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979 shah mohammed to raise up octavia was overthrown by a revolution that put an end to a monarchy that was more than 2500 years old. shouted through nature i didn't believe it was an uprising at 1st. you know. that's the way i thought syrian regimes fall 1st gradually and then such. a mistake was to want to do too much too fast mohammed raise our pocket he was the last shah of iran and a key figure in world politics during the 2nd top of the 20th century. is entre potent was the shiite ira tanada ruhollah khomeini who became a beacon of resistance to the shops rule. to buy blue through the trees to the 2 of them were poll. opposites both in terms of social

image and personality by the invisible they became very fierce antagonists absolutely in the shot developed. an almost obsession with. their rivalry lasted almost a lifetime eventually the shah was defeated and with the ayatollahs victory came islamic fundamentalism a new challenge for world politics. in september 941 at the height of the 2nd world war the iranian parliament swore in 21 year old mohammed to raise up hostility as the country's new head of state.

his father a razor sharp levy had declared iran neutral but make no secret of his sympathies with the nazi regime the allies demanded his abdication. since hitler's invasion of the soviet union in 1941 the british and americans had been transporting heavy military equipment through iran to aid russians in their fight against the german reich. i say fata up to one reason abdicated and fled iran he left his son behind president mohammad reza stayed in iran raise a shot told him to remain there and take over last year. mohammed razor's father had prepared him for this moment from a young age his crown prince. he always had

a special role among his siblings his father chose his son's playmates and sent him to an elite swiss boarding school to receive a western education. he also dictated who he would marry. the egyptian princess. a union that ultimately would end in divorce razor sharp wanted this arranged marriage between the 2 ruling families to strengthen the power of the park love eden estate in iran. and she was of very very powerful charismatic figure who completely dominates the sun's life. 300 kilometers southwest of the capital tehran lies the away says city of hama and the youngest of 6 children ruhollah more sabi khomeini was born here in 1902 in a house on the outskirts of the city his father was murdered when he was just 5 years old. the case was officially never solved but khomeini always held praise as

shah responsible. until the end of his days at a loss for many thought that there is a shop a survey had intervened and to say the murder that was the bitterness lived in him because in his writings you know even and then uses those whose fathers have big chill but it is a shock. growing up without a father would shape the rest of khomeini's life his mother put him in the camp of a wealthy aunt who made sure he got a good education. common he started school aged 5 a village school teacher taught him to read and write and he proved to be a quick learner far more capable than his classmates while the children played he studied and read the koran.

before razor sharp was forced to abdicate he had launched a comprehensive program of reforms he wanted iran to become a modern country and one of his moves was to ban women from wearing the traditional veil known as the shadow of the clergy accused him of meddling in their affairs and a wave of protest in chewed. khomeini was now starting islamic law and he also felt that this was a fundamental violation of the principles of islam. it must have come as a relief to 4 mainly when razor sharp was pressured by the allies to abdicate khomeini demanded that iran should return to being governed by islamic law but his demands fell on deaf ears. razor sharp died in exile in south africa in 1944 war eyes were on his son when he took

over. people were intrigued to see how he would solve the conflict with the clergy that he had inherited from his father up until then his public image had always been rather reserved. but the young sharon our showed surprising determination like his father he wanted to modernize the country and its society but he also wanted to end the religious dispute. khomeini had by now started teaching as law and he found a willing audience among young students who were becoming increasingly radicalized one shiite fundamentalist group called itself. islam the devote of islam it still exists today. its members came from poor districts of tehran and campaigned for a theocratic state based on the koran. they wanted western influences banned and to

force women to cover up in public. be deemed a couple of years they really became very important because the 1st assassinated of intellectual missive. who campaigned against islam then they proceeded to assassinated the prime minister. for many was. the cleric who gave the. clerical cover the president and. you just killed somebody unless. he writes a fatwa as for example. in early 1949. trying to kill the shah many believed the devoted behind the attempted assassination although that was never proven the iranian

parliament accused the pro moscow today party and banned it a move the shah proved off because he wants answers pressures of communism as he was of radical islam his political path was needed to warn the west. i'm hoping. they can or thank you. here you go. here and the great of the market. in the. u.s. president harry s. truman and the people of america gave sharm ahmed razor an exuberant welcome when he arrived in november 949 of course this wasn't a purely selfless gesture america was looking to gain access to the immense oil reserves in iran. the shah

also needed support for his plans to modernize the country and was interested in technical innovations like the hoover dam but not everyone shared his enthusiasm for the west. the slanderer took a page the country was totally dependent the sharr was dependent on the americans and the british but we wanted to have an independent state. a country that was in control of its own fate. one that made its own decisions soaps and shy that. the post-war global economic boom was fueled by one thing in particular oil the largest refinery in the world was being built in dan not far from the persian gulf oil production had been a predominantly british enterprise since the start of the 20th century the anglo persian oil company in iran was like a state within a state. in march 951

the iranian parliament decided to nationalize the oil industry and britain cut off its supply to iran many skilled british workers had to leave the country the state takeover of the oil facilities was popular but the oil embargo soon caused an economic slump extreme part is like the communist today party. exploited the crisis for their own ends. the shah even briefly fled into exile to escape the line of fire. several camps were now fighting for power in iran including the mullahs and their followers and various political groups like the communists who wanted to abolish the monarchy in favor of a people's republic the shark could only hold on to his power with help from the us the american intelligence service the cia gave him money and helped him to set up

his own secret police called some back. in. the shah was willing to team up with any ally who would fight against the influence of communism from the soviet union the clerics were traditionally anti communist and pro-monarchy so he tried to win them over to his side but it didn't work. he certainly thought that that ideological backing was religion. and that's again another mistake that he made. region. particularly as incarnated boy the sheer clergy could never have because. the ideological framework on which to build more there now is asian it was. in december 1959 tehran witnessed huge celebrations press photographers from all over

the world fought for the best picture of mohammad reza pahlavi and his new wife. after 2 failed marriages his 3rd wife the new queen would soon give birth to the much awaited and to the throne and ensure the future of the path of eden estate. with the shah by her side ravi became an influential figure in her own right she accompanied him on his trip to america in 1962 by the couple were warmly received. together with john f. kennedy as president bashar intensified iran u.s. relations the 2 of them agreed that only a strong military could fend off the latent threats from the soviet union the u.s. promised aid to strengthen iran's armed forces and in return for weapons america would get oil.

i. agree. often the americans gave the shah modern weapons to build up his armed forces. there were countless military advisors in iran who decided what would be done and what wouldn't you ask him to. do it and the things they did was certainly not a service to democracy bush diminished a democratic. in the 960 s. iran was still very much a developing country most people were tenant farmers with most of the land in the hands of feudal lords and big landowners including numerous mullahs and religious foundations. was. on january 8th eleventh's 963 the sham put forward a comprehensive reform program aimed at significantly improving the people's living

conditions he called it the white revolution. and you know this if he can link the white revolution that his majesty decided to undertake was truly his idea and his decision. he wanted his country and his people to develop the mission j. lo better by nationwide referendum was held on a vast majority voted in favor of the ambitious program again to abolish the feudal system privatized state owned companies combat illiteracy and give women the right to vote they want allowed to vote in the referendum but were allowed to fill in unofficial ballot papers to register their support of the rakyat he wanted iran to modernize its board but lucian was intended to make iran better and it did in many many ways it ended feudalism in iraq that's not an easy thing to do. the starting point of the white revolution was a land reform which met with staunch resistance from the clergy the shan gave more

than 500000 hectares an area twice the size of luxembourg to $30000.00 poor families. yet that it was terrific. yet. there were rumors that the shah's reforms were carried out under pressure from america which would have meant they would only have served colonial and imperialist interests and not those of the iranian people. in other words they were being carried out on foreign on american orders because they are. so-called educational soldiers were sent to village schools to teach children how to read write and count . adult farmers and nomads also had to go to school the shot included people from all social classes in his campaign.

as god i don't read so i voted to see if there was an army for literacy but not for real education. i mean of course it's a good thing that people are literate but literacy doesn't equal political education there's a big difference for duty should be legal. and segue also into shit and or political education was banned in schools and in universities. for boards and. khomeini became the spokesman for a group of mullahs who rejected this policy as being pro western. and. that was a marja law for many on one of the at the time the ayatollah khomeini was someone who represented the people and the opposition that is on the heart of founder was he bravely articulated their demands which is why we supported him. as i told the

khomeini him i yes we go for many votes at the outset khomeini was now very much in the public eye he was no longer the young clergyman he had been in the city of course complaining about razor sharp and holding back out of respect for his teachers so on and now he was the grand ayatollah he gathered a considerable following and had much more potential to mobilize the people. and. the many took advantage of this enhanced power imagine from the shadows and adopting an. aggressive stance towards the shah's policies for the 1st time he publicly warned him against continuing in the ways of his family. he sent a couple of letters directly addressed to the shah and the shah gave a couple of lectures speeches directly responded. i have quoted those at length in the shop and there are remarkable khomeini for his defiance.

boy. don't do something so that i throw you out of the country like your father and the shah saying these little. the world is like ants like. who survived in feces we are not going to let them rule this country. the key element of the white revolution was to strengthen the role of women in iranian society. iranian women enjoyed their newly acquired rights under self-confidence that came with something not only could women vote they could even run for political office. it was a milestone on the journey towards female emancipation. khomeini and his followers believed the foundations of their faith were under

threat from the new role of women in politics and society and hit back how many denounced corruption state violence and the torture employed by their son back secret police threatening what he called the tyrants of our time with a black reaction to the white revolution. called anybody die. ziad the karl drama back then khomeini was the only one who spoke out against the shah or. to go out. he threatened to patrol him as a sinful person and. a religiously sinful person to mention it and to organize a revolt against him at. trial and i stand here you mean through our various you know. demonstrations and counter-demonstrations swept the country bashar sent the army into the holy city of qum and khomeini was arrested and

sentance. to dance. this sentence was mitigated after intervention from the clergy but khomeini was forced into exile in the jaffa in iraq. meanwhile the white revolution was running into problems in the country signed. the farmers now had their own fields to cultivate but they often lacked seeds water and modern farming equipment. that eventually is that as these have. the land reform resulted in people having to move out of their villages and into the cities such as terror. but they couldn't live in the city centers so they settled on the outskirts. it was these

marginalized communities that became the soldiers of the revolution. was an era law for them. when khomeini arrived in one jaffa the stronghold of shiite islam in iraq he initially withdrew from public life now aged 60 he was isolated and believe that his time was coming to an end many iranian clerics wanted nothing to do with his political activities he started taking a renewed interest in the study of the holy scriptures and talked with just a few of his students to keep up to date with the situation in iran. the family members who had accompanied him into exile were amongst his few supporters. when. it was just distant figure very little interest in anything other than his mosque and his books it never went once 2 blocks from his house the other side to see

a river. went to his mosque and came home for 14 years. back in iran the shah had always maintained that he wanted to achieve something phase country before he finally ascended the peacock fry and now he finally allowed himself to be crowned in a lavish coronation in october 967. he knew how important it was to display the dentist his religious foundations and always involve the clergy and his public appearances so he had their support as he took up his rightful place as the new shot hunch shot the king of kings. that. he also had his wife crowned empress and elevation unprecedented in iran's long

history i'm assuming i'm only candidate had to do beside him i would wish when his majesty placed the crown on my head it was as if he put it on the heads of all women do you get that. it was a very important moment in the history of our country. i didn't think that i had become important in my own right. i saw it as a sign of progress and respect for women. earlier in 1967 the glamorous couple had been on a state visit to the federal republic of germany where they were greeted by president col hina luca and chancellor court kissing up to visit focus primarily on economic ties between the 2 countries bashar visited the big steel companies along the rhine and he needed help to industrialize his country for example building new dams for agricultural irrigation it was

a lucrative opportunity for german businesses. but the ugly side of the shah's regime was revealed during the couple's visit to the opera and ballet and when members of savak attacked demonstrators protesting against oppression and torture in iran the situation escalated in the shah's visit and the protests against his policies became a turning point in the history of west germany. i i to drive his white revolution forward the shah used capital from abroad to upgrade his country's technology he invested billions in electrification and in various industries. he wanted iran to catch up with the modern world and become the global power it once was. i think our country in the next 10 years will be what you are today. in the next

25 years according to other people i'm not saying that would be among the 5 or as prosperous countries of the world. the iranian capital in particular had started opening up to western culture and was quickly becoming a modern metropolis very few women still covered up in public and young people could travel freely and get an education abroad to rand's people enjoyed all the advantages of a cosmopolitan city where they were free to express themselves. but as far as the political structures were concerned nothing had changed embodied by the shah himself the monarchy remained all powerful and unaccountable avoid it is alone in china and does. their fear that he wanted to decide everything all by himself for good that was the mistake behind all his failures. and what

ultimately led to his demise and in the if you are taught well as a large charge you at the shows ministers didn't have the courage to tell him about the country's poor economic situation. this has been caused by changes imposed from above the move towards an all for a tearin regime rife with corruption crime and the murder of intellectuals. the country was bleeding to death intellectually it was a pretrial that is if iran were under foreign rule of the gun and the government rushed. in a job however time seemed to have stood still khamenei was still giving lectures to a small circle of students and thinking about how an islamic legal system by the clergy played a leading role would look he condemned western shallowness and had an ism he attacks the colonial powers and israel and he called for an end to the separation of politics and religion. the transcripts of his lectures were published in

a book entitled islamic government. i think i was one of the maybe 1st people to read it i was shocked. but i like a lot of other simple people like me thought this would never work this is a medieval idea they're run and has had a constitutional revolution in 1000 or 5 or 7 is not going to let the clergy come and cut off people's hands in public squares is not going to lead the courage to rule because they know sharia. i was wrong as were a lot of other countries and forces. iran wanted to stop the spread of radical ideas and theological demands from shiite clergy and banned harmony's book but this censorship only made it more attractive

to opponents of the ruling class. anyone who oppose the shah's regime could expect to end up inside back cells where torture and executions were commonplace there was no escape from this dreaded prison in tehran which german architects had built in the 1930 s. this is what the students in germany were protesting at john nash ass visit. even some of iran's current political leaders were imprisoned here during the shah's rule including today supremely. the shah's regime was totally intolerant of opposition or even dissent there was no

open dialogue about the country's social and political development and political parties both left and right are largely stamped out. the opposition had either fled abroad or been locked up. the shah's autocratic rule meant he was increasingly losing touch with the people of his country. tehran with its modern high rise buildings had come to symbolize a belief in progress but many people were no longer able to keep pace with the shock so they turned to the institution that was familiar to them one that had always provided support in times of uncertainty. it completely went after the left. whether it was the left that was dependent on the soviet union or whether there was a social democratic left the only people who were allowed to build mosques build schools teach their own cadres were the religious works and you bring

millions into the cities and shantytowns concentrate them made them easy to mobilize and allow the closure to be the only one who's active and then people are surprised that the revolution was won by the clergy. during the 1970 s. the shah renovated many of the country's mosques and greatly increase the number of qur'an schools as well. he wanted to reassure the clergy that islam was fundamentally important to him that it was the very foundation of iranian society despite the orientation of his policies towards the west. through his public appearances and his annual pilgrimage to the city of mashad considered one of the 7 holy sites of shia islam he hoped to keep the clergy firmly on his side.

and he saw religion as his last line of defense he saw religion as his most powerful stronghold within the country and that's where he made a massive miscalculation massive strategic an ideological miscarriage and political miscalculation because what he thought of as he's most powerful strong and backing turn out to be his most fatal and then dress enemy. in 1978 an inflammatory article about khomeini in a leading daily newspaper accused him and the clergy of mounting a counter revolution. his followers took to the streets in tune. to show their solidarity. was was this was a very moving evolution may be. the fastest revolution in human history because

everything happened within 4 months with every passing day the resolve of the shah's regime to stay in power was weakening and the resolve of the opposition to demand his removal was increasing. as many as 300 people were killed at the demonstration in co. there was a 40 day mourning period as is customary in islam but straight after that hundreds of thousands took to the streets again their numbers swelling by the day. the shah wasn't prepared for resistance on this scale it took him and his regime completely off guard and left it paralyzed. an arson attack on the wrecked cinema in the oil city. on august the 1978 killed 422 people. the opposition accuse the secret police and the shah however

evidence later suggested that khomeini himself had masterminded the attack after it was a different story both in magnitude and anger and industry organs for the 1st time i heard thousands of people say death to the shah. that would have been unimaginable in 77. the protest became increasingly violent and the military was called to intervene september the 8th $978.00 would go down in history as black friday. it's not known how many people were killed on central tehran's jeunesse square that day estimates range from less than 10215000 in searing general strike brought the country to a standstill. sharpshooters . starkers the shah had

a strong military and intelligence services. so all the instruments of power were in his hands this ring for field of death off that's why many people like me thought. let's 1st try to overthrow the regime with khamenei. and then we'll deal with him later on sean made him pretty sure of. the sharp pressure of the iraqi government to declare khomeini persona non-grata and he had to leave his acts out in najaf his aides advised him to head to europe which he had 1st rejected asking them what he would do and non islamic countries little did he know that thousands of his followers from all over the world would make a pilgrimage to his new home in new flare château a small suburb of paris western politicians i'm gentle like charles like a jumble sartre michel foucault and francois mitterrand also showed support for

khomeini in france he suddenly found himself at the center of global attention. nobody talked about the radical ideas khomeini had expressed in his book about islamic government since his writings were banned in iran and unknown in the west now one even raised the subject with him his speeches against the shah were recorded and distributed throughout iran. mob ashley if you would in that audio it's a lot we spread the speeches around in every form possible that we handed the tapes out all over the place and we even took them to the villages. the generals in iran were waiting for mohammed razor to order them to take action against the insurgents but nobody realized that the shah was suffering from cancer and was physically weak without orders the military held its file.

cabinet. once the soldiers had stopped shooting down civilians people put flowers in their guns and held pictures of the many and their hands in a celebration of their future leader. but then the shah used the television address to try and regain the initiative. menus pay only in the lobby for normal lucky you don't do anything as we knew going to. be about a source of them not sourcing. it or let it be more. bear or the 1000000 they do have this to. have. looked weak he looked absolutely despondent. he couldn't read the text. and the point that he was saying is that i have heard of the famous phrase i have heard the. call of your revolution and give me another chance. and people saw it rightly as

a sign of his weakness if ever there was a sign that he is not going to be able to master the situation that was to me the speech. the international community was alarmed by the crisis in iran and french president of valery giscard d'estaing invited german chancellor helmut schmidt u.s. president jimmy carter and british prime minister jim callaghan to a meeting on the island of guadalupe to discuss what to do. offered up the. talks had a twofold objective. to increase security and reduce tension around the world we thought we needed to recognize the realities of today's world and increase our efforts to improve international relations what do you really want as you said you know that's you know. western powers decided that meant abandoning the shah and his regime on january the 16th 1999 he left iran with his family.

the shah thought the crisis would soon be over and he would be able to return but in actual fact it was goodbye forever that he will find all never forget the tears in his eyes when we left and the officer who threw himself at his majesty's feet. to the pie and is that inducted. 14 days later on february the 1st $979.00 khomeini flew from paris to tehran many fear that the shans air force would thought khomeini's return by forcing the plane off course or even shooting it down . to doing the you know the holding that in spite of the danger well you couldn't feel safe of course you'd be worried how many didn't show any sign of fear but he must have been afraid anyone

would be. butterfly the other day. in the laura bush. photo on iranian soil after 14 years in exile millions of people jubilant dri celebrated his return and. the iranian monaco had come to an end after $2500.00 yes and khomeini was welcomed as a savior. was nobody had any idea of the consequences the islamic revolution would have for iran. was a tribute to intellectuals supported from ranged from the right to live including those rights of words of the shah. over all our big business you know our big

tycoons you load our billionaires the all support so are here 3 ated the degree of unity among gad all these different factions in teheran which was impressive. first visits were to behest is on a cemetery on the outskirts of town where those who were killed by the shans regime are buried and to the holy city of qum where his fight against the shah had begun many years ago. was a confrontation between these 2 could be summaries to the confrontation of 2 opposing words and in such a confrontation it is always the stronger will that will win you know and that's what exactly what happened in iraq. khomeini's where was far stronger. to conquer power then the sharks were to keep power.

after a long odyssey through various different countries the shah died of cancer on july the 27th 980 in cairo he was 60 years old his body was buried in the hour if i eat in the egyptian capital. the ayatollah khomeini died from a heart attack on june the 3rd 1989 in tehran during his 10 year reign he followed through on his ideas of an islamic revolution with uncompromising stringency and turned iran into a theocracy. and in doing so he set in motion a dynamic process that even now still keeps the world anxious league guessing. games are and.

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place. to. play. this is news live from migrants in techie move towards europe as opens the border the turkish government says it will no longer stop them from entering to. the action has been prompted by fears of all out war has taken retaliates against syria for a deadly and strike also on the program a wall health organization raises a risk assessment of a coronavirus to the highest possible level as a pathogen crosses the globe we hear how it's already wreaking havoc on the global

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