we may think only water supplies will last forever. but. when the rainstorm. starts march 20th on the job you. can see tomorrow it's a day the science show on t.w. coming up. researches get under animal skin to uncover the secrets of. fusion power how far advanced is the research. and is it possible to break the laws of physics.

i have seen mine. that's what better lincoln said she was the 1st human to ever be x. rayed her husband turned can began to use electromagnetic radiation in the high energy part of the spectrum to look beneath the skin in 1900 find x. rays have since become a key technology in modern medicine today scientists even employ high speed x. ray machines to investigate the secrets of movement. this look a little rascal. is the star of a very special film. ok x. rays.

because the d.n.a. university's institute for zoo ology and evolutionary research martin fisher and his team dig deep to get their results. we're one of only a few in the world who have managed to depict moving skeletons certainly at this level of resolution. to do so we systematically employ a variety of constantly updated ways and means to get beneath an animal skin beneath its fur its feathers to look and see how the animal actually moves. to. the equipment they need and it can take up to 2000 high definition x. ray images a 2nd the radiation dosage is minute and doesn't harm the animals fish is teams already made 52000 x. ray film clips they never cease to be thrilled by the outcome. one of my

greatest dreams was to examine us law and then we had 3 slots and developed a special apparatus to do it that when there the 1st x. ray film of slow was mind blowing us it was exactly the same with x. ray films of birds and for me as a dog person the 1st dog films as well unbelievable that you can really see how a dog walks when you're out walking with one every day and then suddenly it's now i know what you're doing it's a special feeling. beginners of all the just share their equipment and the results of their basic research with other scientists among them a team of robotics experts who came to see them with a whole list of questions. we always face a particular problem when we're designing the walking machines on the conveyor belt

they performed magnificently but as soon as you put them on to real terrain they start lurching around they're suddenly in stable. why aren't animals like that why is it that a dog rarely stumbles and is a rat never what's actually happening there to find out we devise tests for throwing rats off balance they had to go up a step then down a step and step into a hole they couldn't see. now when you step into a hole you know what happened was you go flying but not a rat it recovers 272nd that's an extremely quick response. it's a reflex even a bit more than reflex. it's a kind of communication system between the one leg and it's opposite from. that's how rats from you know have helped teach american robots to walk naturally.

some of them at least. of all the mammal species only one is 2 legged. there are over 6000 species of mammals so it doesn't seem to be the best way to get around. the 4 legged robots 6 legged ones they get around extremely well by people robot no matter where their mate always walk around with slightly bent knees. they always look a little bit as if they've just soiled their diapers. never seem elegant. they'll never be fast. at the moment we're trying to derive a new concept for by people robots from the 2 legged gate of the birds getting away from the notion that if they get robot should look human.

why not a by people robot bird. birds are the most successful 2 legged creatures. so much for the future but what about the quadrupeds of geese and university veterinarian. research is illnesses of the spine that are common in dogs candy says a cavalier king charles spaniel. it's a breed that has a tendency to develop a condition called syringa in my ear growths in the spinal canal which can lead to neurological dysfunction and breakdown larger dogs on the other hand tend to have problems with cowdery queen a syndrome that's a slipped disc in the lower back the presses on and. what these 2 vets want to find out is if the manner of the dog's movement influences the emergence of the affliction. the n.h. the tightest candies is scanned millimeter for millimeter producing a detailed 3 d.

image of her spinal column. on forehead for a while we've been able to use x. rays computer tomography and magnetic resonance imaging to precisely reproduce what changes have occurred but we do reach our limits when it comes to examining and weaving spine in a natural position. on. time for the year in a team. and the nail on draco and martin fisher's teams pool their findings. this alliance is the icing on the cake for us because we're transitioning from fundamental research to clinical research english or fossil. the final preparations for dog and owner. they go. first because. you.

are trying to exist completely healthy ok it's very. that's why her images are now the reference material for her breeds natural movement profiles. and you know they've already examined 60 healthy dogs from a variety of breeds and this made discoveries that turned some standard teachings upside down. as a basket once in a dish fundamental to exciting discovery for us is that there's not much movement in the back part of the spine as you would expect from looking at and as put forward in earlier study. there were and still are theories that claim altered movement patterns damage the spine between the crust joint and the lumber portion of the spine. but that doesn't seem to be the case since there's so little movement and about mystifies. so there are suspicions that it's primarily

a spinal problem to start with and one that possibly leads to altered movement patterns later in life that the chicken and the egg a reverse compared to earlier thinking. about. small steps the candies gigantic strides for research not the only challenge to received wisdom that's being put to rest in your in a. recent point that we know today that early researchers were right in some respect and we also know that they were wrong in a lot of respect that science it's our task to give due respect to the achievements of those who push things along way with very limited means and to then use new technological possibilities to break into new areas to open up a path which itself will also be outdated in 1020 or 40 years. until

then we can at least enjoy the wonder and beauty of x. ray cinema. all that running around can be exhausting human. need several hours of shuteye every day to recharge their batteries our bodies require long periods of sleep to grow muscle repair tissue and synthesize homelands but it isn't the same all over the animal kingdom. this makes me the question comes from you hannah in colombia. to all animals. it certainly looks as if they do close their eyes hardly move seemed to switch off but there are big differences in how and for how long various species does while lions sleep as long as 20 hours

a day. make do with 2 hours. migrating birds sleep for just a few minutes at a time they take their brief power naps in mid flight keeping one eye open to avoid collisions and spot potential threats. nails employ a similar strategy they're never totally asleep instead only one brain hemisphere knots off at a time while the other regulates breathing and swimming activity. many other animals don't lie down to sleep elephants do it standing up. and i mean goes on one leg. bats those upside down. in the pot some asleep under water as do fish with their eyes open. animal is easy prey. which is why each species has come up with its own solution

for sleeping safely because sleeping is as important as eating. just why animals sleep isn't entirely clear we know that we humans process experiences in our sleep well storing new knowledge and this. guarding the superfluities the sleeping brain is actually very active. many animals go through sleep stages similar to humans like sleep. deep sleep. and even phases of rapid eye movement called rem sleep it's thought they could be dreaming especially when their legs make running movements. we haven't investigated sleep patterns well every animal species out there. but we don't know of any that get by without it. scientists suspect that war

animals needed just like we do. it out on his red white object but only a few. do you have a science question that you've always wanted and said we're happy to help out send it to us as a video text over as well if we answer it on the show we'll send you a little surprise as a thank you cannot just ask. for more stories from science and to send us your questions check us out online on twitter and on facebook. says an old energetic among physicists is the most promising energy source for the future and will always remain so fusion. for decades now the dream of commercial nuclear fusion has seemed to be just around the corner but all the attempts so far have failed now that private companies are taking an interest in

this promising form of clean energy future and it could finally be if that were to become a real option. the world is hungry for energy but the way we still get most of it has a major for. the electricity that powers our homes and industries still far too often comes from power plants fired by coal or gas ones that continuously pumps e o 2 into the atmosphere of our planet. where the energy comes from nuclear fission reactors but they produce a product that remains dangerous for thousands of years radioactive waste but we've begun to make the switch to sustainable zz with a focus on wind and solar but those 2 technologies also have a drawback they don't deliver a steady supply of power and we're struggling to build wind turbines and solar arrays fast enough to keep up with ever rising demand. we're moving towards

a world where the demand for energy is going to increase very very rapidly as a gap. and we need to know are there is there is no i green. is there a certain carbon technology at the minute that can feel like. to me tomorrow's energy demands we need carbon neutral power plants that can reliably churn out enough electricity around the clock to meet minimum levels of demand what's called base load. what about the power that drives the sun fusion could it fill that role scientists have been trying for decades to tap into it here on earth but it's a major challenge the basic science given very high temperatures and enough density and time conditions like those found in the sun hydrogen atoms fuse creating helium and releasing a lot of energy. the hydrogen could be extracted from seawater making it

a practically unlimited resource. it is basically the opposite of him actually plan when you're splitting a heavy element and it releases energy where you end up with the product afterwards which required to handle it is not a change. actually there is no possibility for a church to run away which is what causes a meltdown. in that sense a fusion power plant would be safer than a conventional nuclear plant for the simple reason we're with conventional nuclear you have to put an enormous amount of effort for the reaction to not run away with fusion you have to put an enormous amount of effort for the i put it reaction to actually continue scientists at a start up called 1st light fusion just outside oxford in england are pursuing one path to that goal the biggest hurdle designers of fusion experiments face is how to get more energy out of the process than you have to put into it to make fusion

happen. the team want to do that by firing a projectile so fast it can initiate a fusion reaction interestingly a small marine animal provided some of the inspiration for their experiments the peace the shrimp is an amazing profession which has an oversized claw and when it clicks that claw because it takes the water so it creates a bubble of air and the shockwave it generates actually collapses that all of air and with that it can stand its prey. in the team's approach the hydrogen is inside a tiny bubble and the target cube when the projectile slams into it at around 15 kilometers a 2nd the solid material that makes up the cube acts like a liquid compressing the gas in the bubble to a 1000 times its initial density just a fraction of

a 2nd and hopefully causing it to fuse. in a power plant each target will release the same amount of energy as a barrel of oil. that's how energy dense fusion of. so each of these small cubes called targets. could potentially release about 6 giga tools of clean heat when converted to electricity that could run an average refrigerator for over 3 years. the company has moved beyond theory it's built a giant machine to accelerate its projectiles and is now optimizing its targets to maximize compression of the bubble making fusion more likely. they aren't the only ones chasing the dream in southern france the international project eater is building a giant experimental reactor that will seek to use heat rather than compression

because hydrogen to fuse the reactor design is what's called a talk a mag a huge hollow donut filled with super hot hydrogen plasma that flows through it like a ring of lightning bolt in place by powerful magnets. it's a very different approach than the one adopted by 1st light it is proving a major technical challenge peter has already been under construction for around a decade and is slated to go online but the 1st experiments by the mid 2020 s. it's still hard to predict which approach to bring in fusion energy to the power grid will work best most analysts don't believe fusion plans will become a reality for but at least 20 years it's no easy task to harness the power that drives the sun the. energy is released as heat by nuclear fusion. to turn that thermal energy into

electricity it 1st has to be used to 10 water to steam which drives the turbine. as it revolves in a pallet plant it generates an electrical current that can be fed into the grid. we asked on social media about your sustainable and future oriented ideas what energy sources with you tapped into to satisfy people's hunger for electricity. here are a few of your responses. guests on rose that in his home they try to use organic waste to produce bio gas. bill is spending his hopes on deep supercritical geothermal wind title and solar power all literally limitless he says what's missing is large scale grid storage and the will to invest. it about it says that in europe why wind turbines are

appearing everywhere and that if don't you jose were still alive he'd be having a party. and dicker is betting on microbial fuel cells powered by organic waste including urine. and armando says we need to invest in geothermal energy that unfortunately nobody seems to be interested even though it's available all over the world thanks for your comments. whether it's the electricity that comes from our power plants. all the rhythms of night and day. for the longer rhythms of the seasons. everything around us is governed by 4 fundamental natural interaction. those that can't be broken.

or can they. it's impossible under certain circumstances to break the laws of physics. stunned how the world works at a fundamental level you have to study the 4 basic forces of physics. there affects everywhere. on earth gravity is the fundamental interaction that's most clearly apparent it's cold celestial objects like planets. and effects everything that has mass its influence shrinks with distance but at least within our galaxy never disappears completely honest 2nd force electromagnetism is what makes electricity flows and causes magnets to either attract or repel each

other. the last 2 forces have less visible effects because they influence events at the atomic scale the strong nuclear force is what binds the particles in atoms nucleus together. the we can you clear false comes into play when atoms decay combine with others. these 4 fundamental interactions don't just apply on earth physicists believe they've influenced the development of the universe. beginning when it was born out of the big bang around 13800000000 years ago. they think that a tiny fraction of a 2nd after the big bang occurred gravity was born. that would make it the oldest of the 4 basic interactions that give order instruction to our world if the prophecies of just one of the forces changed even

a little bit it would have consequences throughout the entire universe. some phenomena reveal what effects the forces can have at their extremes. that black hole is born when matter grows so compact that gravity becomes the overwhelmingly dominant physical force essentially ripping a hole in the fabric of space time. we can't change the 4 basic forces in physics but we can harness them for example we can split atoms to create nuclear energy. space travel opens doors to other possibilities the international space station orbits the earth so fast that centrifugal force effectively can't fills out the earth's gravitational effects and in the weight lift environment that produces water and other types of matter behave

very differently than they do here on the surface of our planet another visible effect is with fire. on earth a candle flickers because the air around it rises as it heats up pulling the flame upwards as it descends on the i.f.'s though the flames take on a round hole shape they don't flicker because hot air doesn't rise there on earth warmer layers also rise to the surface in a liquid medium in what researches call convection that effect for example prevents protein crystals in the medium from growing uniformly underweight close conditions the molecules are able to move more freely so they can form crystals that are larger and more perfectly shaped. by increasing our understanding of how proteins work these crystals have helped. the development of tailor made drugs is just one area of research by minimizing the effects of gravity has provided completely new

insight into the fundamental essence of the universe around us. that's it for now next week we'll be looking at eco friendly plastic made from c o 2 researchers are exploring it as a roar feedstock material that and more next time on tomorrow today.

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accept the history of slavery as all of our history. our documentary series slavery routs starts march 9th on t.w. . this is news and these are our top stories hundreds of migrants in turkey have begun crossing into europe after turkish officials open the border the decision came after texas troops were killed in an abstract in syria and cross says europe is not doing enough to support its fight against the syrian regime.