laura bush. photon iranian soil after 14 years in exile millions of people jubilant 3 celebrated his return and. the iranian monaco had come to an end after $2500.00 yes and khomeini was welcomed as a savior. was nobody had any idea of the consequences the islamic revolution would have for iran. was introduced into live tour zab ordered for a new from the right to live including those reservoir of the shah. over all our

big business you know our big tycoons load our billionaires d. or support it so over here 3 ated the degree of unity among gad all these different factions it has turned on rich was impressive. first visits were to behest as on a cemetery on the outskirts of town where those who were killed by the shah's regime are buried and to the holy city of qum where his fight against the shah had begun many years ago was the confrontation between these 2 could be summers to the confrontation of 2 opposing words and in such a confrontation it is always the stronger will that will win you know and that's what exactly what happened in iraq. made his world was far stronger. to conquer power then the sharks were to keep power.

after a long odyssey through various different countries the shah died of cancer on july the 20 seven's 980 in cairo he was 60 years old his body was buried in the are if i e mosque in the egyptian capital. the ayatollah khomeini died from a heart attack on june the 3rd 1989 in tehran during his 10 year reign he followed through on his ideas of an islamic revolution with uncompromising stringency and turned iran into a theocracy. and in doing so he set in motion a dynamic process that even now still keeps the world and guessing.

games. and. the end. of our heroes are an unlikely pairing of fire fighting here it is a bit unusual. forest fires have been increasing in the past years in portugal and so locals are turning to go and cows to graze firebreaks their owners think their livestock could help solve a huge problem so how helpful are these 4 legged firefighters under

a plan. 90 minutes on d w. i'm not laughing at the jet but just sometimes i am but i stand up english this happens i think steven tyler jam a culture of looking at the stereotype of the class that is think the future of the country that i not. yet needed to be taken as drama they are to me it's all about ok. i'm right joe join me from the german sunday. post. if it is for me in. return for. beethoven it is for. plato's it is for current on the beethoven 2150th anniversary here on.

planet. play . this is g w news live from berlin sounding the alarm the german government says the country is facing a coronavirus epidemic as 10 new infections are confirmed kindergarden schools close in a town in western germany where a couple us tested positive authorities are looking for people they've had contact with also coming up the experts warn of another scourge spreading as fast as across a virus it sounds misinformation.