well come see tomorrow today the science show on t.w. coming out. researchers get under animal skin to uncover the secrets of. fusion power how far advanced is the research. and is it possible to break the laws of physics. i have seen my death that's what better lincoln said she was the 1st human to ever be x. ray her husband can began to use electromagnetic radiation in the high energy part of the spectrum to look beneath the skin in a scene 95 x. rays have since become a key technology in modern medicine today scientists even employ high speed x.

ray machines to investigate the secrets of movement. this look a little rat. is the star of a very special film. ok x. rays. because the d.n.a. university's institute for zoo elegy and evolutionary research martin fisher and his team dig deep to get their results. video. we're one of only a few in the world who have managed to depict moving skeletons certainly at this

level of resolution. to do so we systematically employ a variety of constantly updated ways and means to get beneath an animal skin beneath its fur its feathers to look and see how the animal actually moves. the equipment and it can take up to 2000 high definition x. ray images a 2nd the radiation dosage is minute and doesn't harm the animals fish is teams already made 52000 x. ray film clips they never cease to be thrilled by the outcome. of my greatest dreams was to examine a slaw and then we had 3 slots and developed a special apparatus to do it that when there the 1st x. ray film of slow was mind blowing us it was exactly the same with x. ray films of birds and for me as

a dog person the 1st dog films as well unbelievable that you can really see how a dog walks when you're out walking with one every day and then suddenly it's now i know what you're doing it's a special feeling. beginner's of ologists share their equipment on the results of their basic research with other scientists among them a team of robotics experts who came to see them with a whole list of questions. we always face a particular problem when we're designing the walking machines on the conveyor belt they performed magnificently but as soon as you put them on to real terrain they start lurching around they're suddenly in stable. why aren't animals like that why is it that a dog rarely stumbles and rat never what's actually happening there to find out we

devised tests for throwing rats off balance they had to go up a step then down a step and step into a hole they couldn't see us now and when you step into a hole that you know what happened was you go flying but not a rat it recovers in 272nd that's an extremely quick response. it's a reflex even a bit more than reflex. it's a kind of communication system between the one leg and its opposite from. that's a rats for me and i have helped teach american robots to walk naturally. some of them at least. of all the mammal species only one is to leg it. there are over 6000 species of mammals so it doesn't seem to be the best way to get around. 4 legged

robots 6 legged ones they get around extremely well by people robot no matter where their mate always walk around with slightly bent knees. so they always look a little bit as if they've just soiled their diaper. never seem elegant. they'll never be fast. at the moment we're trying to derive a new concept for by people robots from the 2 legged gate of the birds getting away from the notion that if they get robot should look human vic. why not a by people robot bird. birds are the most successful 2 legged creatures. so much for the future but what about the quadrupeds of geese and university veterinarian. researches illnesses of the spine that are common in dogs candy says

a cavalier king charles spaniel it's a breed that has a tendency to develop a condition called syringa in my ear growths in the spinal canal which can lead to neurological dysfunction and breakdown. larger dogs on the other hand tend to have problems with kata a queen a syndrome that's a slipped disc in the lower back the presses on and. what these 2 vets want to find out is if the manner of the dog's movement influences the emergence of the affliction. really it's the tightest candies just scanned millimeter for millimeter producing a detailed 3 d. image of her spinal column. on forehead for a while we've been able to use x. rays computer tomography and magnetic resonance imaging to precisely reproduce what changes have occurred but we do reach our limits when it comes to examining and

weaving spine in a natural position to addition to one. time for the year in a team. near laundry and fishes teams pool their findings. this alliance is the icing on the cake for us because we're transitioning from your fundamental research to clinical research english or fossil. the final preparations for dog and owner. they go. first because. if you are already. trying to exist completely healthy ok it's very. that's why her images are now the reference material for her breeds natural movement profiles. and they've already examined 60 healthy dogs from

a variety of breeds and make discoveries to turn some standard teachings upside down. as a bus for one's fundamental exciting discovery for us is that there's not much movement in the back part of the spine as you would expect from looking at and as put forward in earliest study. there were and still are theories that claim altered movement patterns damage the spying between the crust joint and the lumber portion of the spine. but that doesn't seem to be the case since there's so little. movement and about mystifies. so there are suspicions that it's primarily a spinal problem to start with and one of the possibly leads to altered movement patterns later that the chicken and the egg a reverse compared to earlier thinking. small steps for candies back there and 6 drives for research not the only challenge to

received wisdom that's being put to rest in. peace and we know today that early researchers were right in some respects and we also know that they were wrong in a lot of respects this is that science it's our task to give due respect to the achievements of those who push things along way with very limited means and to then use new technological possibilities to break into new areas to open up a path which itself would also be outdated in $1020.00 or 40 years people would say so. until then we can at least enjoy the wonder and beauty of x. ray cinema. all that running around can be exhausting humans need several hours of shut eye

every day to recharge their batteries our bodies require long periods of sleep to grow muscle repair tissue and synthesize homelands. is the same all over the animal kingdom. this makes the other question cans from many others in colombia. do all animals. it certainly looks as if they do close their eyes hardly move seemed to switch off. or a big differences in how and for how long various species does. while lions sleep as long as 20 hours a day giraffes make do with 2 hours. migrating birds sleep for just a few minutes at a time they take their brief power naps in mid flight keeping one eye open to avoid collisions and spot potential threats. nails employ

a similar strategy they're never totally asleep instead only one brain hemisphere nods off at a time while the other regulates breathing and swimming activity. 'd many other animals don't lie down to sleep elephants do it standing up in. maine goes on one leg. bats those upside down. a possum as asleep under water as do fish with their eyes open and. the sleeping animal is easy prey. which is why each species has come up with its own solution for sleeping safely because sleeping is as important as eating. just wild animals sleep isn't entirely clear we know that we humans process experiences in our sleep well storing new knowledge and discarding the superfluous

sleeping brain is actually very active. in many animals go through sleep stages similar to humans light sleep. deep sleep. and even phases of rapid eye movement called wren sleep it's thought they could be dreaming especially when their legs make running movements. we haven't investigated sleep patterns when every animal species out there. but we don't know of any good. get by without it. scientists suspect that war animals needed just like we do. if outlet is read write up but only a few pages. do you have a science question that you've always wanted oncet we're happy to help out and send

it to us as a video text ovoid smell if we answer it on the show we'll send you a little surprise as a thank you cannot just ask. for more stories from science and to send us your questions check us out online on twitter and on facebook. there's an old energetic among physicists is the most promising energy source for the future and will always remain so fusion. for decades now the dream of commercial nuclear fusion has seemed to be just around the corner but all attempts so far have failed now that private companies are taking an interest in this promising form of clean energy fusion could follow you be a fellow to become a real option. in the world is hungry for energy but the way we still get most of it has a major fault the electricity that powers our homes and industries still for too

often comes from power plants fired by coal or gas ones that continuously pump c o 2 into the atmosphere of our planet. over the energy comes from nuclear fission reactors but they produce a product that remains dangerous for thousands of years radioactive waste. we've begun to make the switch to sustainable swith a focus on wind and solar but those 2 technologies also have a drawback they don't deliver a steady supply of power and we're struggling to build. turbines and solar arrays fast enough to keep up with ever rising demand. we're moving towards a world where the demand for energy is going to increase very very rapidly as a cap and we need there are there is there is no i agree in interest in carbon technology at the minute that can feel like. to me tomorrow's energy demands we

need carbon neutral power plants that can reliably churn out enough electricity around the clock to meet minimum levels of demand what's called base load. what about the power that drives the sun fusion could it fill the role scientists have been trying for decades to tap into it here on earth but it's a major challenge the basic science given very high temperatures and enough density and time conditions like those found in the sun hydrogen atoms fuse creating helium and releasing a lot of energy. the hydrogen could be extracted from seawater making it a practically unlimited resource. it is basically the opposite of conventional nuclear so you're splitting the element and it releases energy where you end up with the products afterwards which oakley quite hard to handle it is not a chain reaction so there's no possibility for

a church to run away which is what causes a meltdown. in that sense a fusion power plant would be safer than a conventional nuclear plant for the simple reason. with conventional nuclear you have to put an enormous amount of effort for the reaction to not run away we fusion you have to put an enormous amount through her for the for that reaction to actually continue scientists at a start up called 1st light fusion just outside oxford in england or pursuing one path to that goal the biggest hurdle designers of fusion experiments face is how to get more. energy out of the process that you have to put into it to make fusion happen. the team want to do that by firing a projectile so fast it can initiate a fusion reaction interesting way a small marine animal provided some of the inspiration for their experiments the piece to shrink is an amazing procession which has an oversized claw and when it

clicks that claw it cut it takes the water so it creates a bubble of air and the shockwave it generates actually collapses that all of and with that it can stand its prey. in the team's approach the hydrogen is inside a tiny bubble and the target cube when the projectile slams into it at around 15 kilometers a 2nd the solid material that makes up the cube acts like a liquid compressing the gas in the bubble to a 1000 times its initial density just a fraction of a 2nd and hopefully causing it to fuse. in a power plant each target will release the same amount of energy as a barrel of oil. that's how energy dense fishing is. so each of these small cubes called targets could potentially release about 6 gigawatts of clean heat when

converted to electricity that could run an average refrigerator for over 3 years. the company has moved beyond theory it's built a giant machine to accelerate its projectiles and is now optimizing its targets to maximize compression of the bubble making fusion more likely. they aren't the only ones chasing the drain in southern france the international project eater is building a giant experimental reactor that was. to use heat rather than compression because hydrogen to feuds the reactor design is what's called a talkin mark a huge hollow donut filled with super hot hydrogen plasma that flows through it like a ring of lightning bolt in place by powerful magnets. it's a very different approach than the one adopted by 1st light it is proving a major technical challenge eater is already been under construction for around

a decade and is slated to go on line with the 1st experiments by the mid 2020 s. it's still hard to predict which approach to bring in fusion energy to the power grid will work best most analysts don't believe fusion plants will become a reality for but at least 20 years it's no easy task to harness the power that drives the sun. energy is released as heat by nuclear fusion. to turn that thermal energy into electricity it 1st has to be used to turn water to steam which drives the turbine. as it revolves in a power plant it generates an electrical current that can be fed into the grid.

we asked on social media about your sustainable and future oriented ideas. what energy sources would you tap into to satisfy people's hunger for electricity. here are a few of your responses. guess on roach that in his home they try to use organic waste to produce bio gas. bill is spending his hopes on deep supercritical tears when title and solar power all literally limitless he says what's missing is low. scale grid storage and the will to invest. it what it says that in europe why wind turbines are appearing everywhere and that if donkey hauteur was still alive he'd be having a party. and dicker is betting on microbial fuel cells scoured by organic waste including urine.

and armando says we need to invest in geothermal energy that unfortunately nobody seems to be interested even though it's available all over the world thanks for your comments. whether it's the electricity that comes from our power plants. all the rhythms of night and day. for the longer rhythms of the seasons. everything around us is governed by 4 fundamental natural interactions. those that can't be broken. if it or can they. possible under certain circumstances to break the laws of physics.

understand how the world works at a fundamental level have to study the 4 basic forces of physics. we experience their effect everywhere. on earth gravity is the fundamental interaction that's most clearly apparent it's what holds celestial objects like planets in their orbits and effects everything that has mass its influence shrinks with distance but at least within our galaxy never disappears completely. the 2nd force electromagnetism is what makes l.a. . tricity flows and causes magnets to either attract or repel each other. the last 2 forces have less visible effects because they influence events at the atomic scale the strong nuclear force is what binds the particles and then atoms nucleus together and the weak nuclear force comes into play when atoms decay combine with

other. these fundamental interactions don't just apply on earth physicists believe they've influenced the development of the universe. beginning when it was born out of the big bang around 13800000000 years ago. they think that a tiny fraction of a 2nd after the big bang occurred gravity was born. that would make him the oldest of the 4 basic interactions that give order instruction to our world if the properties of just one of the forces changing even a little bit would have consequences throughout the entire universe. some phenomena reveal what effects the forces can have at their extremes. a black hole is born when matter grows so compact that gravity becomes the

overwhelmingly dominant physical force essentially ripping a hole in the fabric of space time. we can't change the 4 basic forces in physics but we can harness them for example we can split atoms to create nuclear energy. space travel opens doors to other possibilities the international space station orbits the earth so fast that centrifugal force effectively cancels out the earth's gravitational effects and in the weight lift environment that produces water and other types of matter behave very differently than they do here on the surface of our planet another visible effect is with fire. on earth a candle flickers because the air around it rises as it heats up pulling the flame upwards as it descends on the i.f.'s though flames take on a round spherical shape they don't flicker because hot air doesn't rise there on

earth warmer layers also rise to the surface in a liquid medium in what researches call convection that effect for example prevents protein crystals in the medium from growing uniformly underweight close conditions the molecules are able to move more freely so they can form crystals that are larger and more perfectly shaped. by increasing our understanding of how proteins work these crystals have helped. in the development of tailor made drugs it's just one area of research where minimizing the effects of gravity has provided completely new insight into the fundamental essence of the universe around us. that said for now next week we'll be looking at eco friendly plastic made from c o 2 researchers are exploring it as a roar feedstock material that and more next time on tomorrow today.

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